This ppt contains details and types of various types of flooring

2. THE purpose of floor is to
provide a leveled surface
capable of supporting the
occupants of a building
furniture equipment and
sometimes partition
Properties:
• Strength and stability
• Fire resistant
• Damp resistant
• Thermal insulation
• Sound resistant

3.  Bricks
 Concrete
 Terrazzo
 Stone
 Timber
 Ceramic tiles
 Vitrified tiles
 Chequered tiles
 Mud and muram
 Plastic or P.V.C.
 Glass
 Cork
 Linoleum flooring
 Rubber
 Asphalt
 Granolithic finish
 Flag stones

4.  Initial cost
 Appearance
 Cleanliness
 Durability
 Damp resistance
 Sound insulation
 Fire resistance
 Thermal insulation
 Smoothness
 Hardness
 Maintenance

5.  For cheap construction
 commonly provided in warehouses, stores , godowns or in
places where heavy article are stored
 Well burnt bricks of uniform shape
 Laid either on edge or in herring bone fashion or at right angles
or any other good looking fashion
 Method of preparing the base course varies from base to base
MERITS
1. it is durable and sufficiently hard.
2. it is cheaper than cement concrete.
3. it is non slippery.
4. it is easily repairable.

6.  Subgrade is compacted properly to the desired level then 75mm thick
layer of sand is spread over this course of brick course laid flat in the
mortar is built this forms the base course over which the brick flooring is
laid in 12 mm thick bed of cement or lime mortar in desired pattern
 Second method : 10-15mm thick layer of lean cement concrete is laid
over the prepared subgrade. This forms the base course over which
bricks are laid on 12mm thick mortar bed .
 the earth filling under floor is well compacted and thereafter 10-15 cm
thick layer of cement or lime concrete is laid over the entire area of floor
called subgrade.
 the floor is laid directly over the subgrade. the slope required to be given
to the floor to care of the floor washing etc.
 prior to use the bricks should be properly soaked and wetted in water.
 the bricks are laid on edge on 12mm thick mortar bed in such a manner
that all the joints are full of mortar,

7. Characteristics:
 Used in residential, commercial and industrial buildings
 It is cheap, durable and easy to construct.
 Free from corrosion
 Hardens with age
 Porous and has tendency to shrink
 It has two components –base concrete and topping or
wearing surface.
 Method:
Monolithically
Non monolithically

8. • Topping is laid immediately (1-4hours ) after the base
ADVANTAGES:
• Good bonding between two compositions
• Topping with smaller thickness 25mm
DISADVANTAGES:
• Topping damaged due to subsequent process
• Hair cracks
• Work progress is slow

9. • Topping is done after hardening of the base.
• Cleaning and cuing of base is done then base is
rubbed with wire brush
• Topping laid in rectangular or square pannels by use
of glass or plain asbestos strips.
• Panel size : 1X1m , 2X2m, 1X2m
• Topping ratio :- 1:2:4(cement concrete) upto 40mm
thickness ( aggregate size 20 mm )
• Alternate panels are laid first
• Concrete is spread evenly with floors.
• Cream of concrete comes at the top.
• Other alternate layers are laid after 72 hours
• Protect from sun rainfall and other damages for 12-20
hours
• Surface is cured for 7-14days

10. • less cracks
• work progress is fast
• Have to wait for hardening of base
concrete.
industrial buildings
• Rich concrete of very hard tough
quality of coarse aggregate(granite,
basalt,quartzite)
• Graded from 13mm 240 number IS
sieve
• Concrete mixture proportion 1:1:2 to
1:1:3 for heavy duty floors.
Public building
• Concrete mixture proportion 1:2:3
• Thickness 25-35mm
• Spread of grit is 1.5-2.5kg/m^2

11. TERRAZO TILES
• IT IS COMPOSITE MATERIAL
POURED IN A PLACE WHICH IS
USED FOR FLOORS AND WALL
TREATEMENT.
• CONSIST OF MARBLE, QUARTZ,
GRANITE, GLASS OR OTHER
SUITABLE CHIPS.
• POURED WITH BINDER THAT IS
CEMENT.
• CURED AND THEGROUND AND
POLISHED TO A SMOOTH SURFACE.
• IT REQUIRES THREE LAYERS OF
MATERIALS-
• CEMENT MASONS OR TARAZZO
WORKER.
• EMBED METAL DIVIDERS STRIPS
IN THE CONCRETE.
• FINE MARBLE CHIPMIXTURE THAT
MAY BE COLOR
• PIGMENTED.

12. HISTORICAL
• EARLIER CONSTRUCTED AS A LOW
COST FLOORING MATERIAL USING
MARBLE CHIPS.
• NEWLY SET TARRAZZO WILL NOT
LOOK LIKE MARBLE UNLESS IT IS
WET.
• GOAT’S MILK ACTS AS A SEALER AND
PRESERVES THE WET AND MARBLE
LIKE LOOK.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
• ARCHAEOLOGISTS USE
TERRAZZO, WOOD TO
DESCRIBE NEOLITHIC AGE
FLOORING IN WESTERN ASIA.
• CONSTRUCTED WITH LIME AND
CLAY, COLOURED RED WITH
OCHRE AND POLISHED.
• OCHRE- COLOURED PIGMENTS
FROM DEEP YELLOW TO
BROWN.

13. TYPES
1.TERRAZZO MOSAIC
TILES-
• CEMENT BASED FLOORING THAT
HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME,
AVIALABLE IN SIZE 10*10, 11*11,
12*12 AND 16*16 INCHES.
• THICKNESS-30MM THICK
• CAN BE POLISHED OVER AND
KEPT NEW OVER LONG TIME
2.PAVERS-
• PAVERS ARE FOR EXTERIOR USE.
• USED FOR PLACE WITH HEAVY
FOOT AND VEHICULAR TRAFFIC
• THICKNESS-60MM
• LOTS OF DESIGNS AND COLOURS
• AVIALABLE IN M-20, M-30, M-40
GRADES.

14. 3.ATHANGUDI
TILES-
•THESE ARE HERITAGE
TILES
•VERY TRADITIONAL
METHOD OF
MANUFACTURING.
•DOES NOT TAKE HEAVY
LOADS
•COMES IN LARGE COLOUR
VARIENTS AND DESIGNS
•VERY DURABLE AND ECO-
FRIENDLY4.STAMPED CONCRETE
•PROCESS OF GIVING RAW
CONCRETE A GREATE LOOK BY
STAMPING PATTERN AND GIVING
TEXTURE TO IT TO GIVE IT THE
FEEL OF NATURAL STONE

15. COST OF TERRAZZO
FLOORS
• PROFESSIONAL TILE INSTALLATION-
• (LARGE COMMERCIAL PLACES)-
• $12-$30 SQ. FT.
• POURED-
• (MORE SUITED TO LARGE OPEN SPACES LESS COMMON IN
RESIDENTIAL APPLICATION)-
• $20-$80 SQ. FT.
PROS AND CONS-
• TERRAZZO TIES ARE LONG LASTING COMES IN FUN
COLOURS
• USED IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS AS IT IS LONG LASTING
CAN BE REFINISHED
• TERRAZZO IS QUITE SLIPPERY AND CAN CAUSE FALLS.
• NOT BE A GOOD FLOORING CHOICE

16.  ITALIAN MARBLES
 AGGLOMERATIC / COMPOSITE MARBLES
 MAKRANA MARBLES
 UDAIPUR MARBLES
 UDAIPUR / BARODA GREEN MARBLES
 JAISELMER YELLOW- SANDSTONE
 KATNI MARBLES
 MAJHULI / WONDER MARBLE

17.  SIZE : 5’ X 5’ TO 10’ X 12’
 THICKNESS: 15 TO 20 MM
 PRICE: 150- 650 RS/SQ. FT.
 THEY ARE NOT CRACK FREE.
 FIBRE AT THE BACK TO PREVENT CRACK AND EASE IN
TRANSPORTATION.
 THEY ARE MAINLY PREFERED IN INTERIORS.

18. • SIZE ; 10’ X 4’
• FACTORY MADE PRODUCT
• MADE FROM 90/.NATURAL PRODUCTS AND 10/ RESIN.
• RATE: 250 -600 RS / SQ. FT.
• THICKNESS: 19MM
• CRACK FREE , WELL POLISHED
• COLOUR FADE IN INTENSE HEAT
• PREEFERRED IN INTERIOR CONDITION.

19.  MAKRANA WHITE (RS 400 + PER SQ.FT.) BEST
QUALITY MARBLE, SLIGTLY GREYISH
 ALBETA (RS 200-475 PER SQ.FT.)
 DOONGRI (RS 75-175 PER SQ.FT.)
 KUMARI (RS 45 PER SQ FT ONWARDS)
 INCREASED IN WHITENESS
 MOSTLY AVAILABLE IN BEIGE COLOUR.
 THICKNESS- 15-16MM
 BRANDS: FLORIANA,EURA

20.  WHITE MARBLE WITH GREENISH SHADE
 RATE : RS 40-60 PER SQ.FT
 SIZE DEPEND ON DEMAND
 OBTAINED FROM UDAIPUR.

21.  GREENISH IN COLOUR
 FOUND AT JABALPUR.
 JABALPUR IS IN MADHAA PRADESH
 OBTAINED IN SLATES FORM
 A MARBLE PRODUCING BRAND
 PRODUCES PREPOLISHED, UNIFORM SIZE, NATURAL
MARBLES
 DIAMOND POLISHES

22.  for laying marble for flooring, it is recommend to use
white cement, which gives the marble a highly elegant
and attractive finish which is heavy, hard, durable and
dust-free.
 marble possesses greater reflectance and the crystalline
structure of polished marble gives it a bright lusture.

23.  The marble should be laid in white or coloured mortar,
depending on the colour of the marble, made with a
good white cement over a damp-proof membrane.
 This ensures true reflection and retains the sheen of the
marble.

24. PROCEDURE FOR LAYING OF
MARBLE FLOORING

25. 1.Before laying the marble tiles, make sure that all tiles
are of regular shape, i.e. for rectangular, square,
hexagonal shape of tiles, the diagonals must be of
exactly the same size for the same size of tile because
a slight difference in edges and corners may disturb the
flooring pattern.
2.First of all, for laying the tiles, prepare the base mortar
consisting of OPC and fine aggregate (Bajri) in 1:5 to
1:6 proportion. The mortar should have a low water.

26. 3.Minimum thickness recommend for the mortar is 25mm
4.Fix the marble tiles, temporarily with the base mortar in a
single or double row as per your design pattern by
pressing it over the mortar with the help of a wooden
handle of the hammer or some other wooden piece to
get it in the required level.
5.After fixing this pattern, for one or two rows of tiles,
remove the tiles and put them again after
spreading Cement slurry (cement mixes with water in
2:1 ratio) over the base mortar. This procedure is to be
followed for each tile, one by one.
6.Press the marble with the wooden handle of the hammer.

27. 7.In similar fashion, complete the floor. Finally, fill up the
joints of the tiles with White Cement.
8.First grinding of the floor should be done after a
minimum of five days of fixing the tiles with the help of a
grinding machine and carborandum stone.
9.Again apply White Cement slurry over the floor after first
grinding. And after one day, second grinding should be
done. A minimum of three grindings are recommended
for a good finish.
10.Wash the floor completely and polish it.

28. 1: Marble has a tendency to absorb the colour of base
mortar due to its porosity, which ultimately results in the
change of colour of the marble. So, a thin layer of White
Cement in the form of slurry provided in between the
marble and the ordinary cement mortar acts as a
separator.
2: It not only prevents the penetration of the grey cement
into the marble, but it also but it also helps in retaining
the original colour of the marble. But if the marble/granite
is opaque in nature, then ordinary cement could also be
used for making the slurry.

30. • Tiles are most often made of ceramic
•Ceramic tiles are made of clay, sand and natural materials.
•They are burnt in kilns at temperature upto 1250 degree celsius.
•Ceramic tiles may be painted and glazed.
•Clay used in tiles is red, brown or white.
•They are very popular as both wall and flooring tiles and you can
even use them for entryways, benchtops or splashbacks if you
wish.
•These can be used any where : rooms, indoors, outdoors.

31. The initial step in ceramic tile manufacture involves
mixing the ingredients.

32. 1. Raw material preparation
2. Shaping
3. Drying raw tiles
4. Glazing
5. Firing/ burning
6. Sorting
7. Storage of ready
Product.

33. •Resistant from water and stain penetration.
•Difficult to crack.
•Can last over 20 years and more if well maintained.
•Replacing of tile is relatively simple.
•Donot need more maintenance.
•Can have many design options and shapes.
•Easy to clean, its resistant to stains, odours and scratches.
•Look -a vast array of choices in textures and colors to expand design patterns.
•Ceramic tiles are fireproof. They do not burn, nor give off smoke or toxic fumes
Since it is hard so it could be uncomfortable to stand on it.
May not be suited to environment.
This material does not hold on to heat very well, that means that it can get very cold in
the winter.
Ceramics are quite heavy, which means that they may not always be appropriate for
upper story installations.

34. Texture- Real feel of natural stone including slight
grains on surface.
Shape- Most commonly square or rectangular,
hexagonal, triangular, trapezium for unique designs.
Colour- Multiple colours.
Size- Ranging from 2”by2” to 24”by24”.
Weight- Starting from 1kg
Thickness- Starting from 10mm.

35. Wood look Marble look
Stone look Travertine look

36. Porcelain tiles
 Porcelain tile is more
scratch resistant .
 Porcelain is made from a
finer, more dense clay.
 Porcelain tile is fired at
temperature upto 2000
degree celcius.
 Harder than ceramic .
Ceramic tiles
 Scratch resistant but less
than porcelain.
 Made from nomal clay.
 Ceramic tiles are fired at
temperature upto 1250
degree celsius.
 Hard surface.

37. Vitrified Tiles have got the name from vitrify which means the
process of making a glass or something similar to a glass. This tile is
known for its capacity to absorb water and also for being stain resistant.
• mixture containing clay and elements like silica, quartz and
feldspar.
• the mixture melts on applying a very high temperature(1200C)
• non-porous tiles that have a glassy texture.
• Vitrified tiles use a dye that is mixed with the clay before setting it on
fire. This dye makes the color consistent throughout the tiles.
Therefore, if the surface of the tile chips off, then a similar color is
exposed underneath.
• These tiles are thus, very strong, durable and resistant to water
and stain

38. • Aesthetics:-Vitrified Tiles come in every style to cover every theme and every
designer’s vision. with tiles.
• Hard wearing
• Easy to clean
• Attractive
• Fire Proof:-Vitrified Tiles cannot burn. After all, most are "fired" at 1200C.
• Resistant to chemicals
• Low allergy: will not give off cancer forming fumes.
• Breathe easy asthma approved
• Stable room temperature:-In the winter months, Vitrified tiles absorb heat during the
day and release it during the cooler evening. Acting as a heat bank, tiles saves the
money. During summer months, tiles are cool to touch.
• Tile size: The bigger formats (sizes) are possible in vitrified tiles which makes them as
an ideal tile for flooring
• Several technological factors : very high tonnage pressure, development of kilns
which can operate at high temperature (+1200C.), fine polishing machines, calibrating
machines and squaring and champ herring machines, development of nano material
technology to seal the residual water absorption, decorative printing technology etc.
have lead for this tile development.

40. Due to its various advantages over other
flooring materials, Vitrified tiles are
commonly used worldwide in the following
places :
• Airport Terminal & Railway waiting
rooms
• Super Markets
• Healthcare Centres
• Club Houses
• Restaurants & Café
• Educational Institutes
• Hospitals
• Shopping Centres
• Private Houses
• Banks and offices
• Industries
• Workshop
• Public washrooms

41. 1. Soluble salt : tiles printed with screen printing technology and then polished are called
soluble salt vitrified tiles
Pros : cheapest type in indian market
Cons : design of soluble salt tiles fade away after a use of few years
2. Nano polished : when a layer of liquid silica is applied nano or micro pores are filled up
making the tile more smoother
3. Doubly charge : in this type of tile the press feeds two colours on the tiles bisque and
makes a thick layer of design of about 3-4mm ,used in high traffic areas
pros : long life as compared to traditional soluble salt vitrified tiles
cons: due to technology limitation design patterns are limited
4. Full body vitrified tiles : has colour all over the body of a tile, chipping and
scratching are less visible
pros: design will never fade
ideal flooring for high traffic areas
cons : very costly
less availability
limited design collection
5. Glazed vitrified tiles :vitrified tiles with glazed surface . It offers any type of
design/art work and texture like wooden, bamboo, slate
pros :designing possibility becomes infinite
cons :because of digital technology cost is very high

45. CHARACTERISTICS VITRIFIED TILES NATURAL TILES
Quality Being a manufactured
product it’s quality can be
controlled
Being natural good quality of
marble and granite is just a
coincidence
Mechanical strength Scratch resistant
Resistance to acids, alkalis
Stain resistant
Comparatively weaker than
vitrified tiles as marbles are
prone to strong acid like HCl
Abrasion Resistance 3 on MOH scale
Harder than natural stones
i.e, can be used in high traffic
areas
6-7 on MOH scale
Appearance Since it’s produced under
strict norms therefore it has
less shade variation
Shade variation is much
more
Installation Ready to install
Either unpolished or
polished they are ready to
install
Marble requires messy
polishing on site

46. CHARACTERISTICS VITRIFIED TILES CERAMIC TILES
Composition Clay with silica, quartz and feldspar Earthen clay
texture Smooth and Glossy Comparatively rough and external
glaze is applied for the Glossy look
Strength Stronger Comparatively weaker
Installation With or Without grout joist With grout joist
Water absorption Less more
Characteristics High resistance to stains
Low water absorption rates
Low resistance to stains
High water absorption rate
Installation Comparatively difficult Easy to fix
Costing Comparatively expensive Comparatively Low priced
Life After glaze coating: Comparatively
less
Without glaze coating :
Comparatively more
Comparatively more
Comparatively less
Appearance Artificial
(more like marbles and granite)
natural

47. INTRODUCTION TO
CHEQUERED TILES
Chequered tiles are cement tiles or terrazzo tiles having grooves on
the surface of the tile which makes it anti-slippery. The chequered
groove can be in any shape and length, but the depth of the grooves
should not be less than 3 mm.
 Chequered Coloured Tiles — Chequered tiles having a plain
wearing surface wherein pigments are used but not stone chips.
 Terrazzo Chequered Tiles — Chequered tiles at least 25 percent
of whose wearing surface is composed of stone chips.
 Monolayer Tiles — Chequered tiles on which there is only one
layer that is wearing layer, and which does not contain backing
layer.
 Double Layer Tiles — Chequered tiles which contain a wearing
layer as well as a backing layer

48. Classification
Cement concrete chequered tiles shall be of two classes as
given below depending on the duty they perform:
a) General Purpose Tiles — Used for light traffic loads such as in
entrances and staircases of office buildings, schools, colleges,
hospitals and residential buildings and in footpaths and driveways
within building compounds.
b) Heavy Duty Floor Tiles — Used for heavy traffic
conditions such as in industrial godowns and industrial
workshop floors; platforms; ramps and entrances of public
buildings; passages of auditoriums; and in public footpaths
and pavements within commercial building.

49. MATERIALS
-Cement
-Aggregates
-Pigments
The thickness of tiles varies such as:
S.N
O
LENGTH BREADTH MINIMUM THICKNESS
SINGLE LAYER DOUBLE
LAYER
1. 200 200 17 22
2. 250 250 17 22
3. 300 300 20 25
4. 400 400 20 25

50. MANUFACTURING
 They shall be manufactured from a mixture of cement,
natural aggregates, and colouring materials where required,
by pressure process or vibration or both so that the tiles
meet the required strength.
 The tiles shall be manufactured in single layer/ mono-layer or
in double layer.
 The proportion of cement to aggregate in the backing of the
double layer tiles shall be not leaner than 1 : 3 by mass.
 Where colouring material is used in the wearing layer, it shall
not exceed 10 % by mass of cement used in the mix.
 On removal from the mould, the tiles shall be kept in moist
condition continuously for a period.

51. General
quality:
It should not have
cracks(hair cracks not
involved), no holes and
should not be damaged.
•Flatness
•Perpendicularity
•Straightness
•Water absorption

52. ADVANTAGES
 Highly demanded for construction of outside
floorings, ramps, gardens, jogging paths, walkways
etc.
 Suitable for light load and low movements
 Attractive design
 Durable, hard wearing and easy to clean surfaces
 Resistant to crack & breakage
 Resistance to adverse weather conditions
 Easy maintenance
 Available in various styles colours and customised
specifications i.e, extremely wide options in designs
and colours are available
 Ease and speed of laying and economical

54. TIMBER FLOORING
 IN HILLY AREAS WHERE WOOD IS EASILY
AVAILABLE WOODEN FLOORS PROVE TO BE
ECONOMICAL AND ARE COMMONLY USED.
 THEY ARE USED IN DANCING HALLS ,
AUDITORIUMS,CARPENTARY HALLS ETC.
 MAZOR PROBLEM DAMP PREVENTION.
 FLOR CAN BE SUSPENDED TYPE OR SOLID TYPE.

55. SUSPENDED TYPE FLOOR

56. SOLID TYPE FLOOR

57. A DAMP PROOF COURSE LAYER IS LAID
IMMEDIATELY BELOW THE WALL PLATES TO
PREVENT THE RISING OF DAMPNESS

58. MARKET FORMS OF TIMBER
 Batten - timber piece whose breadth and thickness does
not exceed 50mm.
 Plank – timber piece with parellel sides whose thickness
is less than 50mm and width exceeds 50mm.
 Board - parellel sides with thickness less than 50mm
and width more than 150mm.
 Log – trunk of the tree.
 Pole – long log with max dia as 200mm, also known as
spar.

59. INDUSTRIAL TIMBER
 VENEERS
 PLYWOOD
 FIBREBOARDS
 IMPREG TIMBER
 COMPREG TIMBER

60. VENEERS
 Thin sheets of wood
 Thickness varies from 0.4mm-6mm
or more.
 Obtained by rotating log against a
cutter.
 Process of preparing venners is
veneering.
 These are used to prepare
laminboards, plywood and
battenboards.
 These are dried in kilns to remove
moisture.

61. PLYWOOD
USED FOR CEILINGS,DOORS,FURNITURE,PANELLING
ETC
sizes
• 8’x 4’
• 8’x3’
• 7’x4’
• 7’x3’
• 6’x4’
• 6’x3’
Thickness
• 3, 4, 6, 8,
12, 15, 18,
21, 25
mm-MR
Grades
Properties
• Light
weight
• Elastic in
nature
• Not easily
affected by
moisture.

62. FIBRE BOARDS
 Also known as pressed or
reconstructed wood
 These are rigid boards
 Thickness 3mm – 12mm & length 3m-
4.5m & width 1.2m – 1.8m
 They form an ideal base for decorative
finishes like distemper,oil paint,etc
 Used in partitions, paving,flush
doors,tops of tables, suspended
ceilings,panelling etc

63. IMPREG TIMBERS
 Timber fully or partly covered with resin.
 Used for moulds,furniture,decorative articles etc.
 Not affected by moisture
 Strong & durable
 Good Electrical insulation
 Decent appearance

64. COMPREG TIMBERS
 More strong and durable than impreg timbers
 It is prepared same as the impreg timbers except that curing is carried out
under pressure.

65. Laminated
wooden flooring-
Laminated wood flooring is made from
composite wood pressed together at
high temperatures.
7mm,8mm,10mm & 12mm thick.
MERITS:-
 Easy installation
 comfortable
 Aesthetically good
 Durable than hardwood-resists
scratches, moisture,wear and tear.
 cost is on an average 50% less than
hardwood
 easier to clean.

66. FLOOR FINISHING
Timber floor polishing steps-
 remove all nails to ensure you do not damage
the sanding or polishing machines
 remove old polish with mineral turpentine
 sand floor utilising progressively finer graded
paper
 vacuum and clean floor thoroughly
 apply sealer to coat the floor
 commence buffing and polishing in between
coats of sealer until the desired effect is
attained
 Ensure you wear the appropriate safety
equipment when sanding or polishing your
wooden floor. This includes gloves, eye
protection and a face mask.