2012 UNESCO School in South East Europe - Sustainable Energy Governance in UNESCO Designated sites

UNESCO School in South East Europe
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY GOVERNANCE
IN UNESCO DESIGNATED SITES
Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2012

In collaboration with

1. LOCAL COMMUNITY 3. CLIMATE CHANGE

MANAGEMENT PLAN

Objectives
Barriers
Actions

2. HERITAGE PROTECTION 4. ECONOMICS

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY GOVERNANCE IN UNESCO DESIGNATED SITES

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
THE DUBROVNIK MANAGEMENT PLAN
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL COMMUNITY

GROUP: Mirela Buhuri, Jelena Savic,
Dimitrios Michelogiannis, Gjejlane
Hoxha, Çiğdem Billur

Dubrovnik is a living city.
Communities give life
to heritage sites.
INTERNATIONAL HISTORIC TOWNS CONFERENCE
Delivering Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth in Historic Towns
Dubrovnik, Croatia


THE SITE

Area inscribed in the World Heritage List
the historic core and its buffer zone

Dubrovnik, Croatia


THE SITE Entire Croatia
place of national significance
(Dubrovnik as a landmark for Croatia)

Municipality, County
The regional center

Area inscribed in the World Heritage List
the historic core and its buffer zone

Dubrovnik, Croatia


THE COMMUNITY
helping local voices
one community, several groups be heard

local
representatives helping in
the local in authorities awareness
tourist sector raising

the inhabitants religious
within city walls, community
property in broader area
owners outside
community Implementing small
NGOs and scale projects within
local media the community

Dubrovnik, Croatia


OBJECTIVES
involvement of the local
VALUES, CONCERNS community in all phases of the
Management plan
quality of life, in accordance

SCOPE OF ACTIONS
with historic and architectural
c
integrity and authenticity
link between all the interest
of the site
groups of the community

balance between strong touristic small-scale interventions in the
sector activities and livable protected area , large-scale
conditions for residents interventions in the broader area

contemporary, green way
of life in the stone city possibilities of transboundary
cooperation in renewable energy

Dubrovnik, Croatia


THE BARRIERS

internal external
different or even
contradictory interests international interest
within community vs.
groups local interest

ownership
WHC restrictions
preferences dependant the tourist sector demands
on generation
strong power of certain
Restrictions for
interest groups
renewable energy
solutions

Dubrovnik, Croatia


THE ACTIONS
1. Expressing the local community needs
The mediator
The representative body

2. Creating bridges between community groups
Information, meetings, consultations

The mediator
3. Mobilizing local experts
University of Dubrovnik, local institutions
Creating pilot-projects

Dubrovnik, Croatia


RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Participatory process prior to every decision
 Involving every local community group
 Taking into account hierarchy
(emphasis on permanent residents!)

2. Measures to fight depopulation
 Subsidies for inhabitants to introduce
small-scale renewable energy systems
 Introducing minimum quota for the
housing areas within the city walls

3. Introduction of renewable energy sources
should strongly involve housing

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Dubrovnik, a great place to live

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Dubrovnik, Croatia


Goal: Conservation of Cultural Significance (Values) in the Historic Town of Dubrovnik

• Visual Integrity, e.g. roof landscape, public space
Tangible • Material conservation & construction conservation
• Living site

• Relationships that contribute to the cultural
significane of the place
Intangible • Symbol of independence (Non Bene Pro Toto Libertas
Venditur Auro)
• Social, spiritual, or other cultural responsibilities for
the place

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Pre-requisites:
1. Design & Implementation of a Legal Framework for Preventing Intrusive Developments on Site (e.g.
statutes regarding monument protection, the land-use plan, and local building plans), and
2. Willingness and Readiness of National and Local Authorities to Implement the Development Plan.
Authorities, Procedures and
Local Community Co-ordination Office
Ownership Structure
• Authorities responsible for • Mediator • Establish a Co-ordination Office
landscape protection, monument to facilitate co-operation between
protection, conservation etc. Role owners, public services (local
of all bodies. Organigram. development planning,
• Ownership structure. Conditions environmental social planning
of jurisdiction. Duties and etc), universities, technical
responsibilities. experts, local community
(mediator) and other groups
involved.
• Joint planning from the beginning

All recommendations suggested in the presentation could be potentially taken into
consideration in the design of legal instruments
Dubrovnik, Croatia



PLANNING PROCESS METHODOLOGY M
A
Statement of Heritage Significance
N
Monitoring and
Planning Risk
Quality Control A
Assessment:
Programmes
Identifying (periodic and G
(short and reactive
Co-ordination of
long term) Potential
monitoring)
E
Efforts Threats
M
E
N
T
Formalised Inventory. Evaluating Options
and Generally Mapping of for Correcting and
Approved damages Preventative P
Objectives, Measures (legal
Targets and
(technical
instruments,
L
audit).
Strategies practical and A
technical measures, N
e.g. renewable
energies)

Dubrovnik, Croatia



Field Work Executed on 3 October 2012 by UNESCO School
Inventory. Mapping of Damages. Risk Assessment: Identifying Potential Threats.
• Seismic Activity (e.g. Bishop’s Palace)
Natural Disaster • Fire and flood threats
• Weather climate (temperature and precipitation increase) &
Environmental Influence micro-climate inside the site
& Climate change • Position of the site (next to the sea, threat of increased sea level)
• Overcapacity
BARRIERS

Tourism Pressure • Increased energy consumption
• Traffic, congestions, increased pollution
• Investor pressure on protected heritage
• Newly opened university
Development Pressure • Over-demand of the single energy network
• living site
• Public buildings best preserved
• Private buildings have visible defects and interventions
Typology of buildings • Public space: the isolated neighborhoods and the upper town of
the site are poorly preserved in comparison with the central area

Dubrovnik, Croatia



UNDER PRESERVED AREAS WITH
UNCOMPATIBLE INTERVENTIONS
MEDIUM PRESERVED AREAS
WELL PRESERVED AREAS

Dubrovnik, Croatia



Evaluating Options for Correcting and Preventative Measures (legal instruments, practical and
technical measures, e.g. renewable energies). Focus on Technical Measures that should be
included in the restriction and legal instruments protecting the values of the site.
Envelope of
Buildings
Green Public
ACTIONS

Spaces
Functional
Systems
General
Measures

Dubrovnik, Croatia



• Energy efficient external openings
Envelope of Buildings • New possibilities in insulation (walls, roofs, and floors)
• Anti-seismic reinforcement with compatible materials
ACTION 1

Examples from the restoration of Bishop’s Palace

Possibility of floor insulation
Possibility of external wall insulation with
special plaster
Dubrovnik, Croatia



• Preservation of authentic flora and fauna
• To reduce CO2 emissions
Green Public Spaces • Heat absorption
• Energy efficiency lighting (solar energy)
ACTION 2

Dubrovnik, Croatia


• Cooling and heating systems (e.g. recuperation of existing indoor
air, use of sea and wind/solar energy)
Functional Systems • Non visible external electrical installations
• Possibility of small scale RES on new additions
ACTION 3

Dubrovnik, Croatia



• Limits on the number of accommodation hotels created in the site
• Control the number and design of equipments used outside the
General Measures restaurants, coffees , etc.
• Encourage stores with traditional products
ACTION 4

Dubrovnik, Croatia


CONCLUSIONS
• Joint cooperation since the beginning
• Willingness and readiness of the authorities to implement the Management Plan
• Existence of appropriate legal framework
• All guidelines regarding preservation should be included as legal instruments
• Monitoring
• The heritage is not only about visual integrity but also about symbolic significance

Alenka Zumbar Klopcic, Journalist
Eleni Georgouli, Architect Engineer, MSc Monument Restoration, Ministry of Culture Greece
Haris Bradic, Architect, PhD candidate, Teaching Assistant at Sarajevo University
Jasmina Zic, Mechanical Engineer, PhD candidate in Environmental Engineering
Lidija Kesar, Msc in Biology , Consultant and Manager of Environmental Department in NGO Fractal- Serbia
Viorica Revenco, Economist, Central Directorate for Studies and International Relations, Council of Europe Development Bank

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Aim

Contribute to the Sustainable Management Plan
of the city of Dubrovnik

(considering the Climate Change perspective)

Dubrovnik, Croatia


CLIMATE CHANGE – major challenge of 21st century
Forcing mechanisms:
Natural: variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth’s orbit, mountains
formation and volcanic activity, continental drift, clouds
Anthropogenic: changes in the greenhouse gas concentrations.

Most concerning factors leading to the increase in CO2 levels:
• emissions from fossil fuel combustion
• aerosols (PM in the atmosphere)
• cement manufacture
• land use
• ozone depletion
• animal agriculture
• deforestation

Dubrovnik, Croatia


The threats of CLIMATE CHANGE in Croatia
Croatia has shown a trend of decreasing precipitation and increasing
temperatures during most seasons. It is expected to get hotter and drier,
especially in summer. If emissions continue to increase, between years
2040-2070 it will get warmer from 3 to 3.5° C.

Potential areas affected by climate change in Dubrovnik:
• Tourism
• Coastal zone and sea-level rise
• Fisheries and marine culture
• Water resources
• Agriculture
• Impacts on Health

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Climate change master plan:

Global

National

Local
Think Local, Act Global!

Dubrovnik, Croatia


OBJECTIVES

• Provide solutions for a more sustainable environment in
Dubrovnik
• Reduction of CO2 emissions
• Raise public awareness of the effects of climate change in
Dubrovnik in cooperation with local NGOs and civil
organizations
• Preserve the world heritage sites of the city

Dubrovnik, Croatia


BARRIERS

• Legislation and Heritage Issues
• Infrastructure to enable sustainable development
• Funding
• Existing local attitude (how to change the lifestyle)
• Tourist habits (different demands for energy during winter
and summer)
• Lack of awareness and expertise on climate change issues
• Lack of professionals for operating renewable systems

Dubrovnik, Croatia


ACTION
Tourists
Energy
Efficiency
Transport Measures

Waste
management

Reduction of the negative human
impact on the environment

Dubrovnik, Croatia


ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES
Mapping energy demands

• Population in 2011:
42,641 (city) + 28,113 (urban area)
with nearly 2,500,000 tourists per year
• Energy needs in Dubrovnik per year:
182,969.844 (city)+2,693,750.000 (tourists) =
2,876,719,844 kW

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Energy Efficiency Details Results
Measures
Refurbishment of -Roof insulation -Reduction of infiltration rate
facilities in the Old Town -Double glazed windows and internal gains
-Direct Night Ventilation -More controllable internal
(summer) thermal environment
-Energy Efficient Lighting -Reduction of the Heat Island
-Removal of exterior air- Effect
condition units by 2016
PV panels in Buffer Zone -PV panels as shading devices -Restricted energy production
and public transport of the e-bikes stops for public use (e.g. night
lighting)
Water solar panels in the (-) -Provide hot water for
New Town domestic use

Wise use of Energy -Switching on/off lights and -Reduction on the amount of
appliances the total energy
-No wastes in energy usage requirements in the area
(especially summer)

Dubrovnik, Croatia


GREEN ZONES - present
Dubrovnik, Croatia


GREEN ZONES – future
BUFFER ZONE
Dubrovnik, Croatia


GREEN ZONES – expansion
BUFFER ZONE
Dubrovnik, Croatia


Transport Details Results
-Green Public -Use of e-buses -Reduction in CO2
Transportation emissions and
temperature
-Green Taxis -Use of e-cars microclimate
-Time schedule for -10:00am until
vehicle driving 16:00pm → “Happy
e-cycling Time”

-Establish a monthly -No vehicle use in the -Raise public
“Day-without-Cars” city centre awareness on
-Events raising environmental issues
environmental
awareness

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Tourists Details Results
-Green Centre of -Info-points -Raise touristic awareness
Dubrovnik -CO2 footprint for environmental issues
-Eco-tourist competition -Incomes from sold
-Organic products products
-Saving species of the area

-Eco-tours in National -Mljet Island: local -Raise touristic awareness
Parks products→ goat cheese, for environmental issues
wine, honey -Lowering personal
carbon footprint of
tourists.

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Waste Management Details Results
-Improving the -Providing more separate Raising awareness of the
infrastructure collectors to public space and importance of separate waste
door-to-door collectors in the collection and recycling
Old City

Dubrovnik, Croatia


CONCLUSION

Though the former research is restricted and requires
elaboration, it can be a useful illustration of the current
conditions and potential solutions towards a more sustainable
energy profile of Dubrovnik.

Dubrovnik, Croatia


DUBROVNIK – analysis of current situation

Dubrovnik, Croatia


DUBROVNIK – analysis of current situation

• UNESCO World Heritage • Old buildings, not adequate
Site to modern life needs

•Tourist attraction – 2.5 •Tourist pressure – waste,
million overnights this year energy demand, traffic

•Vibrant local community • Need for economic
development
New general urban plan (GUP) and Management plan for the UNESCO designated site
in the making
Dubrovnik, Croatia


GOAL and OBJECTIVES

GOAL
Establish Dubrovnik as a leading example for sustainable energy management of a
UNESCO cultural heritage site.

OBJECTIVES

 Driving behavior change for better energy use
 Generate savings from optimising energy performance of the existing systems
 Generating income from introduction of a sustainable energy managment system

Dubrovnik, Croatia


BARRIERS

 Poor infrastructure –waste disposal, power supply, traffic management
 Constraints on measures that could be applied due to the heritage protection issues
 Community resistance to change (lack of information)

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Short and Long term measures

BARRIERS
SHORT
TERM
GOAL OBJECTIVES ACTIONS

LONG
TERM

Dubrovnik, Croatia


MEASURES – IMPLEMENTATION

OBJECTIVES PERIOD MEASURES STAKEHOLDERS SAVINGS

Municipality of Dubrovnik,
Driving behavior Implementation of national DURA, UNDP, Fund for
Up to 20 %
change for better information system for energy environmental protection
energy use managment in Dubrovnik and energy efficiency
SHORT-TERM

Insulation : - loft Owners of the buildings, 15-20%
- windows Institute for restoration of 10-15%
(2-5 YEARS)

Generate savings - walls Dubrovnik, Urban 5-10%
from optimising planning department, FEE
Draught-proofing 5-10%
energy
performance of Owners of the buildings,
the existing Replacement of split system municipality, Institute for
systems AC with cenral HVAC restoration of Dubrovnik, 10%
Urban planning
department, FEE

Dubrovnik, Croatia

PROBLEM
SOLUTION

The Spittelau
Thermal Waste Treatment Plant

Dubrovnik, Croatia


GUP for City Dubrovnik- 2005.

Dubrovnik, Croatia


MEASURES – IMPLEMENTATION

OBJECTIVES PERIOD MEASURES STAKEHOLDERS FUNDING

EU Funds, EBRD,
Generating Waste-to- Municipality of Dubrovnik, UNDP, HBRO,
income from
LONG-TERM

energy plant Republic of Croatia( Public private
(5-30 YEARS)

introduction of Government), EU commision partnership
a sustainable
energy + Municipality, City
managment Municipiality of Dubrovnik, funds
Electric public
system Public-private partnership Fund for
transport
(Libertas) environmental
protection and EE

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Benefits for the community

• Improve quality of life for residents and tourists
• Create new green jobs
• Reduce energy expenses
• Fuel savings
• Reduce carbon emissions
• Reduce waste sent to landfill sites
• Open new opportunities for sustainable development

Dubrovnik, Croatia


Final Conclusions
Local Community:
• they are the beneficiaries
• their involvement from the start is fundamental
• they can help to shape their own future
Heritage Management:
• Authorities must be ready and willing to implement the Management Plan
• There must be a legal framework to enforce sustainable use of energy within the site
Climate Change:
• Understanding the current situation is vital
• We can make the site an example of sustainability for other heritage sites
Economics:
• Funds are available and the ongoing financial benefits are clear
• Wider economic benefits such as the creation of new green jobs

Dubrovnik, Croatia

2012 UNESCO School in South East Europe - Sustainable Energy Governance in UNESCO Designated sites

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