manipulation of genes just introduction and it,'s basics.

1. GENE
MANIPULATION
Msc.part2(bioanalyticalsciences)
Paper:1
Roll No.:3

2. INDEX
 INTRODUCTION.
 HISTORY.
 PROCESS.
 RESTRICTION ENZYMES.
 REFERENCE.
 CONCLUSION.

3. INTRODUCTION
 Gene manipulation means arrangement of
genes within the organism externally.
 It is also known as genetic engineering.
 Genes are the pieces of DNA and carrier of
the genetic information which determines
the all characteristics of an individual.

4. HISTORY
 At first the gene manipulation was used in
the agriculture to improve the quality of
plants.
 It was discovered in 2001 in native Mexican
corn.

5. PROCESS
 1) ISOLATION OF DNA FROM ORGANISM.
 2)INTRODUCTION OF DNA INVECTOR / IN
PLASMID BY USING RE (RESTRICTION
ENZYME)
 3)TRANSFORMATION INTOTHE HOST CELL.

6. RESTRICTION ENZYMES
 Restriction endonucleases (also called restriction
enzymes) are some of the most Restriction enzymes
recognize specific sequences in DNA and then
cleave
 the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides
at that site. Any time
 this sequence appears in DNA it will be cleaved by the
enzyme, whether it is viral
 or frog or human DNA.This is why restriction enzymes
are so critical to
 molecular biology; they are very specific, cutting only
at their unique recognition site.

7.  Restriction enzymes recognize specific sequences in DNA
and then cleave
 the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides at
that site. Any time
 this sequence appears in DNA it will be cleaved by the
enzyme, whether it is viral

8. Nucleic Acids
Type I enzymes
Enzyme Recognition Me site3 Reference
sequence
EcoAI GAGNNNNNNNGTCA 2(6) -3(6) 545,546
EcoBITGANNNNNNNNTGCT 3(6) -4(6) 547-551
EcoDITTANNNNNNNGTCY 552
EcoDXXITCANNNNNNNATTC 553,554
EcoEI GAGNNNNNNNATGC 555,556
EcoKI AACNNNNNNGTGC 2(6) -3(6) 557-560
EcoRI24/3IGAANNNNNNNRTCG -3(6) 561
EcoR124I GAANNNNNNRTCG 561
StySBI GAGNNNNNNRTAYG 2(6) -4(6) 562
StySJI GAGNNNNNNGTRC 563
StySPIAACNNNNNNGTRC 2(6) -3(6) 562
StySQIAACNNNNNNRTAYG

13. REFERENCE
 WEBLIOGRAPHY:
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.pharmatutor.com
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 Principles of gene manipulation and genomics
by S. B. Primrose and R.Twyman.

14. CONCLUSION
 Gene manipulation includes gene splicing .
 Use of recombinant DNA.
 Forming of monoclonal antibody.
 Or we use PCR thermo cycler.
 In humans genetic manipulation is not allowed.