3. Motivation: Definition, types of motivation,
factors influencing motivation – Theories of
motivation: Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs,
McClelland’s theory of Achievement
Motivation – Its educational implications –
Level of Aspiration – Promoting Achievement
motivation among learners – Group dynamic:
Meaning, definitions, types and
characteristics – Transactional Analysis (TA)
4. Meaning
• Latin Word ‘movere’ – ‘to put into
action or to move’
• Cycle of process that activates a
movement in an organism
• Process of arousing, maintaining and
controlling interest in a goal directed
pattern of behaviour
5. Definition
• Motivation acts to arouse, sustain
and direct behaviour
-Travers
• Motivation acts an as interest
control factor in learning
-Crow and crow
6. Definition of Motives
• Motives generally refer to
biological, social and learned factors
that initiate, sustain and stop goal
directed behaviour of organisms
• Physiological or psychological and
act from within the organism
7. Characteristics of Motives
• Psychological process
• Internal process – need or want
• Directs our efforts towards the goal
• Brings energy metabolism
• Sustain the attention
• Restless to achieve the goal
8. Classification of Motives
Motives
Primary
(Biogenic)
Hunger, thirst,
escape from
pain, sex etc
Secondary
(Sociogenic)
Psychological
(Security,
freedom,
adventure,
etc)
Social
(Social
approval, Social
affiliation,
Gregariousness,
acquisition etc
Personal
(Competency,
self-concept,
Values,
achievement
etc)
13. Maslow’s -
Hierarchy of Needs
• Proposed by Abraham Maslow (1954)
• Modified by Root (1970)
• Seven Categories
• Many and Multiple – are not equal
importance – arranged hierarchically
• Aspire for a higher order needs only
when the lower order needs get fulfilled
14. Maslow’s – Hierarchy of Needs
SELF ACTUALISATION
AESTHETIC NEEDS
ACHIEVEMENT NEEDS
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE &
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
SAFETY AND SECURITY
NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
Social or
Psychological
Needs
Deficiency
Needs - D
Growth
Needs - G
Biological
Needs
15. Physiological
Needs
Food, Water, Shelter, Sex, etc – basic
and fundamental needs
Safety and
Security Needs
Future expectations
Example: Insurance against future,
Keeping a bank balance, investing in LIC
etc
Affiliational
Needs
(Belongingness
and Love )
Affection, praise, warmth, acceptance,
approval, affiliation, etc
Self-Esteem
Needs
Achievement, status, self-respect, self-
confidence, feelings of strength and
adequacy
16. Achievement
Needs
Intellectual domination and
cognitive competencies
Aesthetic Needs Concerned with appreciation of
order and beauty
Self-
Actualization
Needs
Self-fulfilment, self-expression,
fulfilment of potentialities, working
and one’s own mental personality
17. Educational Implications
• Enable them to function at a higher level of
motivation
• Physical and psychological safety – Feels vital
in the class
• To maintain realistic level of aspiration –
assignment
• Enhance the attraction and minimize the
dangers of growth needs
• Curriculum should be drastically changed and
periodically revised
18. McClelland’s -
Theory of Achievement Motivation
• Formulated by McClelland and his
associates in 1951 at Harvard
Environment cue
Affective arousal in the organism
Denoted symbolical expression -
N-Ach (need for achievement)
19. i. A need for success
ii. A need to avoid failure
Motto - ‘The pursuit of excellence’
- Striving to achieve a standard
of excellence in actions
20. Suitable methods to develop
achievement motivation in students
• Narrating the biographies of great
men
• Providing a proper school
environment
• Making the pupils to involve in
group work
21. Measurement of
Achievement Motivation
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Stories
i. What is going on in the picture?
ii. What has led upto the scene?
iii. What is most likely to happen?
iv. What is being thought of?
22. Level of Aspiration
• Developed by Kurt Lewin
• The level of future performance in a
familiar task which an individual,
knowing his level of past
performance in the task, explicitly
undertakes to reach
- Frank
23. Factors that affect the
Level of Aspiration
a) Success and failure
b) Personality
c) Group standards
d) Rewards and punishments
e) Social class
24. Uses of Level of Aspiration
• Increases his self-confidence
• Helps in setting one’s goal realistically
• Success stimulates one to strive for further
success
• Avoids failure
• Helps to know how much one has to try and
work hard to reach his goal
25. Promoting Achievement Motivation
among Learners
• Developing a new motive is realistic and
reasonable
• Relate with future life of the students and
assign independent responsibility
• Make clear - New motive will improve their
self-image
• Emphasize – improvement on prevailing
cultural values
26. • Committed to achieving concrete goals in life
• To keep record of their progress towards
their goal
• Self-study should be emphasized
• Effort to develop conducive social climate in
the class
27. Group Dynamics
Meaning
• The change of behaviour through
interaction in the group
• Forces which operate in group situations
• Studies the structure of the group and
other phenomenon which emerge out
of group interaction
28. Group Dynamics
Definition
• Field of inquiry dedicated to
advancing knowledge about the
nature of the groups, the laws of
their development and their
interrelations with individuals,
other groups and larger institutions
- Cartwright and Zandar
29. Types of Group Dynamics
Face-to-face
group
The hang-over
group
Abstract group
31. Characteristics
Common goals, interests and ideals
Similar Behaviour and Attitudes
Control of the Group
Mutual Obligation
Sense of Oneness
Influence of the Group Characteristics
Psychological relationship between members
33. Transactional Analysis (TA)
• Developed by Eric Berne
• A theory of personality and social action
and a clinical method of psychotherapy
based on the analysis of all possible
transactions between two or more
people on the basis of specially defined
ego-states
34. Theory of Transactional Analysis
Structural Analysis
Transactional
Analysis
Game Analysis
Script Analysis
35. Structural Analysis
• Segregation and analysis of the parent, adult
and child ego-states which comprise
individual personality.
• To establish the predominance of reality-
testing ego states and freeing them from
contamination by archaic and foreign
elements
36. A – Parent ego-state
B – Adult ego-state
C – Child ego-state
39. TA Process
Name -----------------------------------Address ------------------------
Initial Session-Date --------------------------------Reference Source
Positions Symptoms Current Present Childhood
Stamps Situation Figures
games
Client’s
Complaints
Contracts: Dates
made and completed.
40. Advantages of TA
• TA is self-help psychology
• TA is non-threatening psychology
• TA is psychology of change
• TA is immediately effective
• TA is for all
• Useful in industry
41. Credit to the Sources
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