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Local  anaesthesia- composition and dosage in dentistry
Definition: 
Local anaesthesia is defined as a loss of 
sensation in a circumscribed area of the 
body caused by a depression of 
excitation in nerve endings or an 
inhibition of the conduction process in 
peripheral nerves.
Local  anaesthesia- composition and dosage in dentistry
Desirable properties of LA 
• Should not be irritating to the tissues to which it is applied 
• Should not cause any permanent alteration of nerve 
structure 
• Systemic toxicity should be low 
• Time of onset of anaesthesia should be as short as possible 
• The duration of action must be long enough to permit 
completion of the procedure yet not so long to require and 
extended recovery 
• Should be free from producing allergic reactions 
• Should be stable in solution and readily undergo 
biotransformation in the body
Composition of local 
anaesthetics 
Local anaesthetic agent:Lignocaine Hydrochloride- 
2%(20mg/ml) 
Reducing agent:Sodium meta-bisulphite-(0.5mg) 
Preservative:Methylparaben-0.1%(1mg) 
Diluting agent:Distilled water 
Fungicide:Thymol 
Isotonic solution:Sodium chloride or Ringer’s 
Solution-6mg 
Vasoconstrictor:adrenaline-1:80,000(0.012mg) 
To adjust pH-Sodium hydroxide 
Nitrogen bubble-1-2mm in diameter and is present to 
prevent oxygen from being trapped in the cartridge 
and potentially destroying the Vasopressor.
Actions of : 
Vasoconstrictor:Decreased blood flow to the 
site of injection,absorption of L.A by 
cardiovascular system is solved,decrease the 
risk of local toxicity,higher volume of local 
anaesthetic agent remain in and around the 
nerve for longer period,thereby increasing the 
duration of action,vasoconstrictor decreases 
bleeding at the site of their administration. 
Preservative:Stability of modern L.A is 
maintained by adding caprylhydro-cuprienotoxin 
which includes xylotox and 
methyl paraben.
Reducing agent:These act as 
preservatives for the vasoconstictor 
agents.Vasoconstrictors are unstable in 
solution and may oxidize,especially on 
exposure to prolonged sunlight.Sodium 
metabisulphite which competes for the 
available oxygen is added in the 
concentration between 0.05% and 0.1% 
Vehicle:The isotonic vehicle reduces 
discomfort during injection.
B.R.I.T: 
Bi-Rotational Insertion 
Technique: 
The operator rotates the needle in a back-and- 
forth rotational movement while 
advancing the needle through the tissues; 
results in less deflection, less force is needed 
for needle penetration.
Dosages: 
To calculate the recommended dose,the 
following must be known: 
Concentration of the L.A 
Dilution percentages of vasoconstrictors 
Standard cartridge volume 
Maximum recommended dose 
Patients weight and general health 
status,including medications.
Maximum recommended 
doses: 
Lignocaine hydrochloride with 
epinephrine:7mg/kg 
Articaine:6.4mg/kg 
Bupivicaine:6.66 mg/kg
A 100% solution has 1000mg of L.A per ml.Therefore a 2% 
solution has.... 
20mg/ml 
A cartridge of 2ml,therefore has 40mg of L.A. 
M.L.D for lignocaine hydrochloride is 7mg/kg. 
For a 70kg man,the maximum dosage of L.A he can recieve 
is-7*70kg =490mg. 
In 1 cartridge there is 2ml of L.A which contains 40mg of 
L.A,therefore the number of cartridges needed to achieve 
maximum lethal dose is 12.25 cartridges.(490*1/40)
Anatomical considerations 
Branches of maxillary nerve:
Injections used to anaesthetize 
the maxillary teeth,soft and 
hard tissues: 
Infiltration(supraperiosteal injection) 
Posterior superior alveolar nerve block(PSA) 
Middle superior alveolar n.b(MSA) 
Anterior superior alveolar n.b(ASA)(Infraorbital 
nb) 
Greater palatine nb 
Nasopalatine nb 
2nd division nb(maxillary nb) 
Anterior middle superior alveolar nb(AMSA) 
Palatal-(PASA)
Infiltration: 
Infiltration is a technique used to 
achieve pulpal anaesthesia for one or 
two maxillary teeth at a time. 
The area anaesthetised are the 
pulp,bucal soft and hard tissues of the 
anaesthetised teeth. 
Recommended needle-27 gauge short
Technique: 
Site of insertion-Height of the 
mucobuccal fold,at the apex of the tooth. 
The needle is inserted parallel to the 
maxillary bone and inserted till the 
needle tip is at or above the apex of the 
root. 
After two negative aspirations,1/3rd of a 
cartridge of L.A is injected.
Posterior superior alveolar 
nerve block(PSA 
Provides pulpal anaesthesia to the three 
maxillary molars and supporting buccal 
soft tissue and bone. 
In 28% of patients,the mesiobuccal root 
of the maxillary first molar is not 
anaesthetised by this technique. 
Recommended needle-27 gauge short.
Technique: 
Site of insertion-Height of the buccal 
fold,adjacent to the maxillary second 
molar,with the syringe held in an 
upwards,inwards and backwards 
direction,and inserted to a depth of 
16mm 
After two negative aspirations,1/2 a 
cartridge of L.A is injected,over 30 
seconds.
Middle superior alveolar 
n.b(MSA) 
Provides pulpal anaesthesia to the 
maxillary premolars and the 
mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first 
molar,and supporting buccal soft and 
hard tissues. 
Recommended needle-27 gauge short.
Technique: 
Site of insertion-Height of the buccal 
fold,adjacent to the maxillary second 
premolar.Needle is inserted till its tip is 
located way above the apex of the 
second premolar. 
After 2 negative aspirations,1/2 a 
cartridge of local anaesthetic is slowly 
injected.
Anterior superior alveolar 
n.b(ASA)(Infraorbital nb) 
Provides pulpal anaesthesia to five 
maxillary anterior teeth-The 
incisors,canine and two premolars,and 
also anaesthetises the buccal 
supporting soft tissue and bone,the skin 
of the lower eyelid,the lateral side of the 
nose,upper lip. 
Recommended needle-25 gauge long.
Technique: 
The infraorbital foramen is palpated,lip 
retracted,the needle is inserted at the 
height of the buccal fold,adjacent to the 
maxillary first premolar. 
The needle is held parallel to the maxillary 
bone and inserted till bone is contacted at 
the roof of the infraorbital foramen. 
After 2 negative aspirations,1/2-1/3rd of a 
cartridge is deposited over 30-40 seconds.
Greater palatine nb(Anterior 
palatine nb) 
Provides anaesthesia to the posterior 
portion of the hard palate and its 
overlying soft tissues extending 
anteriorly as far as the first premolar and 
medially to the midline. 
Recommended needle-27 gauge short
Technique: 
The greater palatine foramen is 
palpated(cotton swab may be used for 
this),the needle is inserted into the soft 
tissue,just anterior to the greater 
palatine foramen. 
As the needle is advance,L.A is 
deposited slowly,upon contacting 
bone,1/4th-1/3rd a cartridge of L.A is 
deposited,over 15-20 seconds.
Nasopalatine nb 
Provides anaesthesia to the anterior 
portion of the hard palate,affecting both 
soft and hard tissues,from the mesial of 
the right first premolar to the mesial of 
the left first premolar.
Technique: 
Traditional-The needle is inserted,just lateral to 
the incisive papilla,advanced till bone is 
contacted,after 2 negative aspirations,0.3 ml of 
L.A is deposited. 
Multipl injection technique-1st injection is an 
infiltration of 0.3ml to the labial soft tissues 
between the central incisors.2nd injection is an 
infiltration to the now limp papilla between the 
two central incisors.L.A is administered as the 
needle is advanced,until blanching is noted on 
the palatal soft tissues.3rd injection is a 
traditional Nasopalatine nb.
2nd division nb(maxillary nb) 
Provides anaesthesia to the pulp of the 
teeth of that side of the maxilla, 
supporting hard and soft buccal tissues, 
the soft tissues and bone of the hard 
palate and some of the soft palate 
medially till the midline, the skin of the 
lower eyelid, lateral side of the nose, 
cheek,upper lip. 
Recommended needle-25 gauge long.
Technique: 
The needle is inserted into the greater 
palatine foramen,and advanced to a 
depth of 30mm.After 2 negative 
aspirations,1.8ml of L.A is deposited 
slowly over at least 60seconds.
Anterior middle superior 
alveolar nb(AMSA) 
Provides pulpal anaesthesia to the 
incisors,canine and premolars of that 
side,buccal soft tissue and bone,palatal 
soft tissue and bone. 
Recommended needle-27 gauge short
Technique: 
The needle is inserted at a point halfway 
along the line between the premolars 
and the midline of the palate. 
1.4-1.8ml of L.A is slowly deposited.
Palatal-(PASA) 
Provides pulpal anaesthesia to both 
central incisors,both lateral incisors and 
to a lesser degree,both canines,as well 
as the labial and palatal soft and hard 
tissues of these teeth. 
Recommended needle-27 gauge short
Technique: 
The needle is inserted lateral to the 
incisive papilla,slowly to a depth of 6- 
10mm into the incisive canal.Following 
negative aspiration,1.4-1.8ml of local 
anaesthetic is administered slowly.
Contraindication to local 
anaesthetics
Local complication of LA 
Needle breakage 
Paraesthesia 
Facial nerve paralysis 
Trismus 
Soft tissue injury 
Haematoma 
Pain on injection 
Burning on injection 
Infection 
Edema 
Sloughing of tissues 
Post anaesthetic intra oral lesions
Systemic complications 
Overdose 
Allergy 
idiosyncrasy
References: 
Malamed, Stanley. Handbook of Local 
Anesthesia. 5th Edition. Mosby. 2004
Dr.Vikram Perakath 
B.D.S

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Local anaesthesia- composition and dosage in dentistry

  • 2. Definition: Local anaesthesia is defined as a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by a depression of excitation in nerve endings or an inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves.
  • 4. Desirable properties of LA • Should not be irritating to the tissues to which it is applied • Should not cause any permanent alteration of nerve structure • Systemic toxicity should be low • Time of onset of anaesthesia should be as short as possible • The duration of action must be long enough to permit completion of the procedure yet not so long to require and extended recovery • Should be free from producing allergic reactions • Should be stable in solution and readily undergo biotransformation in the body
  • 5. Composition of local anaesthetics Local anaesthetic agent:Lignocaine Hydrochloride- 2%(20mg/ml) Reducing agent:Sodium meta-bisulphite-(0.5mg) Preservative:Methylparaben-0.1%(1mg) Diluting agent:Distilled water Fungicide:Thymol Isotonic solution:Sodium chloride or Ringer’s Solution-6mg Vasoconstrictor:adrenaline-1:80,000(0.012mg) To adjust pH-Sodium hydroxide Nitrogen bubble-1-2mm in diameter and is present to prevent oxygen from being trapped in the cartridge and potentially destroying the Vasopressor.
  • 6. Actions of : Vasoconstrictor:Decreased blood flow to the site of injection,absorption of L.A by cardiovascular system is solved,decrease the risk of local toxicity,higher volume of local anaesthetic agent remain in and around the nerve for longer period,thereby increasing the duration of action,vasoconstrictor decreases bleeding at the site of their administration. Preservative:Stability of modern L.A is maintained by adding caprylhydro-cuprienotoxin which includes xylotox and methyl paraben.
  • 7. Reducing agent:These act as preservatives for the vasoconstictor agents.Vasoconstrictors are unstable in solution and may oxidize,especially on exposure to prolonged sunlight.Sodium metabisulphite which competes for the available oxygen is added in the concentration between 0.05% and 0.1% Vehicle:The isotonic vehicle reduces discomfort during injection.
  • 8. B.R.I.T: Bi-Rotational Insertion Technique: The operator rotates the needle in a back-and- forth rotational movement while advancing the needle through the tissues; results in less deflection, less force is needed for needle penetration.
  • 9. Dosages: To calculate the recommended dose,the following must be known: Concentration of the L.A Dilution percentages of vasoconstrictors Standard cartridge volume Maximum recommended dose Patients weight and general health status,including medications.
  • 10. Maximum recommended doses: Lignocaine hydrochloride with epinephrine:7mg/kg Articaine:6.4mg/kg Bupivicaine:6.66 mg/kg
  • 11. A 100% solution has 1000mg of L.A per ml.Therefore a 2% solution has.... 20mg/ml A cartridge of 2ml,therefore has 40mg of L.A. M.L.D for lignocaine hydrochloride is 7mg/kg. For a 70kg man,the maximum dosage of L.A he can recieve is-7*70kg =490mg. In 1 cartridge there is 2ml of L.A which contains 40mg of L.A,therefore the number of cartridges needed to achieve maximum lethal dose is 12.25 cartridges.(490*1/40)
  • 12. Anatomical considerations Branches of maxillary nerve:
  • 13. Injections used to anaesthetize the maxillary teeth,soft and hard tissues: Infiltration(supraperiosteal injection) Posterior superior alveolar nerve block(PSA) Middle superior alveolar n.b(MSA) Anterior superior alveolar n.b(ASA)(Infraorbital nb) Greater palatine nb Nasopalatine nb 2nd division nb(maxillary nb) Anterior middle superior alveolar nb(AMSA) Palatal-(PASA)
  • 14. Infiltration: Infiltration is a technique used to achieve pulpal anaesthesia for one or two maxillary teeth at a time. The area anaesthetised are the pulp,bucal soft and hard tissues of the anaesthetised teeth. Recommended needle-27 gauge short
  • 15. Technique: Site of insertion-Height of the mucobuccal fold,at the apex of the tooth. The needle is inserted parallel to the maxillary bone and inserted till the needle tip is at or above the apex of the root. After two negative aspirations,1/3rd of a cartridge of L.A is injected.
  • 16. Posterior superior alveolar nerve block(PSA Provides pulpal anaesthesia to the three maxillary molars and supporting buccal soft tissue and bone. In 28% of patients,the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar is not anaesthetised by this technique. Recommended needle-27 gauge short.
  • 17. Technique: Site of insertion-Height of the buccal fold,adjacent to the maxillary second molar,with the syringe held in an upwards,inwards and backwards direction,and inserted to a depth of 16mm After two negative aspirations,1/2 a cartridge of L.A is injected,over 30 seconds.
  • 18. Middle superior alveolar n.b(MSA) Provides pulpal anaesthesia to the maxillary premolars and the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar,and supporting buccal soft and hard tissues. Recommended needle-27 gauge short.
  • 19. Technique: Site of insertion-Height of the buccal fold,adjacent to the maxillary second premolar.Needle is inserted till its tip is located way above the apex of the second premolar. After 2 negative aspirations,1/2 a cartridge of local anaesthetic is slowly injected.
  • 20. Anterior superior alveolar n.b(ASA)(Infraorbital nb) Provides pulpal anaesthesia to five maxillary anterior teeth-The incisors,canine and two premolars,and also anaesthetises the buccal supporting soft tissue and bone,the skin of the lower eyelid,the lateral side of the nose,upper lip. Recommended needle-25 gauge long.
  • 21. Technique: The infraorbital foramen is palpated,lip retracted,the needle is inserted at the height of the buccal fold,adjacent to the maxillary first premolar. The needle is held parallel to the maxillary bone and inserted till bone is contacted at the roof of the infraorbital foramen. After 2 negative aspirations,1/2-1/3rd of a cartridge is deposited over 30-40 seconds.
  • 22. Greater palatine nb(Anterior palatine nb) Provides anaesthesia to the posterior portion of the hard palate and its overlying soft tissues extending anteriorly as far as the first premolar and medially to the midline. Recommended needle-27 gauge short
  • 23. Technique: The greater palatine foramen is palpated(cotton swab may be used for this),the needle is inserted into the soft tissue,just anterior to the greater palatine foramen. As the needle is advance,L.A is deposited slowly,upon contacting bone,1/4th-1/3rd a cartridge of L.A is deposited,over 15-20 seconds.
  • 24. Nasopalatine nb Provides anaesthesia to the anterior portion of the hard palate,affecting both soft and hard tissues,from the mesial of the right first premolar to the mesial of the left first premolar.
  • 25. Technique: Traditional-The needle is inserted,just lateral to the incisive papilla,advanced till bone is contacted,after 2 negative aspirations,0.3 ml of L.A is deposited. Multipl injection technique-1st injection is an infiltration of 0.3ml to the labial soft tissues between the central incisors.2nd injection is an infiltration to the now limp papilla between the two central incisors.L.A is administered as the needle is advanced,until blanching is noted on the palatal soft tissues.3rd injection is a traditional Nasopalatine nb.
  • 26. 2nd division nb(maxillary nb) Provides anaesthesia to the pulp of the teeth of that side of the maxilla, supporting hard and soft buccal tissues, the soft tissues and bone of the hard palate and some of the soft palate medially till the midline, the skin of the lower eyelid, lateral side of the nose, cheek,upper lip. Recommended needle-25 gauge long.
  • 27. Technique: The needle is inserted into the greater palatine foramen,and advanced to a depth of 30mm.After 2 negative aspirations,1.8ml of L.A is deposited slowly over at least 60seconds.
  • 28. Anterior middle superior alveolar nb(AMSA) Provides pulpal anaesthesia to the incisors,canine and premolars of that side,buccal soft tissue and bone,palatal soft tissue and bone. Recommended needle-27 gauge short
  • 29. Technique: The needle is inserted at a point halfway along the line between the premolars and the midline of the palate. 1.4-1.8ml of L.A is slowly deposited.
  • 30. Palatal-(PASA) Provides pulpal anaesthesia to both central incisors,both lateral incisors and to a lesser degree,both canines,as well as the labial and palatal soft and hard tissues of these teeth. Recommended needle-27 gauge short
  • 31. Technique: The needle is inserted lateral to the incisive papilla,slowly to a depth of 6- 10mm into the incisive canal.Following negative aspiration,1.4-1.8ml of local anaesthetic is administered slowly.
  • 33. Local complication of LA Needle breakage Paraesthesia Facial nerve paralysis Trismus Soft tissue injury Haematoma Pain on injection Burning on injection Infection Edema Sloughing of tissues Post anaesthetic intra oral lesions
  • 34. Systemic complications Overdose Allergy idiosyncrasy
  • 35. References: Malamed, Stanley. Handbook of Local Anesthesia. 5th Edition. Mosby. 2004