Residential design project report

Submitted To: Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer
www.dezyneecole.com
Submitted By: Kritika Heda
B.SC INTERIOR DESIGN
1ST YEAR DIPLOMA
PORTFOLIO
Residential Design

Project report on
Residential Design
Submitted to
Dezyne E’cole college
towards the partial fulfillment for
the award of Diploma in
Interior Design as
Technical Knowledge Development of
Residential Space Planning
included with the
Bachelor Degree program of Interior Design
By
Kritika Heda
Dezyne E’cole College
Civil lines, Ajmer
www.dezyneecole.com
2014-2017

The Project of Ms. Kritika Heda has been checked and has been graded as
Thanking You
Principal
(Seal & Signature)
Dezyne E’cole College
Civil Lines, Ajmer
www.dezyneecole.com

The Project “Residential Space Planning” Has Enlightened Me About Various Aspects Of
Planning A Residential Building.
I Give My Sincere Thanks To Dezyne E’cole College And To My Mentors Who Gave Me The
Opportunity To Know About The Various Aspects Of Residential Space Planning And Helped Me
In Preparing The Project.
Kritika Heda
B.SC – Interior Design
Acknowledgment

INTRODUCTION
To Be Creative Is Part Of The Human Psyche. It Is One Of Those Traits That Set Us Apart From Other Animal Species,
And We Have Practiced It For Millennia. Even When Our Prime Need Was To Find Food And Shelter, We Felt A Desire
To Leave Our Mark On The Environments That We Inhabited. Whether This Was To Satisfy Some Deep Spiritual Calling
Or A Method Of Passing On Vital Knowledge To Follow Group Members, Or Whether It Was Simply A Way For An
Individual To Satisfy An Urge To Leave His Mark For Future Generation, We Will Never Know. For Just As Long, People
Have Turned Inquisitive Minds To Ways Of Solving Problems And Dealing With The Issues That Have Faced Them In
The Struggle To Survive, Problems Such As How To Work More Efficiently, How To Live More Comfortably And How To
Be Safe From Danger.
Today, These Primitive And Fundamental Indicators Of Human Nature May Be Expressed In More Sophisticated And
Developed Ways, But The Primal Simplicity Of Our Human Desire To Make A ‘Better’ And More Comfortable World
For Ourselves Is Evidenced Through, Amongst Other Things, How We Organize The Spaces. That We Inhabit, And The
Aesthetic That We Make For Them. As We Have Become More Affluent And Blessed With More Leisure Time, Style
Has Become More Important To Us And Is Something With Which We Want To Imbue Our Homes. But ‘Style’ Is A Very
Personal Notion, So Why Should Anyone Look To Employ Someone Else, An Interior Designer, To Tell Them What Is
Right? Why, For That Matter, Should You As A Designer Presume To Impose Your Ideas Upon A Space That Isn’t Your
Own?

The Answer Is This: Interior Design Is About So Much More Than ‘What Looks Right’. It Is About Taking A Holistic
View Of The Way That Individuals Use And Enjoy That Spaces That They Inhabit. It Is About Finding And Creating A
Cohesive Answer To Set Of Problems And Dressing The Solution So As To Unify And Strengthen Our Experience Of The
Space. Many People Understand This And That They Do Not Have The Necessary Skills To Tackle The Job Themselves.
And So There Is The Need For Professional Interior Designers.
Good Interior Design Adds A New Dimension To A Space. It Can Increase Our Efficiency In The Day We Go About Our
Daily Lives And It Adds Depth, Understanding And Meaning To The Built Environment. Thoughtful And Well Crafted
Design Makes A Space Easier To Understand And Experiencing Such A Space Lifts The Spirit, Too. It Is, Therefore, Not
Just About The Aesthetic It Is A Practical And Philosophical Design.
Beautiful Spaces Betray A Logical And Rational Questioning of The Status Quo And Can Be An Honest Attempt To Find
New And Exciting Way To Lead Our Lives. Planners Are often Asked To Make Estimates of Space Needs Before Having
An Opportunity To Make Policies Or Detailed Plans For Operations. Here The Interior Designer Studies About The
Space And Its Surrounding Influences On It , Like Orientation of The Space ,Daylighting, Ventilation, HVAC ,Lighting,
Landscaping All Depending On The Personality of The Space. These Then Lead To Development of The Structural
Features of The Building As It Influences The Utilization of The Space.

Interior Decorators On The Other Hand Generally Work With Existing Spaces That Do Not Require Physical Alteration.
Through The Use of Color ,Light And Surface Finish , They Will Transform The Look of The Space, Perhaps Making It
Suitable To Function In A Different Way From That For Which It Was Originally Designed , But With Very Little Or No
Change To The Structure of The Building. The Scope of The Projects Undertaken Will Vary From The Purely Decorative
. To Ones Where A Great Deal of Structural Change Is Required To Meet The Brief. An Interior Designer Will
Completely Handle The Space Planning And Creation of Decorative Scheme At The Same Time As Considering Major
Structural Changes. Lets Understand The Work of An Interior Designer.

1. Interior Design As A Skill Branch:
Building Engineering Was A Pioneer Design Field Out Of Which Many Specialties Like Architecture, Civil
Engineering And Interior Designing Have Separated . All These Skills Deal With Buildings Using Many Common
Materials And Techniques . Interior Design As A Result Has Certain Affinity To Architecture . In Recent Years
Many Other Design Skills Like Urban Design, Town Planning, Mass Or Public Housing, Landscape Architecture
Etc. Have Merged From Architecture . In Future Many Other Skills May Also Emerge From Interior Design.
2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer . However Buildings
Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated Several Times . Architects Or Building
Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or
Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled ‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And
Outside . The Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But Undertake
Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-smiths, Guilders, Glass
Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors, Mural Makers Were Associated With The
Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All These Services Were Handled By A Person , The Interior
Decorator Interior Decoration Was A Service For The Building But Always Was Distinct From The Architect From
The Architecture Or Building Engineering. Interior Decorator Was Neither A Variant, Nor Subservient To The
Architect.

3. Interior Decorator To Interior Designer:- Interior Decorator Worked As A Facilitator, Scheduling And
Coordinating The Activities While Supervising The Quality Of Various Vendors. The Interior Decorator
Now Even Offered Comprehensive Design Solutions With Alternative To Their Clients. Interior
Decoration Became A Well- Documented Strategy, Serving Two Basic Purpose.
• It Helped Creation Of A Functional System By Coordinating Skills, Materials And Objects Sourced
From Different Agencies.
• It Showed The User Of Client, In Advance, The Solution, In A Respective Form A Surrogate.
Once The First Objective Was Achieved Without Being Continuously Present On The Site It Was Possible
For The Interior In Charge Person To Devote More Tome And Attention To The Second Objective. The
Interior Decorator Began To Play A Very Active Role Of A Professional Interior Designer Rather Than
Being Simply A Site Bound Interior Contractor.
4. Design Studio:- The Interior Designer Now Operated From A Design Office Or Studio, Usually Located
In An Urban Area. The Studio Was Used For Creating Drawings, Sketches, Other Presentations, Models,
Prototypes, Dummies, Cartoon (Replicas Of Artwork In Full Size), Samples Etc. It Contained Samples Of
Materials And Catalogues. The Studio Was A Fixed Location Facility Where Interior Designer Was Able To
Meet Clients, Suppliers And Crafts- Persons.

5. Design+ Execution Practice:- Schematic Documentation Of Design Has Been Very Difficult. And The
Most Irritating Aspect Of Business. Amateur Interior Designers ( Formally Untrained Hobbyists) Lack The
Capacity To Document Their Design Intentions, So Prefer To Work On The Site, Providing Oral
Instructions To Contractor Or Their Workers. Many Interior Designers, Even Today Where Practicable
Would Like To Execute Their Work By Themselves. The Tradition Of Combining Design+ Execution
Persists For Many Reasons.
• Interior Components Require Complex Details And Materials For Their Sensorial Qualities. These Are
Difficult To Present Through Formal Design Documentation, And Must Be Effected Only Through
Personal Involvement.
• Interior Designing Involves Improvisation. The Coordinated Effect Can Be Achieved Only When
Components Or Systems Are Substantially Produced By The Designers Themselves.
• Amateur Or Untrained Interior Designers Do Not Have Such Proficiencies.
6. Forms Of Interior Design Practices:-today Many Different Forms Of Interior Design Practices Exist
Ranging From:
PURE DESIGN (Design Only).
Design + supply.
Design + supply + execution.

7. Interior Design and other Design Professions:- Interior design like any other design profession, is an
interdependent profession. Interior designers work in conjunction with other design professionals, who need
interior design contribution in their work, such as Architects, Building Engineers, Landscape designers , Furniture
and Product designers, Exhibition and Event managers. Interior designers also use expertise of other professionals
for their work. These include Environmental Engineers, Ecologists, Furnishing experts, Textile designers, Painters,
Sculptors, and an array of crafts persons.
8. Specialization in Interior Design:- Interior designers like other professionals also face a dilemma, should they
specialize or be a generalist? To become a specialist one needs to limit the work to projects of particular nature.
But it is very difficult to get projects to suit a predefined field of specialization. In reality, as and when
opportunities arise, a designer preferences project that builds up the specific sphere of experience. The refined
capability can then be used for handling similar but complex jobs.
Acute specialization in a particular field also leads to generalization, as one handles only one or few types of
projects. Interior designers by handling only specific projects achieve an expertise in the field, but gradually lose
the capacity to handle other projects. Whereas a generalist , by handling all sorts of projects, perhaps gains a
wider experience, economics of scale (turnover), but at compromised quality.
Some degree of specialization is becoming apparent in Interior Design. Some of the major fields to have distinct
identities within the ambit of Interior

Designers Beyond Their Role Of Furnishers Are Also Ideal As Maintenance, Persons And Operators Of Buildings.
Large Organizations (Hotels, Guest Houses, Corporate Head Offices, Museums, Showrooms, Departmental
Stores) Have Estates, Substantially Consisting Of Buildings, Furniture, Furnishings, Plants, Equipment, Utilities,
Gardens And Landscaped Lands. Interior Design Turning Today Includes Design Drafting And Presentation
Technologies In Digital Media. Interior Designers With Competence In Computerized Drafting (AUTOCAD) 3D
Modelling, Animation, Walk Through, Rendering, Etc. Find Employment In Many Other Design Fields. Interior
Design Training Consists Of Colour, Rendering, Graphics And Presentation Techniques, Preparing Them For The
Diversion To Graphics Related Fields, Like Artworks, Advertising, Cinematography, Exhibitions, Publicity, Etc.

The design has to be Functional so that the person
can Feel the space, Express himself at the same
time Enjoy the space.
RESIDENTIAL DESIGN

Here Are Some Of The Steps To Be Followed Are Google Maps
Locate Your Site On The Google Maps
It Is Very Important Resource For Us To Use. It Can Help Us Locate Various Sites In A Particular Area. We Can
Also Use A Map To Find Out Nearby Facilities. This Allows Us To Get Information In Short Span Of Time.

SITE CONTOURS
Contour Maps Provide Valuable Information About The Topology Of The Area, Whether It Is Flat, Undulating Or
Mountainous. The Nature Of The Ground Surface Of An Area Can Be Understood By Studying A Contour Map.

SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS
Savitri College
Road
Proposed Site
Residential Zone
Ajmer Hospital
Main Road
 Distance from Railway Station-2.5 km
 Distance from Bus Stop-1 km
Savitri College
Proposed
Site
Residential Zone
Ajmer Hospital
R.T.D.C
SPECIFICATIONS:-
R.T.D.C
Development Commences.
Location Of The Site , Site Analysis , Site And Its Surrounding Are First Undertaken.
Site Analysis Is The Process Of Surveying Or Studying The Existing Environment And How It Will Influence The
Structural Design And Layout On The Site. Site Analysis Must Be Completed First Before Design Development
Commences.

ACCESSIBILITY TO THE SITE
The main entrances and the main road abutting the site is very important for any kind of project
NORTH
Entrance Of My Site Is North Facing

The Connectivity To The Main Roads And Other Sub-roads
The Distance From The Major Landmarks Such As
• Shopping centers:-1.2 km
• Railway stations :-2.5 km
• Bus stand:-1 km
• Dimensions of the site :-50’x54’
• Area of the site:-2700 sq.ft

MAJOR LANDMARKS
After spotting the major landmarks , analyze the site. It is essential to know as to what kind of impact.
Savitri College
Proposed
Site
Residential Zone
Ajmer Hospital
R.T.D.C
R.T.D.C
Major Landmarks Helps Us Access The Various Sites Available In A Particular Area.

ORIENTATION OF THE SITE
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST EAST
WINTER SUN
SUMMER SUN
INTENSE SUN
Preferred Zone
For Building
Orientation
Acceptable
QUADRANT Of
Windows
orientation
TOTAL SHADE
First Of All We Need To Pay Attention To
The Direction Of The Sun And Its
Movement In The Four Directions.
If We Pay Attention To The Diagram Of
Sun’s Movement We See The Sun Rises
From East And The Color Of The Sun’s Light
At That Time Is Tender Yellow, The Whole
South Direction Is Completely Lighted Up
Throughout The Day And Is The Most Hot
Direction But At The Same Time The Cool
Wind Blows From East-east Because Of
Which The House Will Have More Sunlight
And Air.

ORIENTATION OF THE SITE
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST
EAST
In Every Plan Orientation Is Very Important, By
Orienting The Plan The Space Will Be More Lighted
Up And Ventilation Will Be Proper In A Space.
Orientation Helps Us To Decide Where To Place The
Doors And Windows For Proper Sunlight And
Ventilation.
Well Oriented Buildings Maximizes Daylighting,
Reduces The Need Of Artificial Lighting.

CLIMATOLOGY FACTORS
Climate Can Be Sub-divided Into Two
Major Divisions
1. Macro Climate
2. Micro Climate
We Have To Study The Micro
Climate And Macro Climate Structure
Climatology Is The Branch Which Deals
With The Climate And Changes Throughout
The Year Of The Weather.
Macro Climate Of India:
Location Of India In The World Is
“Northeast” Direction .
Longitude Of India 88° To 90°
Latitude Of India 8° To 37°
The Whole India Has A Tropical Monsoon
Climate, Since The Greater Part Of The
Country Lies Within The Tropics.
23 1/2 °
N
23 1/2 °
N

MACRO CLIMATE
Climate And Temperature Of Ajmer:
• Ajmer Has A Typical Desert Climate And
Hot And Arid.
• Summers Are Hot With Maximum
Temperature Near 40°c While The
Minimum Is Nearly 28°c.
• Winters Are Chilly With Minimum
Temperature Of 5°c.
• Longitude Of Ajmer 74°42’ North.
• Latitude Of Ajmer 26°27’ East.

MICRO CLIMATE
Setting And Site Layout Followed By
Landscaping Can Improve The
Microclimate Around A Building, Taking
Advantage Of Existing Topographical
Feature, Adjacent Buildings And
Vegetation For Solar Protection. Good
Site Layout Can Also Take Grater
Advantage Of Local Breezes By The
Formation Of Air Funnels And Also Aid
Natural Ventilation By Staggering Oh The
Building Layout.
The Presence Of Water And Vegetation
On The Site Can Also Be Used For Natural
Cooling. Good Site Layout Can Reduce
Cooling Loads Appreciably By Optimizing
Natural Solar Protection And Local
Breezes.
Elements Of Site Design That Can Be
Used For Efficient Natural Cooling
Include Landscaping, Orientation To Sun
And Wind, Building Shape And Planning
And Natural Ventilation.

SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS
For any deign to be efficient, we need to focus on following parameters:
Energy Efficiency
Water Efficiency
Material Efficiency

DAYLIGHT
Energy efficiency
Daylighting Of A Building Can Increase Productivity And Decrease Sick Time.
General Benefits:-
• Improve The Quality Of Light In A Space.
• Reduce The Amount Of Electricity.
• Provides Tremendous Psychological Benefit To Building Occupants.
• Fluctuating Light Levels Influence Even Our Hormones Level And Biological Rhythm.
• Daylight Have Psychological Effect And Physiological.
• Reduce Use Of Artificial Lights.
• Tall Windows Should Be Placed In North Direction.
• Wide Windows Should Be Placed In East, South And West Direction.

DAYLIGHT
Perforated Corners
By perforating the corners space will look larger and sunlight will also enter into the room
Energy Efficiency

NORTH
NORTH
• The Objective To Design A Window Is To Provide As Much Of The Indoor Lighting Requirement With Day Lighting
Without Compromising Other Energy.
• Wide Windows Are Used For Viewing Purpose And Tall Windows Are Used For Having Sun’s Light Inside The House.
• The Whole South Direction Is Completely Lighted Up Throughout The Day , Wide Windows Are Used In Southern Side
So That No Glare Can Come Inside The House .
• Northern Side Is A Darker Zone , It Has Less Sun’s Light If We Use Tall Windows In Northern Side Maximum Sun’s Light
Can Be Entered Inside The House.
Energy Efficiency
DAYLIGHT

DAYLIGHT
Top View
Time:10:00 AM
Isometric View
Time:10:00 AM
Time:12:00 PM
Time:12:00 PM Time:14:00 PM
Time:14:00 PM
Energy Efficiency

VENTILATION
Ventilation May Be Defined As Supply Of Fresh Outside Air Into An Enclosed Space Or The Removal
Of Inside Air From The Enclosed Space. Ventilation is done through two ways wind effect and stack
effect.
Ventilation Is Necessary For Following Reasons:-
• Creation Of Air Movement.
• Prevention Of Undue Accumulation Of Carbon Dioxide.
• Proper Growth Of Hormones And Biological Rhythm.
For proper ventilation their must have 10 times air exchange in one hour. Cross Ventilation take
place till 45ft without any mechanical means.
Energy Efficiency

PLINTH
KITCHEN
STAIR
CASE
MASTER
BEDROOM
FIRST
FLOOR
GROUND
FLOOR
ROOF
EAST WESTTERRACE GARDEN
LIVING ROOM

GROUND
FLOOR
WIND BREAK
STAIR
CASE FIRST
FLOOR
ROOF
PLINTH
NORTH SOUTH

VENTILATION DUE TO WIND EFFECT
Cross Ventilation In A Space Is Very Important As It Helps In Prevention Of Undue Accumulation Of
Carbon Dioxide.
Energy Efficiency

VENTILATION DUE TO STACK EFFECT
Inlet Inlet
Outlet Outlet
Outlet Outlet
Inlet Inlet
Energy Efficiency

WIND PRESSURE
(a) a>30 (b) a<30 (c) Flat Roof
Suction
Zone
Pressure Zone Pressure Zone Pressure Zone
Suction Zone
Energy Efficiency

RAINWATER HARVESTING
Rain Water Harvesting : It Is Also Another Important Factor Of Building Envelope. Landscaping,
Water Body, Heat Insulated Material, Cavity Wall Are Use To Control Air And Heat. Rainwater
Harvesting Is A Technique Used For Collecting, Storing And Using Rainwater For Landscape
Irrigation And Other Uses.
Water Efficiency
Rain Water Tank
Soil
Solid Floor
Water level increase due to absorption of rain water in soil
Rain Water

LANDSCAPING
Landscaping Can Improve The Microclimate In Both Summer And Winter,
Providing Shading, Evaporate Cooling And Wind Channeling In Summer, Or
Shelter In Winter. Vegetation Absorbs Large Amounts Of Solar Radiation In
Summer Helping To Keep The Air And Ground Beneath Cool While
Evapotranspiration Can Further Reduce Temperatures.
Energy Efficiency

BRICK AND STONE
A Knowledge About Building Material Help Us To
Design Better Houses . Presenting My Learning Skill In
Subsequent Page .
Material Efficiency

BRICK AND STONE
Material Efficiency
StretcherHeader
Specifications:
Length 19cm
Breadth 9cm
Height 9cm
English Bond
Flemish Bond Stretcher Bond

BRICK AND STONE
Material Efficiency
Herring Bone BondHeader Bond
Diagnoal Bond Zig-Zag Bond

BRICK AND STONE
Material Efficiency

SITE SERVICES
Study of services on site is also very important they are
• Water supply
• Electricity lines
• Drainage lines
I have included them in later project

Parts Of A Building
1. Foundation:- It Is The Lowest Part Of The Structure Below The Ground Level Which Is In Direct
Contact With The Ground And Transmits All The Dead, Live And The Other Loads To The Soil On
Which The Structure Rests.
2. Plinth:- The Portion Of The Building Between The Ground Surrounding The Building And The Top Of
The Floor Immediately Above The Ground Is Known As Plinth.
3. Walls:- Walls Are Provided To Enclose Or Divide The Floor Space In Desired Pattern. Walls Provide
Privacy, Security And Give Protection Against Sun, Rain, Cold And Other Adverse Effects Of Weather.
4. Column:- It May Be Defined As An Isolated Vertical Load Bearing Member The Width Of Which Is
Neither Less Than Its Thickness Nor More Than Four Times Its Thickness.

Parts Of A Building
5. Floors:- Floors Are Flat Supporting Elements Of A Building. They Divide A Building Into Different
Levels Thereby Creating More Accommodation On A Given Plot Of Land.
6. Doors, Windows & Ventilators:- A Door May Be Defined As A Barrier Secured In An Opening Left In A
Wall To Provide Usual Means Of Access To A Building, Room Or Passage. A Window May Be Defined
As An Opening Left In A Wall For The Purpose Of Providing Daylight, Vision And Ventilation.
7. Stair:- A Stair May Be Defined As A Structure Comprising Of A Number Of Steps Connecting One
Floor To Another. The Stair Must Be Constructed In Such A Manner That It Is Safe And Comfortable
To Use And It Should Be So Located As To Permit Easy Communication.

Parts Of A Building
8. Roof:- It Is The Uppermost Component Of A Building And Its Main Function Is To Cover The Space
Below And Protect It From Rain, Snow, Sun, Wind.
9. Building Finishes:- A Building Is Considered Incomplete Till Such Time The Surface Of Its Component
Is Given Appropriate Treatment. Building Finishes Include Plastering, Pointing, White/Color Washing,
Painting, Varnishing, Distempering. The Building Finishes Not Only Protect The Surface From Adverse
Effect Of Weather But Also Provide Decorative Effect.
10. Building Services:- Building Services Include Services Like Water Supply, Drainage, Sanitation,
Lighting, Electricity, Accoustics, Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Fire Detection And Fire
Control.

BUILDING BYELAWS
Building Bye Laws Consist Of Certain Rules And Regulation Framed By A Municipal Or Town Planning Or
Urban Development Board To Control The Development Of Area Under Its Jurisdiction.
• All Mandatory Plan Regulation Regarding Use, Land Use, Coverage, Set-back And Open Space. The
Minimum Set Backs To Be Leave In A Building Should Be From Front Is 10’ From Both The Side And
Back 3’ To 5’.
• Number Of Stories And Number Of Dwelling Units.
• Parking Standards, Lighting And Ventilation Of Room.
• Distances From Electric Lines And Structural Safety Requirement.
• Size And Height Of Room And Other Requirement Of The Building.
• Fire Protection Requirements Like Fire Proof Door, Emergency Alarm System, Fire Pump, Fire Lift And
Fire Resistance Materials.
• Building Services Which Include Electrical Installations, Air Conditioning, Heating And Plumbing System
Etc.
To Follow Building Bye Laws, We Can Make A Building Which Has Proper Ventilation, Good Daylighting, Air
Circulation, Open Space And Many Other Advantage.

Plot
Drawing Specification
Plot Size-300
Sq.Yards(54’x50’)
Plot Area-34’x45’
Set Back -10’ and 3’
Main door-15’
Pillar size-1’6” and 2’
Wall-9”
Parking area-17’x15’
Inside Plot
Set Backs
Pillar
Wall
Main entrance
Set Back
Main entrance
PLOT
BUILDING BYELAWS
It Is Mandatory Plan Regulation
Regarding Use, Land Use, Coverage, Set-
back And Open Space. The Minimum
Set Backs To Be Leave In A Building
Should Be From Front Is 10’ From Both
The Side And Back 3’ To 5’. The aim of
framing the bye-laws is to ensure
provision of minimum requirements and
standards in the planning, designing and
construction activities of building in a
zone.

PLANNING METHODOLOGY
To Plan Any Building We Need To Focus Is Main Things They Are:-
• Anthropometrics
• Ergonomics
• Space Planning

SPACE PLANNING
Every Human Being Has A Different Personality That Consists Of One Or More Characteristics. Their
Personalities React Differently In Different Environment Or With Different People. Consider A Space As A
Person. Every Space Has Its Own Personality With Several Special Characteristics That Differ By Projects.
These Characters Cause A Space To Interact With Other Spaces In A Certain Manner. These Characteristics
Can Be Categorized As Six Expression Of Human Behavior.
• Leading
• Grouping
• Loner
• Servant
• Watcher
• Outreaching

PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING
LEADING/FOLLOWING:-
LEADING RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURAL BANK THEATRE
Living Room Principal Office Waiting Office Lobby
LEADING
FO
FO
FO
FO

GROUPING :- People Gather For A Certain Purpose, Same Objective , Interest Or Goal. By
Imitating This Characteristics The Spaces That Carry The Same “GROUPING”
Character Gather As A Group These Spaces Are Related To Each Other
For Example – A Living Room Will Prefer A Kitchen To Be Next To It Because Will
Discussing Or Doing Any Other Leisure Activity A Person Love To Eat Food Or Drink
Coffee/Tea. So This Space Needs To Be Next To The Living Room. The Kitchen Is
Generally Known As The Worker Space.
GRGR
GR

A Space That Serves Other Spaces Needs To Be Adjacent To Them But Prefers Not To
Appeal Visually Which Is In Reality , Servant Needs To Be Near To A Master While Stay
Out Of The Site. As Depicted In A Figure A Toilet Space Play The Role Of A Servant With
The Master Bedroom.
SERVANT(Toilet Zone):-
SERVANT
B
L
GR

This Character Affects The Space With Response To Distance From Group. A Person Who
Prefers More Privacy And Avoids Social Conversation And Stays Away From A Crowd Is
Known As A Loner(loner) In Residential Projects Some Clients May Prefers More Privacy
For Their Master Bedroom. So The Loner Can Be Set To Be A Character Which Keep
Distance Away From Certain Spaces , Living Room , Dining Room And Other Bedrooms.
LONER(Bedroom):-
LO

WATCHER:- This Type Of Character Causes A Space To Locate Beside The Boundary Of The Project For
Attractions In The Environment. It Is Based On The Human Nature That People Like To
Watch Or Get Close To Certain Indication. The Attraction Can Be Different Type Of
Environmental Conditions, Like Views Parks, Lakes Or Parking.
WA
WA
WA

OUTREACHING:- The Space With This Character Locate Near The Entrance Or Corridor For Meeting Or
Activities That Relate To Outreaching Quality. This Type Of Space Represents An Outgoing
Or Sociable Behavior Like Human That Can Represent A Welcome Space In A Residential
Unit.
OR
ENTRANCE

ANTHROPOMETRICS
Anthropometrics Is A Study Of Human Dimension Without Paying Attention To Human Body
Measurement And Developing Or Creating A Design Will Not End Up In The Comfort Zone For A
Client These Dimension Need To Be Considered For The Following Categories:
Male , Female , Child , Teenagers , Old Age And Handicapped.
The Requirement Of All These People As Per The Dimension Varies Because Of Which The Layout Of
The Plan And Space Planning Done Is Also Different. For Example If We Have To Design For Bling
Person, A Person On A Wheel Chair, A Toilet Facility For An Old Person, A Bedroom For A Teenager
Etc All These Points Addressed Have To Attended As Differently As All These People Require
Different Measurement Of Space Utilization.

ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics Means Designing Of Space With The Use Of Anthropometrics Data For Usable Zones.
For Eg: Devising Of Proper Relaxation Chairs While Watching T.V, Selection Of Door Handles For Opening
Doors, The Selection Of Many Other Things Based On Anthropometrics Data.

LIVING ROOM
Anthropometric Planning Papers

Fig1 -Minimum Clearances , Circulation , and Conversation area for Living Rooms
Living Areas
typical furniture group in the
living and or family rooms are
as follows:
1. Primary conversation group:
chairs and sofa grouped
around a fireplace, window
or view
2. Secondary conversation
group: chairs and love seat
at the end of room or an the
corner
3. Reading groups: chair,
ottoman, lamp table
4. Writing or study group:
desk, lamp, one or two
chairs bookcases
5. Music group: piano, bench
storage space
6. Game group: game table
and four chairs
7. Media group: home
entertainment center and
seating for several people
10’ diameter
converse
section area
To sleeping
area and
main
entrance
To dining
and kitchen
area
30” to use
desk

Fig2 -Minimum Clearances , Circulation , and Conversation area for Living Rooms
Secondary Activities
Space Function
Primary and Secondary Activities
that usually take place in Living
Rooms or Space are Follows:
Primary Activities
To
Kitchen
36”
traffic
way
30”
for
Desk
10’ diameter
converse
section area 1. Entertainment
2. Watching television
3. Listening music
4. Reading
5. Writing
6. Studying
7. Relaxing
8. Resting
9. Children's play area
1. Dancing
2. Hobbies and craft
3. Eating
4. Sewing
5. Playing music
6. Parting
7. Using home
computer internet
To kitchen
To sleeping
Entrance
10’ diameter
converse
section area
36”
traffic
way
36” for traffic
way
30” for desk
To kitchen
and dining
Entrance
36”
traffic
way
30”
for
Desk
Entrance
Closet
Main Traffic Through Living Area Main Traffic Through Living Area
Main Traffic by Passes Living Area Main Traffic Through Living Area
10’ diameter
converse
section area
10’ diameter
converse
section area

Furniture Clearances
Fig5 –Recommended Clearances for general access
(2 to 10 Feet) and Limited Access ( 2 Feet)
Fig6 –Recommended Clearances for limited access
between a table and furniture(2 feet)
Fig7 –Recommended Clearances for grouping of
seats for social interaction(8to 10 feet)
Fig8 – space for television viewing. The television set
should be place where the section will not reflect light
and where it can be seen from the main seating group
To issue adequate space for
convenient use of furniture in
the living area the following
clearances should be observed:
1. 60 inches between facing
seating
2. 24 inches where
circulation occurs between
furniture
3. 30 inches for desk area
4. 36 inches for main
circulation
5. 60 inches between home
entertainment center and
seating
Seating arranged around a 10-
foot diameter circle fig no. 1
makes a comfortable grouping
for conversation. Fig no. 2
indicates clearances, circulation
and conversation areas.
There should be through circulation in this area

KITCHEN

Knee Level 20”
Outward Reach
Left Hand 33””
Waist Level 421/2”
Shoulder Level 54”
Eye Level 62”
Height 66 1/2
Maximum
upward reach 78”
Comfortable
upward reach 75”
Shelves visible
from eye level 62”
Reach downward 28”
(one hand)
Range 36”
Ironing board 35”
bottom of sink 32 1/2
Ironing board 35”
Fig1 –Standard dimensions of kitchen area
The height of a kitchen
workcounter, the proper clearance
between cabinets or appliances for
circulation, the accessibility to
overhead or undercounter storage,
and proper visibility are among the
primary considerations in the
design of cooking spaces. All must
be responsive to human dimension
and body size if the quality of
interface between the user and the
components of the interior space
are to be adequate. In establishing
clearances between counters, the
maximum body breadth and the
depth of the user of large body size
must be taken into account as well
as the projections of appliances.
Refrigerator doors, cabinet
drawers, dish washing machine
doors and cabinet doors all project
to some degree in their open
position into the space within
which the user must circulate and
must be accommodated. Standard
kitchen counter heights
manufactured are all about 36” or
91.4cm.
Figure 1
provides some general
anthropometrics data for
establishing basic height of
cabinetry and appliances above the
floor.

Wall Oven
Min.counterspace
requiredforeither
sideofrange
StandardWidth
Min.counterspace
requiredforeither
sideofrange
StandardWidth
Wall Oven Work zone
Min.counterspace
requiredtoone
sideofOven
A
B
B
F
G
D
H
Range
Line of Hood above Range
Line of wall cabinets above
Min. clearance between appliances
Fig:3- Range Center
A 48 Min. 121.9 Min
B 40 101.6
c 15 38.1 min.
D 21-30 53.3-76.2
E 1-3 38.1 Min
F 15 min. 121.9 Min
G 19.5-46 49.5-116.8
H 12 min. 30.5 Min
I 17.5 max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61.0-69.9
L 24-26 61.0-66
M 30 76.2 Min
N 60 Min. 152.4 min.
O 36-36-25 88.9-92.1
P 24 Min. 61.0 Min
Q 35 Max. 88.9 MAX.

P
N
O
Q
Broiler
Range
Standardheight
Wall Oven Work zone
Fig:3- Range Center (Side View)
L
BI
M
B Storage for rarely
Used items only.
Standard Depth
Circulation clearance
Range Work zoneVentilation
Hood
J
K A
Min. clearance between appliancesStandard Depth
Wall Oven
A 48 Min. 121.9 Min
B 40 101.6
C 15 38.1 min.
D 21-30 53.3-76.2
E 1-3 38.1 Min
F 15 min. 121.9 Min
G 19.5-46 49.5-116.8
H 12 min. 30.5 Min
I 17.5 max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61.0-69.9
L 24-26 61.0-66
M 30 76.2 Min
N 60 Min. 152.4 min.
O 36-36-25 88.9-92.1
P 24 Min. 61.0 Min
Q 35 Max. 88.9 MAX.

T and C
T and C
T and C
Eating Bar
D and C
D and C
D W
D W
D W
S S
S S
S S
U kitchen. L kitchen.
Corridor kitchen. Broken U kitchen.
D W S S
T and C
D W S S
R
P
R
R
R
P
P
P
Eating bar
Perimeter 18’
Perimeter 23’
Perimeter 18’Perimeter 20’
M W
CT OV P
storage
LS
Range
M W
M W
Fig. Different types of kitchen plans.

zero bedroom kitchenette. Two bedroom living unit kitchens.
Two bedroom living unit kitchens. Two bedroom living unit kitchens.
Fig. minimum frontage for various kitchens.

Fig. minimum frontage for various kitchens.
Three bedroom unit.
Four bedroom unit. Minimum edge distance.
One bedroom kitchenette.

Kitchen for small single family houses or apartment units.
Typical cabinet dimensions
Minimum Distances from appliances. To inside corners of base
cabinets.
Flow of work in food preparation.

Fig- Minimum counter width dimensions
9’’ either side
(if storage nearby)
Refrigerator
At Opening
side
Mix
Sink
Left side Right side
Range
At either
.side
Dishwasher
(Front opening)
Planning
Desk
Serve

Mix center counter
Wall Oven
Bottom of
sink
Maximum reach for
Vertical storage
Fig. Comfortable working heights
Maximum height of
Window for
supervision of yard
Lap Table

Counter
Space for one worker
Counter
Space in front drawer
Counter
Sink
Adjacent to Sink
Fig: Minimum clearance-vertical and horizontal
Range
Sink
Minimum width of passes
Counter Range
Sink
Counter
Minimum clearance
Wherever 2 people
May be working at same time.

SINK
Above sink
RANGE
Above range
BASE-CAB
Above base cabinet Kitchen lighting
Fig – Storage and Cabinets

DINING AREA

Area are as follows:
Space Function
Primary and Secondary Activities
that usually
take place in Living Rooms or Space
are
Follows:
Primary Activities
1.Setting the table
2.Serving food
3.Eating
4.Cleaning up after meals
5.Storing dishes
Fig. 1. Size of place eating Fig. 2. Passage behind chairs Fig. 3. leaving the table
Fig. 4. limited access behind a chair in
corner circulation space
Fig. 5. Access behind a chair in through
circulation space
21”-29”
25” recommended
The principal factors to be considered in
planning the dining
Number of persons to be seated
Space for chairs and for passage behind them
Space used at the table.
Storage space for china, glassware’ silver ,
and linen.

Size of place setting :
The minimum width needed for
each place setting is 21 inches.
How ever a width of up of 29
inches is desirable for greater
freedom of movement. A 25-
inch width is usually adequate;
this permits chairs 19 inches
wide to be placed 6 inches
apart. The minimum depth for
place setting is 14 ½ inches.
These dimensions allow space
for china, glassware, silver, and
elbow extension(
see Fig:1)
Passage Behind Chairs:
The minimum space
recommended for passage
behind chairs in 22 inches, a
satisfactory range is 22 to 25
inches. If passage behind the
chairs is not required, a
minimum of 5 inches plus the
depth of the chair must be
provided for pushing back chair
when leaving the table( see Fig; 2
to 4)
Fig7 – Access behind a chair and cabinets or appliances
Fig8 – Recommended net area for 2- persons
household( 8.84 square meters)
Fig6 – Access behind the table and wall
Fig9 – Recommended net area for 8 persons household
( 13.87 square meters)

If no one is seated at either end of
the table, the length may be
reduced by approximately 4
inches.
Space for total dining area
With the same conditions noted
previously and with an ample 42
inch space for passage on all
sides of a 42 inch wide table,
required sizes are as follows:
Fig5 –Dining room for 6 person household Fig6 – Dining room for 8 persons household
Fig7 –Minimum clearances for dining areas(A) one
of the table against wall (b) serving from one end and
side of the table
Fig8 – Minimum clearances for dining areas(A) one of
the table against wall (b) serving from one end and
side of the table
42” for serving behind
chairs
42” for
Serving
behind chairs
32” for
chairs
Plus
access
To living room
32”
for
Chairs
plus
access
38”
for
Chairs
plus
access
42” for serving
38” for chairs plus passage
To living room
To living room
To kitchen
To living room
42” for
Serving
behind
chairs
To kitchen
42” for serving
To kitchen
38”
for
Chairs
plus
access
Pers
ons
Minim
um
inches
Recomme
nded,
inches
4 54 60
6 79 84
8 104 108
10 129 132
12 154 156
Size of Table:
The minimum width
recommended is 36 inches: a
satisfactory width is 36 inches to
44 inches. If 25 inch-wide place
settings are provided and if one
person is seated at each end of
the table, then minimum and
recommended lengths are as
follows:

Bedroom
Anthropometric planning papers
BEDROOM

Space for dressing
Single bed Double bed Desk and chair
Bed side table Single dresser Double dresser
Bedroom
Space function-
Primary and secondary activities
that usually take place in
bedrooms are as follows:
Primary Activities:
Sleeping
Dressing
Storing Clothes
Personal Care
Secondary Activities:
Reading
Writing
Studying
Working
Watching Television
Home computing/ Internet
Listening to music
Children’s play
Caring for infants
Ironing
Telephoning
Drawing and Painting
Sitting and Entertaining
Exercising
Resting and convalescing
Hobbies and craft
Storing bulky items and seasonal
clothes

Fig5 . Access between bed and closet and between bed
and wall.
Fig4 .Access between bed and dresser and between bed and desk Fig6 .Access between beds.
Fig7 .Space for making beds.
Clearances
Clearances should be
provided in front of and
around furniture of
bedrooms so that primary
activities can take place
efficiently comfort(Figs. 1 to
11). In some cases , greater
clearances are required to
satisfy the needs of elderly
people , wheelchair users ,
and with disabilities.
Furniture Requirement
There are minimum
requirements for furniture
and space if occupants are to
able to carry out their
normal bedroom activities
There are two basic types of
bedrooms:
1. Single-occupancy
bedrooms, which will
accommodate on
single bed.
2. Double-occupancy
bedrooms , which will
accommodate on
double bed or two
single beds.

Fig10. Double occupancy bedroom(net are a 160sq.ft). The most likely
occupants of this type of bedroom are adults , school-age children of the
same gender , children of different genders who are less than 9 years old ,
and preschoolers.
Fig9 .Single occupancy bedroom(net area 8.5sq.m). The most likely
occupants of this bedroom type are elderly people , adults , teenagers
and preadolescence children(i.e. school age children 9-12 years old).
Fig8. Single occupancy bedroom in combination with another space(net
area 5sq.m). Adults are most likely to be found in this type of bedroom.
Fig11. Double occupancy bedroom(net area 12sq.ft). Adults
are most likely occupants of this type of bedroom.

Bedroom
Bathroom
BATHROOM

Circulation zone
Activity zone
Mirror and
medicine
cabinet
Lavatory
E
C
B
A
F
Fig1- lavatory male anthropometric considerations.
C
D
G
Mirror and
medicine
cabinetActivity zone
Mirror and
medicine cabinet
Lavatory
Vanity
storage
C
H
J
LM
Vanity
storage
Lavatory
Mirror
Light fixture
Fig:2- lavatory female and child anthropometric considerations.
IN CM
A 48 121.9
B 30 76.2
C 19-24 48.3-61.0
D 27 MIN 68.6 min
E 18 45.7
F 37-43 94-109.2
G 72 MAX. 182.9 max
H 32-36 81.3-91.4
I 69 MAX. 175.3 max
J 16-18 40.6-45.7
K 36-32 66.0-81.3
L 32 81.3
M 20-24 50.8-61.0

Double lavatory clearances
A
CB
G
E
D
F
Temporary storage
Horizontal
grab bars
Shower head
controls
Circulation
access/zone
Seat
Minimum shower clearances
In cm
A 15-18 38.1-45.7
B 28-30 71.1-76.2
C 37-43 94.0-109.2
D 32-36 81.3-91.4
E 26-32 66.0-81.3
F 14-16 35.6-40.6
G 30 76.2
H 18 45.7
I 21-26 53.3-66.0
In cm
A 54 137.2
B 12 30.5
C 42 min 106.7 min
D 18 45.7
E 36 min 91.4 min
F 30 76.2
G 24 61.0
H 12 min 30.5 min
I 15 38.1
J 40-48 101.6-121.9
K 40-50 101.6-127.0
L 72 min 182.9 min

Varies
AE
C
F
Varies
HVaries
AA
Water closet Bidet and water closet
I
VariesVaries
Varies
shelf
Activity zone
Activity
zone
circulation
zone
Toilet paper
dispenser
Line of wall of
obstruction
Towel bar
Soap holder
bidet
WC
In cm
A 12 min 30.5 min
B 28 min 71.1 min
C 24 min 61.0 min
D 52 min 132.1 min
E 12-18 30.5-45.7
F 12 30.5
G 40 101.6
H 18 45.7
I 30 76.2

1. Shower curtain rod: keep within inside
of tub or shower.
1a. Enclosure doors: if swinging
doors are used, place hinges on the side
opposite control valves.
2. Shower head: see elevation of tub and
shower stall for recommended
heights.
3. Grab bars shall be manufactured of
shatter- resistant material, free from
burrs, sharp edges and pinch points.
Knurling or slip-resistant surface is
desirable.
4. Recessed soap dish shall be free from
burrs and sharp edges where grab bar
is an integral part of the soap dish, it
may have minimum length of 6 inches.
5. Faucet shall be manufactured of
shatter-resistant material, free from
burrs and sharp edges. All faucet sets
in showers, tubs and lavatories shall
be equipped with the water mixing
valve delivering a maximum water
temperature.
6. Showers stall light: shall be of a vapor
proof fixture with the electrical light
switch a minimum of 72 inches away
from shower stall.

Fig. Minimum half bath16 sq. ft is about minimum for standard fixtures; 4’-6” X 4’-
6” gives a more spacious feeling.
Fig Generous half bath 22.5 sq. ft is a generous half bath. A wall – hung lavatory instead of
a vanity squeezes into 2’-6” width and 16.3 sq. ft.
Fig. Corner toilet in a half bath. A corner toilet and a small lavatory fit 13.5 sq. ft.
consider this idea for installing a half-bath in a closet or under a stairway.
Fig. Corner shower A corner shower, toilet and lavatory fit in 33 sq. ft. very little
storage space available.
A B
C D

Fig. Minimum half bath.
16 sq. ft is about minimum for standard fixtures; 4’-6” X 4’-6” gives a
more spacious feeling.
Fig Generous half bath.
22.5 sq. ft is a generous half bath. A wall – hung lavatory instead of a vanity
squeezes into 2’-6” width and 16.3 sq. ft.
Fig. Corner toilet in a half bath.
A corner toilet and a small lavatory fit 13.5 sq. ft. consider this idea for
installing a half-bath in a closet or under a stairway.
Fig. Corner shower.
A corner shower, toilet and lavatory fit in 33 sq. ft. very little storage
space available.
Activities commonly performed in the
bathroom include washing of hands,
face and hair, bathing, elimination
and grooming, and also such
activities as hand laundering and
infant care. Often it is also used as a
dressing room. Major problems in
bathroom design includes planning
for optimum convenience and privacy
of all bathroom functions for all
members of the household, adequate
provision for storage of supplies and
equipment, and ease of cleaning.
Some general planning guides are as
follows:
Arrangement
Facilities should be conveniently
arranged, with special attention given
to clearances. The room
arrangement should permit more
than one family member to use its
facilities at a same time.

Fig. small,3-fixture bathroom.
A small 3-fixture bathroom with limited storage in a built-in vanity meets basic bathroom
requirements in a space 37.5 sq. ft. The door is 32” wide for a person with a cane or
crutches. This bathroom is too small for a wheelchair.. c
Fig. Two lavatory bathroom.
A 2- lavatory bathroom with adequate room at the toilet and each lavatory .
Note storage space under the lavatories and in a floor-to-ceiling unit. Area:63
sq. ft..
Fig. separate tub and shower.
This plan also includes a bidet. Storage is in the 48” long vanity.
Area:75.3 sq. ft.
Fig. large shower.
A generous 33”x 48” shower is featured in this 32 sq. ft bathroom. Storage
is under the 30” vanity and on shelves over the toilet.
Illumination
Lighting should be adequate for
all of the activities performed.
For grooming, direct sources of
light are essential in order to
illuminate the face from all
angles. High strip windows,
clearstory windows and skylights
provide excellent over all
illumination in the day time while
still affording privacy.
Ventilation
Good ventilation is essential in
bathroom, both to reduce
humidity and dispel odors. If a
window is relied upon as the sole
means of ventilation, care should
be taken in its selection and
placement to minimize drafts and
to permit easy access. Exhaust
fans in the wall or the ceiling are
often used to supplement natural
ventilation. In interior bathroom
spaces, a mechanical exhaust is
essential and required by code.

Sound Control
Lack of acoustical privacy is one of the
most common complaints with regard to
bathrooms. Noise can be reduced by
proper placement of the bathroom in
relation to other spaces, by the use of
closets and storage walls as sound
barriers between it and adjacent
spaces, and by the use of soundproof
partitions and tightly fitted doors.
Acoustical treatment of the ceiling
makes the room more comfortable to
use and reduces somewhat the amount
of sound transmitted through the walls.
Storage
Adequate storage should be provided
for current and reserve supplies.
Articles in current use should be located
near their place of first use. A closet
opening from bathroom and hallway or
laundry is convenient for such items as
bathroom linen and cleaning supplies.
Medicine cabinets should be large
enough to hold a number of toiletries
and medicines. Hamper space is
desirable for soiled linen and clothes.
Install a cabinet with a self-contained
hamper, or, in two story houses, install
a chute from the second floor to the
laundry.
Fig. Corner square tub.
Although not usually a space saver, a square tub fits some situations better than a
rectangular one. This 3-fixture bathroom has excellent storage but is only 59.5 sq.
Ft.
Fig. Large 3-fixture bathroom
With fixtures in separate compartments, this layout can replace a second bath by
accommodating more than one person at a time. It is a large as two bathrooms but
costs less because of fewer fixtures and less plumbing. Area:106 sq. ft. plus hallway
storage.
Fig. Four-fixtures, two compartments
Three people can use this bathroom at the same time. Consider a pocket
door between the compartments. Even with generous storage space it
takes only the same space as many non-compartmented bathrooms, about
80.5 sq. ft.
Fig. Five fixtures, three compartments
This bathroom serves as two full bathrooms in 87sq. Ft. two doors to
each compartment are undesirable. Limited storage space available.

Residential Design
Space Planning
To design any residential space
with designing and effective
space planning , we need to
pay attention to all aspects
needed to design any
residential space, say it aspect ,
prospect , anthropometrics and
ergonomics, ventilation , day
lighting , orientation.
Here is my space planning of a
“RESIDENTIAL SPACE”

CASE STUDY
You Have To Do A Space Planning For A Client Mr. Bose Who Is A Marketing Manager
Of One Of The Fashion Brands LEVIS. He Has A Family Of Two Children In The Age
Group 10 And 16 Years Both Boys, Wife Who Loves Gardening And Is Very Fond Of
Creating Bonsai Plants.
We Are Supposed To Design An Open Plan For This Family Where The Plot Size Given
Is 300sq Yards And The Requirements Being Living Room, Kitchen, Master Bedroom,
Children’s Bedroom, Space For The Lady Of The House To Work With Plants And
Display The Same.
They Require A Terrace Garden And They Love More Of Lighted Up Spaces Which Are
Bright And Lively.
A Small Office Zone Needs To Be Provided For Mr. Bose In Master Bedroom.
We Need To Pay Extra Attention To The Space Planning For Mrs. Bose For Doing Her
Gardening Work.

During my 1st year of degree program, I have studied many concepts which are to be paid attention before
planning and while planning process.
I have followed various steps to complete my plan starting from macro and micro climate of the given
location, then paid attention to the orientation of the site. I have tried to make my design energy efficient,
water efficient and material efficient for making it energy efficient. I have followed the concept of daylight
by utilizing tall and wide windows in my design. I have also paid attention to cross ventilation that takes
place between 45’ without any mechanical use, according to it I had placed doors and windows in my plan.
I have also paid attention to the building byelaws which are set by the Urban Development Board to control
the development of area under its jurisdiction.
I have also paid attention to the anthropometrics, ergonomics, and Louis Kahn’s principles of space
planning like served and servant.
Synopsis Of Plan

I NTERIORArchitecture & Space Planning
2D House Ground Floor Plan
Living room
16’x18’
Kitchen
9’9”’x10’2”’
Powder
Room
5’x5’
Parking Area
15’x14’
Stairs
12’x8’
MainEntrance
Garden Area
9’x12’
Deck
8’x12’
Specifications:-
Location:- Dezyne E’cole College,
Civil Lines, Ajmer
Direction :- North Facing
Total Plot Area:- L x B
= 54’ x 50’
= 2700 sq.ft
Uncovered Area = 1453.6 sq.ft
Covered Area = 1246.3 sq.ft
S
N
Exterior walls 1’ thick
Interior walls 6” thick
Windows

I
House Rendered Top Plan
NTERIORArchitecture & Space Planning

I
House Rendered View
NTERIORArchitecture & Space Planning

2D House First Floor Plan
Children’s Bedroom
15’x17’
Mater Bedroom
17’x16’
Toilet
6’6”x6’6”
Toilet 9’x8’
Stairs
12’x8’
Terrace Garden
13’6”x10’
Specifications:-
Location:- Dezyne E’cole College,
Civil Line, Ajmer
Direction :- North Facing
Total Plot Area:- L x B
= 54’ x 50’
= 2700 sq.ft
Covered Area = 1246.3 sq.ft
S
N
Exterior walls 1’ thick
Interior walls 6” thick
Windows

Isometric ViewIsometric View
Top Plan Google Sketch Up File:- My Working Process
Residential Project(House Rendered Views)

Specifications:-
Total Plot Size:- 54’x63’
Plot Area:- 3402 sq.ft
Covered Area:-
Direction:- North Facing
2D House Plan
Bed room
12’x12’
Bed room
12’x12’
Toilet
6’x6’
Toilet
6’x6’
Drawing
Room
12’x18’
Lounge
12’x12’
Living room
12’x12’
Veranda
8’x12’’
Dining Area
12’x9’
Kitchen Area
12’x9’
MainEntrance
ParkingArea
12’x13’
S
N

Top Plan Isometric View
Axenometric View Google Sketch Up File:- My Working Process
Residential Project(House Rendered Views)

Interior Architecture And Space Planning
Wardrobe Space Planning

CASE STUDY
I am suppose to design a wardrobe for a hypothetical client.
Requirements of my client:
 Number of shoes (6 pairs of flat shoes).
The other materials with shoes are socks, shoe polish, brushes.
Mirror for dressing.
Place for keeping cosmetics and perfumes.
Place for keeping daily use clothes like salwar suits(10 ), jeans, t-shirts in hanging position
(approximately 50 clothes).
Place for keeping woolen clothes(8 cardigans).
Place for keeping party wear or special occasion clothes.
Place for keeping lingerie.

Standard Space Requirement To Be Followed For
Fulfilling The Client Requirement.

Space Required For Stocking Those Requirements.
1. Area needed for hanging salwar suits (10)
Space needed for hanging one salwar suit = L x B
= 48” x 1 ½”
= 72 sq. inch
2. Area needed for hanging daily wear t-shirts
Space needed for keeping one t-shirt = L x B
= 1’6” x 1”
= 18 sq. inch
Length of the rod is 1’5”.
From both the sides of the rod ½” has to be left. According to the standards one salwar suit requires 1 ½” of rod this means on
the rod of 1’4” client can hang her 10 salwar suits and after that she will be left with 1”.
From both the sides of the rod 1/2” has to be left. One cloth requires 1” of the rod for hanging. According to this client can hang 12
daily wear clothes. Still 2” space is left on rod.

3. Area needed for keeping woolen clothes
Space needed for keeping one cardigan = L x B
= 1’ x 2’’
= 24 sq. inch
4. Area needed for keeping shoes ( 6 pairs of flat shoes)
Area needed for keeping one pair of shoe = L x B
= 9” X 10”
= 90 sq. inch
One cardigan requires 1’ x 10” area and has 2” height when folded. If kept upon other client can keep 4 to 5 cardigans in one rack and two racks 8
of her cardigans can be kept easily.
One pair of footwear requires 0.55 sq. ft. According to this client can keep 6 pair of foot wears in that drawer , she can keep her socks
and i shoe polish and brush in other partition.

5. Area needed for keeping soft shirts
Space needed for keeping one soft shirt = L x B
= 2’ x 10 ”
= 240 sq. inch
6. Area needed for hanging trousers (8 trousers)
Space needed for keeping one trouser = L x B
= 2’ x 2”
= 48 sq. inch
From both the sides of the rod 1/2” has to be left. One trouser requires 2” of the rod for hanging. According to this client can hang 8
trousers .
One folded shirt requires 1” height , height of the rack is 1’. According to this client can keep her 10 soft shirts.

7. Area needed for hanging party wear
Space needed for keeping one part wear = L x B
= 43” x 2”
= 86 sq. inch
8. Area needed for keeping socks
Space needed for keeping one socks = L x B
= 4” x 2.5”
= 10 sq. inch
From both the sides of the rod ½” has to be left. One party wear requires 1 ½ ”- 2” of the rod for hanging. According to this client can hang 8 party wear
clothes.
Partition for keeping socks is of 11.5” x 6” , client can keep her 8 pair of socks in 4 rows i.e. two pair of socks in each.

Space available for space planning:-
• Linear space available-
L x B = 6’ x 2’ = 12 sq.ft.
• Inner space (volume) available-
L x B x H = 6’ x 2’ x 6’ = 72 cu.ft.

To Create Any Design I Need To Focus On The Principles Of Elements
Of Design. For The Space Planning Over Here I Mainly Focused On
Balance In A Design With The Basic Elements Shape Which Is Very
Rightly Said “Form Follows Function”.
In The Subsequent Slides You Will Come Across The Space Planning
Created By Me For My Client.

For Any Adult User For A Wardrobe The Standard Size Required Is 5
Linear Feet. Keeping Into Mind The Requirement Of My Client And
Space Provided I Created An Elevation For My Design.
In My Design I Have Utilized 6 Linear Feet On Floor.

Top plan
Left side elevation Right side elevation
Back elevationFront elevation
Isometric view
Orthographic Projection Of Wardrobe Excluding Doors.

Drawers for keeping
woolen clothes
Shelf for keeping
clothes for laundry
Shelf for keeping
lingerie and towel
Shelf for keeping
shirts and jeans
Place for hanging daily wear clothes Place for hanging party wear clothes
Place for hanging salwar
suits
Drawers for keeping
shoes, socks , shoe polish
and brushes.
Basket for clothes to
be washedPlace for hanging trousers
1
2
8
4
5
6
7
10
9
3

1
2
4
5
6
10
L x B =1’4”X 2’ = 382sq. inch
2.6 sq.ft (area )
L x B =1’6” x 2’ = 432 sq. inch
3 sq.ft (area)
L x B =1’5” x 2’ = 408 sq. inch
2.8 sq.ft (area)
L x B =1’5” x 2’ = 408 sq. inch
2.8 sq.ft (area)
L x B =1’5” x 2’ = 408 sq. inch
2.8 sq.ft (area)
L x B =1’5” x 2’ = 408 sq. inch
2.8 sq.ft (area)
3
L x B =1’6” x 2’ = 432 sq. inch
3sq.ft (area)

L x B x H = 1’4” x 2’ x 4’6”
= 12 cu.ft
L x B x H = (1’5” x 2’ x 2’2”) x 2=
12.26 cu.ft
L x B x H = 1’4” x 2’ x 3’8” =
9.7 cu.ft
L x B x H =( 1’ x 1’5” x2’) x 2
= 5.6 cu.ft

8
7
6
9
L x B =1’4” x 1’10” = 352 sq. inch
2.4 sq.ft(area)
L x B x H = 1’4” x 1’10” x 1’6”=
3.6 cu.ft
L x B =2’9” x 1’11” = 759 sq. inch
5.2 sq.ft(area)
L x B x H = 2’9” x 1’11” x 10” =
4.3 cu.ft
L x B =2’9” x 1’11” = 759 sq. inch
5.2 sq. ft(area)
L x B x H = 2’9” x 1’11” x 1’ =
10.5 cu.ft
L x B =2’9” x 1’10” = 726 sq. inch
5 sq.ft(area)
L x B x H = 2’9” x 1’10” x 5” =
4.2 cu.ft

Rod for hanging
stoles and
dupattas
Tray for keeping hairdryer
and straightener
L x B = 1’5” x 6” =
0.7 sq. ft
L x B x H = 1’5” x 6” x 6” =
0.35 cu. ft
Tray for keeping perfumes
and lotions.
L x B = 1’5” x 6” =
0.7 sq. ft
L x B x H = 1’5” x 6” x 6” =
0.35 cu. ft
Tray for keeping comb and
other cosmetics.
L x B = 1’5” x 5” =
0.59 sq. ft
L x B x H = 1’5” x 5” x 3” =
0.14 cu. ft
11
12
14
13

Rod for hanging
stoles and
dupattas
Tray for keeping
hairdryer and
straigthner
Tray for keeping
perfumes and
lotions.
Tray for keeping
comb and other
cosmetics.
11
12
14
13

Two concepts of placement of doors
• Traditional concept
• Contemporary concept
Traditional Concept:-
In Traditional Concept Inset Concept Of Door Were Used. In This Concept The Door Were Placed Inside
The Main Frame And Hinges Were Visible. It Has Been Shown In Below Image.
Doors were placed
inside the main
frame

Contemporary concept:-
In Contemporary Concept Full Overlay And Half Overlay Concept Of Door Were Used. Hinges Are Not Visible From
Outside. In Half Overlay Half Space Of The Board Was Used To Place That Door And The Other Half Space Another
Door Was Placed.
Hinges are not visible
In full over lay.
These type of hinges are used.
Full Overlay Concept In Both Corner Doors. And Half Overlay Concept In Both Middle Doors

As An Interior Designer This Project On Space Planning Has Made Me Aware That A
Space Of 6’ X 2’x 6’ (L X B X H) Has Been Made More Functional By Creating More
Space From The Space Provided To Us.
I Have Created 63 Cu. Ft. In This Space.
Estimated No. Of Boards Required In The Making Of Closet :
Area Of Closet / Area Of One Board = No. Of Boards Required
199.3 / 32 = 6.22 Boards (I.E. 6 Boards)
One Extra Board

3D FORM
WALL 3D FORM ROOM
DOOR PLACEMENT WINDOW PLACEMENT
TRANFORMATION OF FORM

Door Frame
Door frame is made up of two typical members known as jambs or posts and flat
member connecting the jambs at top called head. The cross-sectional
dimensions of the jamb and the head are normally kept same. The size of door
frame is worked out after allowing a clearance of 5 mm. All-round for
convenience of fixing the frame in the opening.
Location of doors
1. The doors should be provided in opposite walls facing each
other.
2. Doors should as far as possible be located near the corner
of a room (about 20 cm away from the corner)
3. Door should meet the functional requirements of the room.
4. Number of doors in a room should be kept minimum to
achieve optimum utilization of space. Large number of
doors besides causing obstruction, consume more area in
circulation.
1.Battened and Ledged
Doors
2.Battened Ledged and
braced doors.
3. Battened Ledged Braced
And Framed Doors.
4. Framed And Panel Doors.
5. Glazed or sash doors.
11. Collapsible steel doors.
12. Rolling steel shutter doors.
13.Rolling grill doors.
14 M.S. sheet doors.
15. Fire check doors.
Types of doors

Frame
60x100
Top rail
100x35
Panel
15mm
Freeze rail
100x35
Panel
Lock rail
150x35
Panel
Bottom rail
200x35
X
X900
B
A
Elevation
Plan
EQ EQ
Panelled Door:-
This type of door is commonly
provided in all types of buildings . This
door consists of timber frame work of
stiles and rails which are grooved on
the inside to receive one or more
panels . The door may be single,
double, three, four or six paneled also
. The panels can be timber, plywood,
block board or hard board.
Section Six panelled door
Panelled Door Vertical And
Horizontal Section

Top rail
Panel
Stile
Bottom rail
One Pannel
Top rail
Panel
Stile
Lock rail
Panel
Bottom rail
Two Pannel
Top rail
Mullion
Stile
Panel
Lock rail
Panel
Bottom rail
Three Pannel
Panelled Door Elevation

ELEVATION
VERTICAL SECTION
Frame
60×100mm
Bottom
rail
35×200
Wooden
Panel
Lock
Rail
35X150
Wooden
Bead
Glass
Top Rail
35×100
Hold Fast Brick Wall
Frame(60×100)
Style
35×100
Wooden
Beading
10×20
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Glass
Definition:-
This type of door is used in residential as
well as public buildings like hospitals,
schools or colleges etc. Glazed or sash
doors are made in several designs. They
can be glazed fully or partly.
In case of partly glazed doors normally the
bottom 1/3rd height of the door is panelled
and remaining 2/3rd height is glazed. In
case of partly glazed doors, the stiles are
sometimes diminished at the lock rail to
improve the elevation and to permit more
area of glazing in the process.
Glazed or Sash Door

TOP RAIL
STYLE
BATTENS
INTERMEDIATE
RAIL
VOIDS
LOCK RAIL
CROSS BAND
FACE VENEER
OR PLYWOOD
A
BOTTOM RAIL
FRAME
VOIDS
FACE VENEER OR
PLYWOOD
STILE
BATTENS
EDGE OF HARD WOOD OR LIPPING
FRAME
BATTENS
STILE
EDGE OF HARD WOOD OR LIPPING
HOLLOW CORE TYPE FLUSH DOOR :-In this type ,the frame consists of stiles ,top rail ,bottom rails and
minimum two intermediate rails-each not less than 75mm. In width. The space between the stiles and the rails
is divided by fixing wooden battens not less than 25 mm. In width in such a manner that the voids are equally
distributed and area of any void remains less than 50 cm sq . Instead of battens ,rolls or strips of veneers can
also be used for forming core. Plywood sheets or combination of cross-bands and face veneers are then glued
under pressure on both faces of the core .The thickness of plywood used should not be less than 6 mm. in this
type of shutter.
ELEVATION
ENLARGE VIEW OF HORIZONTAL SECTION
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Hollow Core Type Flush Door

Definition:
Revolving Door provides entrance on one side and exit on the other side
simultaneously keeping the opening automatically classed when not in use.
The door essentially consists of four leaves radially attached central member
is provided with ball-bearing at the bottom and bush bearing at the top so as to
enable the door to revolve smoothly without producing Jerk.
Revolving door
Styles
Glazing
Outside
Inside
Rubber Piece
Glazing
ELEVATION
Revolving Door

Opening
Opening
Opening
Sliding Door:- This type of door is suitable for
shops, sheds, godowns, garage etc. and in places
where the use of hinges for fixing the shutter is to
be avoided. Depending upon the size of the
opening , and the space available on either side,
the door can have single, double or more number
of leaves or shutters. The door is provided with top
and bottom guide rails or runners within which the
shutters slide. The guide rails run past the opening
for a distance equal to the width of the shutter so
that when the door is required to be opened, the
door shutter occupies a new position parallel to
the wall face and clear off the opening. The
shutters are also provided with locking
arrangements, handles, stopper etc.
Sliding Door Detail Plan

DOOR OPENING
BRACKETS
TRACK
FRAME
FRAME
SHUTTER
FLOOR FINISH
WALL
Sliding Door Elevation

LINTEL
OPENING
CHANNEL TRACK
BALL-BEARING
SHUTTER
TROLLEY
BRACKET
Sliding Door Vertical
Section

TYPES OF ROOFS
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Pitched Roof Lean To Roof Roof

TYPES OF ROOFS
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Butterfly Roof Butterfly Roof Tapered Roof

Pillars
Beams
Ground level
Foundation
Sub Structure
Super structure
FOUNDATION

Shape- The characteristics outline or surface
configuration of a particular form . It Is the
principal aspect by which we identify and
categorize forms.
Size – The physical dimensions of length ,
width and depth of a form. While these
dimensions determine the proportions of a
form , its scale is determined by its size
relative to other forms in its context.
Color- A phenomenon of light and visual
perception that may be described in terms
of an individual perception of hue ,
saturation and tonal value . Color is the
attribute that most clearly distinguishes a
form from its environment . Affects visual
weight of form.
SHAPES AND FORMS

Position- The location of form related to
its Environment or the visual field. Within
which it is sun.
Orientation- The direction of a form related to
the ground plane, the compass points, other
forms, or to the person viewing the form.
Visual Inertia-The degree of concentration and
stability of a form. The visual inertia of a form
depends on its geometry as well as its orientation
relative to the ground plane, the pull of gravity,
and our line of sight.
SHAPES AND FORMS

Circumference
Quardrant
Diameter Radius
Arc
Sector
Chord
Segment
CIRCLES

Top base plan
Isometric base plan Example of Top base plan Example of isometric base plan
Top base plan
Isometric elevated plan Example of Top Elevated plan Example of Top Elevated plan
Base Plan:- A horizontal plan
laying as figure on a
contrasting background
defines simple field of space
this field of space can be
visually reinforced in
following ways.
Elevated Base Plan:- A
horizontal plan elevated
above the ground plan
establishes vertical surfaces
along its edges that reinforce
the visual separation
between its field and
surrounding ground.

Top base plan
Isometric Depressed plan Example of Top Depressed plan Example of isometric Depressed plan
Top base plan
Example of Overhead plan
Depressed Base Plan:- A
horizontal plan depressed
into the ground plan
utilizes the vertical
surfaces of the lowered
area to define a volume
of space.
Overhead Plan:- A horizontal
plan located overhead
defines a volume of space
between itself and the
ground plan.

HOUSE PLAN
Swimming pool
24’8”X13’9”Dry court
8’X10’
Lawn
Lawn
Living Room
22’9”X18’11”
Paved area
Deck
12’
Water
Body
8’
Lawn
Water Body
25’
Cantileversitouts
M.bedroom-2
14’6”X12’8” Toilet
7’X6’6”
Dresser
7’X6’2”
Bedroom-1
11’2”X12’2”
Lobby
10’4”X17’8”
Dresser
7’8”X5’
Toilet
Kitchen
10’X10’6”
Store
Room
7’X4’
Powder
Room
Up
4’6” Wide Passage

Frontal Approach Frontal Approach
Top View Isometric View
Frontal Approach- A frontal approach leads directly to the entrance of a building along a straight,axial path. The visual goal that
terminates the approach is clear; it may be the entire front façade of a building or an elaborated entrance within the plane.

Oblique Approach Oblique Approach
Top View Isometric View
Oblique Approach- A oblique approach enhances the effect of perspective on the front façade and form of a building. The path can
be redirected one or more times to delay and prolong the sequence of the approach. If a building is approached at an extreme
angle,its entrance can project beyond its façade to be more clearly visible.

Top View
Isometric View
Spiral Approach Spiral Approach
Spiral Approach- A spiral path prolongs the sequence of the approach and emphasizes the three dimensional form of a building as we
move around its perimeter. The building entrance might be viewed intermittently during the approach to clarify its position or it may be
hidden until the point of arrival.

Frontal Approach
Oblique Approach
Spiral Approach

Open Well Stairs:
It consist of two or more
straight flights arranged in
such a manner that a clear
space called a “well”
occurs between the
backward and forward
flights.
STAIRS ASSIGNMENT

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
COMPOSITION PROJECT

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPOSITION PROJECT

---------------------------------------
Contrast –It is a point of focus or interruption. It marks the location in a composition which strongly
draw the viewers attention. In any composition there is primary, a main focus with secondary focus.
Another word is Surprise. Never use a neutral background. Contrast, dominance, emphasis are all one
in a composition.
Single Complementary Colour Scheme
Single Complementary Colour Scheme
Clash Colour Scheme
CONTRAST

TUDOR DOOR
Battened And Ledged Door

ELEMENTS OF STYLE
Interior Design

In The Subsequent Slides I Have Explained Three Major Styles:-
Gothic Style (Tudor And Jacobean)
Baroque Style
Rococo Style (Early Georgian)

Today we are hires to a legacy of fine building and to a continuing fascination with the
details and stylistic which give are houses their character.
In Britain and US the interest in old houses has become of something of national obsession.
Today the houses we live in have become a major concern and as houses are being
developed on human scale. Today the interior of house effect are quality of life which we
enjoy there I as a student of interior design doing my b.sc id present a brief presentation on
aspect of style from gothic style, Baroque , Rococo, Neoclassical, Eclectic , Arts & Crafts ,
Art Nouveau , Art Deco. Interior decorating style are deferred for the characterstics of their
times.
Introduction

Gothic period design was influenced by
Roman and Medieval architecture. Its initial
design period was 1150 to 1550, but saw a
revival in the 19th century by the Victorians.
Gothic design was the first true ecclesiastical
style and was symbolic of the triumph of the
Catholic churches over paganism in Europe.
Gothic Period

Style had a religious symbolic base- think
of old, ornate churches. Pointed arches
and stained glass in complex trefoil or
rose designs were predominant, exposed,
wooden beams, large, imposing
fireplaces, and emulated candle lighting
completed the ecclesiastical style. Light
was also important, as windows grew
more and more expansive and light and
air flooded into the once gloomy churches
of the Romanesque period.
Gothic Style

Gothic Furniture
Furniture was massive and oak, adorned
with Gothic motifs. Chairs, bed frames,
cabinets were sturdy and featured
arches, spiral-turned legs and rich
upholstery in dark colors. Old church
furniture such as pews, benches and
trestle tables finish the look.
Oak 1500-1600
Walnut 1660-1723
Mahogany 1715
Satinwood 1765

Gothic Color
Colors were rich and dark like Purple, ruby,
black, ochre, forest green and gold added
complemented the heavy furniture and rich
design. Obviously stained glass was a
significant feature, and these were ideally
accented with pewter, wrought iron, suits of
armour and candles.

Gothic Influences
In architecture, tracery is the stonework
elements that support the glass in
a Gothic window. The term probably
derives from the 'tracing floors' on which
the complex patterns of late Gothic
windows were laid out.

Tudor Style
1457 – 1509
This coincides with the rule of the Tudor dynasty in England whose first monarch was
Henry VII. The term is often used more broadly to include Elizabeth I reign (1558 – 1603)
The Tudor period was one of beautiful woodwork, though it was still heavy and sparse
by modern standards. Sideboards became fashionable as a way to display plate. The
feather bed made an appearance, replacing the straw mattress. Elaborate four poster
beds were the mode . Tudor furniture was made of oak or wood which was obtained
locally, highly ornate, carved and heavy.

• Tudor and Jacobean periods were seen as turning point towards classisized decoration.
• Timber framed houses were replaced by reconstruction with stone and brick.
• Fireplace was a dominant element in the style of the room.
• Use of glass was seen in small and large houses. Bigger windows without shutters
admitted more light and provided incentive for carved , or painted decoration inside
the room.
• They never used fabrics in the eating zone as they tended to retain smell of food. They
used plastered walls in eating zone.
• The principal building materials used by them were stone, brick and timber.
Characteristics

Windows were simple, unglazed square
openings divided by series of wooden or stone
mullions. Many of the houses had internal
shutters. The grand houses had glass usage in the
16th century. Smaller houses has glass usage
from 17th century.
2.) An early 16th century timber frame with
deeply moulded mullion and jambs.
1.) A simple wooden window frame with a
single mullion and two iron standards.
Tudor Windows
Glass was very thin and rather grey in colour as it
was blown from the crown glass and then made.

In some grand houses the walls had panelling of
timber. Panelling was then decorated by wall Carved
decoration on panels were of linen fold pattern.
Walls they had flat plasterwork on bricks and stone
and then they were lime washed.
Panelling was then decorated by wall hangings
(tapestry). Tapestry were painted cloth or made on
looms with techniques of weaving .
Carved linen fold panel
Tapesteries

A single-story timber porch
Stone porch with hoodmolds over doors and windows
Corbells
Corbells

Tudor Doors
• External doors were made of planks upto
26” (65 cm)wide and were usually oak.
• The planks were fastened by horizontal
battens on the reverse with the nail heads
being exposed to give decorative finish.

•Tapestries serving a triple purpose of
keeping out chill, decorating the
interior, and displaying wealth
Tapestries

Characteristics
• This period had elaborate doors specially the front door. These doors were positioned
on top of the steps. They were often canopied by a shell or placed in a porch.
• Panelling and wainscoting was present.
• Beautiful iron work was done in balconies.

Baroque Doors
• Doors were large and had only two panels,
later 4-6 panels could be seen in their
design.
• The hinges on the door were very
ornamental along with the door locks and
their handles.

Baroque Windows
• The windows of Baroque Period were like
doors(front doors) styled very elaborately.
• Circular and Oval windows were a feature of
this period.

Fireplace
• The fireplaces were very beautiful. The over
mantel too was done exquisitely.
• Over mantels were reserved for major rooms
of major houses.

Lighting
• Hanging lights with candles were used.

Baroque Wall
• Walls were patterned by means of painted
stencil. Later they were replaced by block
printed papers(first wallpapers).
• Rich owners covered their walls with woven
or painted fabric hanging.
• Another feature which we can see here is
the usage of leather attached to battens.
• Wood panelling termed as wainscoting was a
fashionable style of wall lining.
• Oak wood was sometimes painted to
resemble walnut or like marble.

Baroque Floor
• Baroque houses had flag stone floors.
Marble was used in two or more colors, so
that they produced illusionistic pattern. The
surface appeared to vary in depth.
• The floors patterns had parquet or even
marquetry patterns.
• Woven carpets from eastern Mediterranean
was considered very expensive and were
used in the houses.
• Carpets were luxury on wooden floor.

Baroque Ceiling
• The ceiling of this period were not plastered
and were more of coffered style.
• The rich people have plastered ceilings from
the underside of the wooden floor.
• The junction between ceiling and the walls
were marked by cornices.

Baroque Staircases
• Staircases were made of wood commonly
oak wood and was closed string form and
balustrades were twisted.
• In better houses the stairs were a luxury and
also a status.
• They used stairs in the centre of house in
the central hall.
• Dog-legged and spiral stairs were common.

Introduction
Late Baroque is an 18th century . Artistic movement and style , it developed in Paris,
France as a reaction against the grandeur and strict designs of Baroque as seen in the
Palace of Versailles.

Characteristics
• This style used light columns, graceful approach.
• Mahogany wood was used.
• Glass was used on the over mantel(fireplace).
• S and C scrolls were common in the Rococo time.
• Acanthus leaves could be seen during this time period.

Classical Order
Five classical order of pillars used mainly as a decorative detail around
the door cases and porches are Tuscan, Dorick, Ionic, Corinthian,
Composite.

Doors
• It is the principal ornamental feature,
panelled doors were very tall and later had a
fanlight.
• The front door was painted in dark colors or
they were grained to imitate wood.
• They had handsome ring handles.

Windows
• Casement windows were used mainly
double hung window.
• Mainly soft wood was used which was
protected by white lead paint(paint work
was a typical Georgian work)

Walls
• Wooden panelling was seen in three part
division(frieze, field and dado). They derived
all this from the proportions of Architrave,
Columns and Base of a classical order.
• Less expensive wood was used and they
were painted with flat oil paint with very
fancy effect.
• Wallpapers were used. The walls were
decorated with tapestry, stretched on silk
brocade. Cornices were ornamented.

Ceilings
• This period had elaborate painted ceilings
and this painted ceiling had scenes from
Court of Arms.
• There were geometric patterns taken-up on
to the ceiling.

Floor
• Wooden floor planks were mainly used(oak
and elm).
• Oriental carpets and English Turkey and
floral carpets were fashionable floor
covering.
• People used floor cloth in dining rooms.
• The patterns were mainly set in diagonal and
at times gave an illusion on the floor.

Staircase
• During this time stairs were very simple and
were more of open string.

Lighting
• Enclosed lanterns were used with an oil lamp
inside.

Residential design project report

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Residential design project report