Musculoskeletal system

1. School of Medical and Allied Sciences
Course Code: BMLS2004 Course Name: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Faculty Name: A. Vamsi Kumar Program Name: B.Sc. MLT / Sem -II
UNIT -2
Topic
Muscular skeletal & System, Respiratory System,
Cardiovascular system.

3. Sem – 2 Programme Structure
S.NO CODE TYPE COURSE NAME FACULTY INCHARGE
1 BMLS2001 Theory General Medical Microbiology Avinash
2 BMLS2002 Theory Basic Haematology Shubham
3 BMLS2003 Theory Basic Clinical Biochemistry Kajal
4 BMLS2004 Theory Human Anatomy and Physiology A. Vamsi Kumar
5 BLLUCT1002 Theory Professional Communication - 2 Fazil
6 BLLUCT1002 Practical Professional Communication - 2 Fazil
7 BMLS2051 Practical General Medical Microbiology – (Practical) P2 - Avinash / P1 - Shubham
8 BMLS2052 Practical Basic Haematology – (Practical) Srinivas P1 & P2
9 BMLS2053 Practical Basic Clinical Biochemistry – (Practical) P1 - Shubham/ P2 Kajal
10 BMLS2054 Practical
Human Anatomy and Physiology –
(Practical) Sankar P1 & P2
11 BCEUCT1001 Practical Environmental Studies Subhalaxmi Pradhan

4. Course Objectives
1. To gain knowledge about cell and cell organelles & Tissues.
2. To learn about muscular skeletal , Respiratory & Cardiovascular
system,lymphatic system & sense of organ.
3. To develop knowledge Body fluids and their significance &
Digestive system, Liver, Urinary system &Genital system, Nervous
system & Endocrine system.
Objectives:

5. CO1 Demonstrate Cell and cell organelles & Tissues.
CO2 Demonstrate the muscular skeletal , Respiratory & Cardiovascular
system.
CO3 Apply knowledge in lymphatic system & sense of organ.
CO4 Classify the Body fluids and their significance & Digestive
system,Liver.
CO5 Explain Urinary system &Genital system, Nervous system &
Endocrine system.
On completion of course student will be able to:
Course Outcomes
CO6 Discuss the anomalies of human body

6. Syllabus Overview
Unit-1: Introduction to human Anatomy and Physiology,Cell and cell organelles,Tissues,Blood.
hours: 12
Introduction to human Anatomy and Physiology:Cell and cell organelles,Structure and
classification,Function,Cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis).Tissues: Definition,Classification with
structure and Functions,Epithelial tissues,Connective tissues,Muscular tissues,Nervous
tissue.:Blood:Composition,Function of blood.
Unit-2: Muscular skeletal & system,Respiratory system,Cardiovascular system. hours: 12
Muscular skeletal system: Introduction,Classification,Structure and function of skeletal system,
muscles and joints,Various movements of body.Respiratory system: Introduction, Structure,
Function,Mechanism of breathing and respiration,Various terms involved in respiratory
System,Vital capacity,Total Volume,Reserve volume,Total lung capacity. Cardiovascular system:
Anatomy and physiology of heart,Blood circulation,Arteries and veins,Conductive system of
heart,Cardiac cycle,Introduction to ECG.

7. Syllabus Overview
Unit – 3 Lymphatic system & Structure and function of sense organ. hours:12
Lymphatic system:Introduction, Structure and function, Lymph nodes,Spleen,Thymus gland,
Tonsils.Structure and function of sense organ: Eye, Ear,Nose,Tongue.
Unit-4: Body fluids and their significance & Digestive system,Liver. hours: 12
Body fluids and their significance: Important terms, types of body fluid, total body water, avenues by
which water leaves and enters body, general principles for fluid balance, cardinal principle, How body
fluids maintain Homeostasis, Electrolytes & ions Function of electrolytes, How electrolyte imbalance
leads to fluid imbalance. Digestive system: Organization; accessory organs; structure & function (Mouth,
Tongue, Teeth, Esophagus, Pharynx, Stomach, Intestine, Rectum, Anus); Digestive glands; physiology of
digestion of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins.Liver: structure and function.

8. Unit-5: Urinarysystem &Genital system,Nervous system & Endocrine system. hours: 12
Urinarysystem:Mainparts,Structure&functionofkidney,structureof nephron, physiology of excretion &
urine formation,urine,additional excretory organs.
Genital system: Structure of male and female reproductive system, Gametogenesis in male & female,
menstrual cycle. Placenta and extra embryonic membranes.Nervous system: Parts, function & structure;
brain, spinal cord, spinal & cranial nerves; all & none principle, role of neurotransmitters in transmission of
nerve impulse,Endocrine system: Endocrine & exocrine glands, their location, structure & functions.
Syllabus Overview
Unit-6 Anomalies of human body 8 Hours
Human body anomalies-General ,Developmental ,Congenital

9. Materials

10. Unit -2 Syllabus
Unit-2: Muscular skeletal & system,Respiratory system,Cardiovascular system.
hours: 12
Muscular skeletal system: Introduction,Classification,Structure and function of skeletal
system, muscles and joints,Various movements of body.Respiratory system:
Introduction, Structure, Function,Mechanism of breathing and respiration,Various
terms involved in respiratory System,Vital capacity,Total Volume,Reserve volume,Total
lung capacity. Cardiovascular system: Anatomy and physiology of heart,Blood
circulation,Arteries and veins,Conductive system of heart,Cardiac cycle,Introduction to
ECG.

11. Best material for Anatomy & Physiology

12. Functions of skeletal muscle
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist
1
2
Human body contains over 400 skeletal muscles
40-50% of total bodyweight
Functions of skeletal muscle
Body movement (Locomotion)
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Diaphragm and intercostalcontractions
Communication (Verbal and Facial)
Constriction of organs and vessels
Peristalsis of intestinal tract
Vasoconstriction of b.v. and other structures (pupils)
Production of body heat (Thermogenesis)

13. Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
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Most are attached by tendons to bones
Cells are multinucleate
Striated – have visible banding
Voluntary – subject to conscious control
Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue = great force, but tires
easily
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14. Structure of Muscle

18. T
erms
Sarcolemma = Cell membrane
Sarcoplasm = Cytoplasm
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum =
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Sarcosomes = Mitochontria
11/19/2011 5
Jipmer Physiologist

19. Structure of skeletal muscle:
connective tissue covering
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 1
9
Epimysium
Surrounds entire muscle
Perimysium
Surrounds bundles of musclefibers
Endomysium
Surrounds individual musclefibers

20. 11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 2
0

21. 11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 2
1

22. Skeletal muscle structure
Composed of musclecells (fibers),
connective tissue, blood vessels,
nerves
Fibers are long, cylindrical, and
• multinucleated
Tend to be smaller diameter in small
muscles and larger in large muscles. 1
mm- 4 cm in length
11/19/2011 9
Jipmer Physiologist

23. •Develop from myoblasts;
numbers remain constant
•Striated appearance
•Nuclei are peripherally
located
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 23

24. Embryologic origin:
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 24

25. Muscle fiber anatomy
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 25
Sarcolemma - cell membrane
Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of fiber)
Contains many of the same organelles seen in other cells
An abundance of the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin
Punctuated by openings called the transverse tubules (T-tubules)
Narrow tubes that extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles to
the surface
Filled with extracellular fluid
Myofibrils -cylindrical structures within muscle fiber
Are bundles of protein filaments (=myofilaments)
Two types of myofilaments
1. Actin filaments (thinfilaments)
2. Myosin filaments (thick filaments)
– At each end of the fiber, myofibrils are anchored to the inner surface
of the sarcolemma
– When myofibril shortens, muscle shortens (contracts)

26. 11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 26

27. 11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 27

28. Muscle proteins
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 28
Contractile proteins
Actin- thin myofiliment
Myosin- thick filament
Regulatory proteins
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Attachment proteins
Titin, nebulin, alpha actinin, dystrophin

29. Joints of Human Body

33. Sutures of skull

34. Syndesmosis join in between limb bones

35. Classification of Human Joints

39. Structure of synovial joint

42. Types of Synovial Joints

43. Types of Joints
By
Dr Nassar Ayoub

44. Introduction of Joints
Joint (or articulation)
The junction between
two or more bones.
With the exception
of the hyoid bone,
every bone in the
body is connected to or forms
a joint.
There are 230 joints in the
body

45. Joint Functions
1. Hold the skeletal bones together
2. Allow the skeleton some flexibility so
gross movement can occur
3. Make bone growth possible

46. Joint Classification
Joints are classified by:
movement or tissue type
Movement
1.Immovable
2.Slightly Movable
3.Freely Movable
Tissue (more common)
1.Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

47. Three General Groups of Joints
• Fibrous: classified by Sutures,
Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis.
• Cartilaginous: Connected entirely
by cartilage
• Synovial: Most common and
most movable joint.

48. Structure of Synovial Joints
• Articular ends
covered in hyaline
cartilage and held
together by dense
connective tissue
• Joint capsules made
up of ligaments
(outer layer) and
synovial membranes
(inner layer)
• Some synovial joints
have shock-
absorbing pads
called menisci and
fluid filled sacs
called bursae.

49. There are six types of synovial
joints…
• Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Condyloid Joint
• Gliding Joint
• Hinge Joint
• Pivot Joint
• Saddle Joint

50. Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Ball-and-Socket Joint:
consists of a bone with a
ball-shaped head that
attaches with the cup-
shaped cavity of another
bone. This type
of joint allows for a wider
range
of motion than any other
kind. It permits
movement in all planes, and
a rotational movement
around a central axis. Two
examples of this type of joint
would be the hip and
shoulder joints.

51. Condlyoid Joint
• Condyloid Joint: an oval-
shaped condyle of one
bone
fits into an elliptical cavity
of another bone. This
type of
joint permits a variety of
movements in different
planes.
It however, does not
permit rotational
movement.
Examples of this type of
joint would be the joints
between
the metacarpals and
the phalanges.

52. Gliding Joint
• Gliding Joint: has nearly flat
or slightly curved
articulating surfaces.
This type of joint
allows sliding and twisting
movements. Some
examples of this type of
joint include, the joints
within the wrists and the
ankles, the joints between
the articular processes of
adjacent
vertebrae, the sacroiliac
joints, and the joints formed
by ribs (2-7) connecting
with the sternum.

53. Hinge Joint
• Hinge Joint: the convex
surface of one bone fits
into
the concave surface of
another. This type of joint
permits movement in one
plane only. This
movement consists of
flexion and extension.
Two examples are
the elbow and the
phalanges.

54. Pivot Joint
• Pivot Joint: the cylindrical
surface of one bone
rotates within a ring
formed of bone and
ligament. Movement is
limited to the rotation
around a central axis.
• Examples of this type of
joint are the joints
between the proximal
ends of the radius and
ulna.

55. Saddle Joint
• Saddle Joint: forms
between bones whose
articulating surfaces
have both concave and
convex regions. The
surface of one bone fits
the
complementary surface of
the other bone. This
type of
joint permits a variety
of movements. An
example
would be the joint
between the trapezium
and the metacarpal bones
of the thumb.

61. Joint Movements
• and the parts comecloser
together
• Example: bending lower
limb at knee
• Extension: Straightening
parts at the joint so that the
angle between them
increase and the parts move
farther apart
• Example: straightening the
lower limb at the knee
• Flexion: Bending parts at
the joint so that the angle
between them decrease
Extension
Flexsion

62. Hyperextension: Excess
extension of the parts at a
joint beyond the
anatomical position
• Example: bending the
head back beyond the
upright position
• Dorsiflexion: Bending the
foot at the ankle toward
the shin
• Example: bending the foot
upward
• Plantar Flexion: Bending
the foot at the ankle
toward the sole
• Example: bending the foot
downward

63. • Abduction: Moving a
part away from the
midline
• Example: lifting the
upper limb horizontally
to form a right angle
with the side of the
body
• Adduction: Moving a
part toward the
midline
Example: returning
the upper limb from a
horizontal position to
the side of the body

64. Rotation: Moving a part around an axis
• Example: twisting the head
from side to side
• Circumduction: Moving a
part so that its end follows a
circular path
• Example: moving the finger in
a circular motion without
moving the hand
• Supination: Turning the
hand so that the palm is
upward or facing anteriorly (in
the anatomical position)
• Pronation: Turning the hand
so the palm is downward or
facing posteriorly (in the
anatomical position)
Pronation
Supination

65. Eversion: Turning the foot so
that the sole faces laterally
• Inversion: Turning the foot so
that the sole faces medially
• Protraction: Moving a part
forward
• Example: thrusting the chin
forward
• Retraction: Moving a part
backward
• Example: pulling the chin
backward
• Elevation: Raising a part
• Example: shrugging the
shoulders
• Depression: Lowering a part
• Example: drooping the
shoulders

66. Reference
• https://www.slideshare.net/martamosquera/human-tissues-
71115193
• https://www.slideshare.net/abhilashachaudhary4/tissue-and-its-
types
• https://www.slideshare.net/abhilashachaudhary4/tissue-and-its-
types
• https://www.slideshare.net/abhilashachaudhary4/tissue-and-its-
types

67. Youtube videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-UsSmD7miI