Pharmacognosy, B.Pharm

2. Presented by kingshuk sarkar.
B.pharm 4th year , 7th sem.
Roll no: 20801914037.
Reg No:
under guidance of associate prof.
Manis Das.
(Pharmacognosy Department)
BHARAT TECHNOLOGY.


3. TOPICS
1. CULTIVATION.
2. COLLECTION.
3. PROCESSING.
4. PRESERVATION.
5. STORAGE.
6. DRUGS .

4. CULTIVATION
1. Cultivation produces improved quality of plants it
helps in selecting the species variety and hybrids.
2. The desired phyto constituents due to the controlled
environmental growth better plant product is
obtained.
3. Ensures quality and purity of medicinal plants.

5. METHOD OF PLANT PROPAGATION
Medicinal plants can be propagated by two usual
methods as applicable to nonmedicinal plants or crops.
These methods are referred as sexual method and
asexual method. Each of these methods has certain
advantages, and also, disadvantages.

6. SEXUAL METHOD
In case of sexual method, the plants are raised from
seeds
Advantages:
1. Seedlings are long-lived (in case of perennial drugs)
and bear more heavily (in case of fruits). Plants are
more sturdier.
2. Seedlings are comparatively cheaper and easy to
raise.
3. Propagation from seed has been responsible for
production of some chance-seedlings of highly
superior merits which may be of great importance
to specific products, such as orange, papaya, etc

8. ASEXUAL PROPAGATION
2. Asexual method
In case of asexual method of vegetative
propagation, the vegetative part of a plant, such
as stem or root, is placed in such an
environment that it develops into a new plant.

9. Advantages:
1. There is no variation between the plant grown
and plant from which it is grown.
2. Seedless varieties of fruits can only be
propagated vegetatively e.g. grapes,
pomegranates and lemon.
3. Plants start bearing earlier as compared to
seedling trees.

10. FACTORS AFFECTING
CULTIVATION
ALTITUDE
Altitude is a very important factor in cultivation of
medicinal plants. Tea, cinchona and eucalyptus are cultivated
favourably at an altitude of 1,000–2,000 metres. Cinnamon and
cardamom are grown at a height of 500 1000 metres, while senna
can be cultivated at sea level. (clove-900,cinchona-1500-2000)
Temperature
Temperature is a crucial factor controlling the growth,
metabolism and there by the yield of secondary metabolites of
plants.(cinchona-60-75,coffee-55-70,tea-70-90)

11. RAINFALL: For the proper development of plant, rainfall is
required in proper measurements. The effects of rainfall on
plants must be considered in relation to the annual rainfall
throughout the year with the water holding properties of the
soil.
Excessive rainfall could cause a reduction in the secondary
metabolites due to leaching of water soluble substances from
the plants.
SOIL : Each and every plant species have its own soil and
nutritive requirements. The three important basic
characteristics of soils are their physical, chemical and
microbiological properties. Soil provides mechanical support,
water and essential foods for the development of plants. Soil
consists of air, water, mineral matters and organic matters.

12. SOIL FERTILITY: It is the capacity of soil to provide nutrients
in adequate amounts and in balanced proportion to plants. If
cropping is done without fortification of soil with plant nutrients,
soil fertility gets lost. It is also diminished through leaching and
erosion.
TYPES OF SOILS:
1) clay soil
2)loamy soil
3) slit soil
4)sandy soil
5)calcareous soil

13. PLANT HORMONES AND GROWTH
REGULATORS
Plant hormones (phytohormones) are
physiological intercellular messengers that control the
complete plant lifecycle, including germination,
rooting, growth, flowering, fruit ripening, foliage and
death. In addition, plant hormones are secreted in
response to environmental factors such as excess of
nutrients, drought conditions, light, temperature and
chemical or physical stress.

14. FUNCTIONS OF AUXIN
 Stimulates cell elongation.
 The auxin supply from the apical bud suppresses
growth of lateral buds.
 Differentiation of vascular tissue (xylem and
phloem) is stimulated by IAA.
FUNCTIONS OF CYTOKININ
 Stimulate cell division (cytokinesis).
 Stimulate morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud
formation) in tissue culture.
 Stimulate the growth of lateral (or adventitious) buds
release of apical dominance.

15. FUNCTIONS OF GIBBERELLINS
 Stimulates stem elongation by stimulating cell division and
elongation.
 GA controls internode elongation .
 Enough active forms of GA.
FUNCTIONS OF ABSCISIC ACID
 The abscisic acid stimulates the closure of stomata
Involved in abscission of buds, leaves, petals, flowers, and fruits
in many, if not all, instances, as well as in dehiscence of fruits.
 Production is accentuated by stresses such as water loss and
freezing temperatures.

16. DRYING OF CRUDE DRUGS
Drying consists of removal of sufficient moisture content of
crude drug, so as to improve its quality and make it resistant to the growth
of microorganisms.
Drying inhibits partially enzymatic reactions. Drying
also facilitates pulverizing or grinding of a crude drug., e.g. fermentation in
case of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark and gentian roots.

17. STORAGE OF CRUDE DRUGS
Preservation of crude drugs needs sound knowledge of their physical
and chemical properties. A good quality of the drugs can be maintained,
if they are preserved properly. All the drugs should be preserved in well
closed and, possibly in the filled containers. They should be stored in
the premises which are water-proof, fire proof and rodent proof.
PACKING OF CRUDE DRUGS
The morphological and chemical nature of drug, its ultimate
use and effects of climatic conditions during transportation and
storage should be taken into consideration while packing the
drugs. Aloe is packed in goat skin. Colophony and balsam of tolu
are packed in kerosene tins, while asafoetida is stored in well
closed containers to prevent loss of volatile oil. Cod liver oil, being
sensitive to sunlight, should be stored in such containers, which
will not have effect of sunlight, whereas, the leaf drugs like senna,
vinca and others are pressed and baled.

18. OPIUM
SYNONYM:- Raw opium
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Dried latex obtained by
incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver
Somniferum Linn
CULTIVATION:-
 Plant height should be 60 to 120 cm.
 Plant is rarely branched.
 Leaves are linear.
 Plant bears blue,violet and purple flowers.
 Subtropical climate and cold weather.

19.  Plant is cultivated in the month of november to
march.
 3-4 kg of seeds are sown per hectare of land.
 Soil should be loamy highly fertile and fine sand.
 The PH of soil should be 7.
 T he distance between the plants should be 25 cm.
 After 3-4 months plant grows flowers which are then
converted in to capsule in 15-20 days.

20. COLLECTION:-
 Nushtur and charpala are the instruments used for the
incising.
 Nushtur is used to which penetrates the capsule and
which is 2 mm.
 Incision is done for 4 times in every capsules between
2 days interval.
 Charpala is next used for the scoop up of the latex that
has come out of the capsule.
 Latex is collected in a plastic container.
 Average yield of production of opium is 25-26 kg per
hectaer of land.

22. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:-
Morphine , codeine , narcotine , papaverine , heroin.
USES:
 Used as hypnotic,sedative and analgesic
activty.
 Its serves as a good pain killer also act in the central
nervous system.
 Opium is used as reliefing of local irritation,smooth
muscle releaxation.
 It is used in various cough medicines and also preparation
of cough linctuses.

23. KURCHI
SYNONYM:- Holarrhena
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:-It is the dried stem bark of
Holarrhena antidysenterica .
FAMILY:- Apocynaceae.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- Steroidal aklaoid upto
about 1.8 to 4.5 % .
Active constituents
conessine,norconessine,isoconessine,dioxyconessine,h
olarrhidine, gums , resins, tanins, beta-sitosterol.

25. USES:-
It is antiprotozoal and used to treat amoebic dysentry.
Conessine is highly active against Eentamoeba
histolytica it is also used as cronic amoebiasis.

26. CONCLUSION
Medicinal herbs can be a good alternative for many diseases
and conditions. They are low cost and tends to have fewer side
effects. More over they can be bought in health food shops,
Pharmacies and on line without the need for a prescription.
However herbal medicines can still have unwanted health effect,
especially when used in combination with other drugs. Its also
important to tell our physician that we are using an alternative
medicine to prevent drug interaction.

27. REFERENCE
 Shah Biren ,Seth A.K. Text book of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry, second edition , CBS publishers pvt. ltd,
Chapter- Cultivation collection and processing of some
medicinal plants, pg 69-78.
 C.k. Kokate, A.P. purohit ,S.B. Gokhale Pharmacognosy Golden
Jubilee 50 Edition, Nirali Prakashan Page-04.01-04.12