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Tutankhamun was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th 
dynasty. 
He ruled ca. 1332 BC – 1323 BC in the conventional 
chronology, during the period of Egyptian history known as 
the New Kingdom. He is popularly referred to as King Tut. 
His original name, Tutankhaten, means "Living Image 
of Aten", while Tutankhamun means "Living Image 
of Amun". In hieroglyphs, the name Tutankhamun was 
typically written Amen-tut-ankh, because of a scribal 
custom that placed a divine name at the beginning of a 
phrase to show appropriate reverence. 
He is possibly also the Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters 
, and likely the 18th dynasty king Rathotis who, according 
to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine 
years—a figure that conforms with Flavius Josephus's 
version of Manetho's Epitome.
Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (formerly 
Amenhotep IV) and one of Akhenaten's sisters, or perhaps 
one of his cousins. As a prince he was known as 
Tutankhaten. 
He ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of 
nine or ten, taking the throne name Nebkheperure. His 
wet-nurse was a woman called Maia, known from her 
tomb at Saqqara A teacher was most likely Sennedjem. 
When he became king, he married his half-sister, 
Ankhesenpaaten, who later changed her name 
to Ankhesenamun. 
They had two daughters, both stillborn.Computed 
tomography studies released in 2011 revealed that one 
daughter died at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at 
9 months of pregnancy. No evidence was found in either 
mummy of congenital anomalies or an apparent cause of 
death.
Given his age, the king probably had very powerful 
advisers, presumably including General Horemheb and the 
Vizier Ay. Horemheb records that the king appointed him 
"lord of the land" as hereditary prince to maintain law. 
He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his 
temper flared. In his third regnal year, Tutankhamun 
reversed several changes made during his father's reign. 
He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the 
god Amun to supremacy. 
The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional 
privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital was 
moved back to Thebes and the city 
of Akhetaten abandoned. 
This is when he changed his name to Tutankhamun, 
"Living image of Amun", reinforcing the restoration of 
Amun.
The king initiated building projects, in particular at Thebes and Karnak, where he 
dedicated a temple to Amun. 
Many monuments were erected, and an inscription on his tomb door declares the 
king had "spent his life in fashioning the images of the gods". 
The traditional festivals were now celebrated again, including those related to 
the Apis Bull, Horemakhet, and Opet.
The country was economically weak and in turmoil 
following the reign of Akhenaten 
Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had 
been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore 
them, in particular with the Mitanni. 
Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts 
from various countries found in his tomb. Despite his 
efforts for improved relations, battles 
with Nubians and Asiatic were recorded in his 
mortuary temple at Thebes. 
His tomb contained body armor and folding stools 
appropriate for military campaigns. However, given 
his youth and physical disabilities, which seemed to 
require the use of a cane in order to walk (he died c. 
age 19), historians speculate that he did not 
personally take part in these battles.
There are no surviving records of Tutankhamun's final days. What caused 
Tutankhamun's death has been the subject of considerable debate. Major studies have 
been conducted in an effort to establish the cause. 
Although there is some speculation that Tutankhamun was assassinated, the 
consensus is that his death was accidental. A CT scan taken in 2005 shows that he had 
badly broken his leg shortly before his death, and that the leg had become infected. 
DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system. It is 
believed that these two conditions (malaria and leiomyomata) combined, led to his 
death. He was buried in the Valley of the Kings. Two mummified fetuses were found in 
coffins that had been sealed by his name. These are believed to have been his children 
that were born prematurely.
BBC - February 16, 2010 
The Egyptian "boy king" Tutankhamun may well have died 
of malaria after the disease ravaged a body crippled by a 
rare bone disorder, experts say. The findings could lay to 
rest conspiracy theories of murder. The scientists in Egypt 
spent the last two years scrutinizing the mummified 
remains of the 19-year old pharaoh to extract his blood and 
DNA. 
National Geographic - February 16, 2010 
A new DNA study says, King Tut was a frail pharaoh, beset 
by malaria and a bone disorder - his health possibly 
compromised by his newly discovered incestuous 
origins."He was not a very strong pharaoh. He was not 
riding the chariots," said study team member Carsten 
Pusch, a geneticist at Germany's University of Tubingen. 
"Picture instead a frail, weak boy who had a bit of a club 
foot and who needed a cane to walk.“
Like the majority of the wealthy and royal population in ancient Egypt, Tutankhamun 
was mummified. Mummification was considered essential for the spiritual part of 
someone's body to continue on into the afterlife. 
Tutankhamun's mummy has never left the Valley of Kings, since his mummification. 
When he died, there were many pieces of jewelry found inside his body. British 
archaeologist, Howard Carter discovered his tomb on November 4, 1922. 
Tutankhamun's tomb is now protected by climate-control to make sure nothing 
happens to his mummy.
How to Mummify 
1. They laid the body in a bed of natron, a combination of salt and baking 
soda to dry out the flesh. This material was also stuffed into the body cavity. 
2. Then, resins were applied to the leathery skin to soften it. 
3. The brain was removed through the nostrils because they didn't know the 
importance of the it and believed that it wasn't important. A long, metal hook 
was used to pull it out. 
4. The lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines were removed through an 
"surgery" in the left side of the body. They would cut a hole in the left side of 
the body, so they could see inside. Each of these organs were dried in salts, then 
smeared with oils. After this, they were wrapped. Finally, they were put in a 
solid, gold coffin. 
5. Golden cylinders were put over the king's fingers and toes
King Tutankhamen's treasures were replicas of the treasures of 
the Pharaoh before him, and each Pharaoh’s treasures were replicas of the 
treasures of their predecessor Pharaoh, back to the beginning of the dynasty.
The treasures of Tutankhamun have been marveled at since their discovery by 
Howard Carter on November 4, 1922. 
It was the first, and to this day the only, royal tomb in the history of Egyptology to be 
found practically untouched, even though in ancient times it had been the object of no 
less than two attempts at robbery. 
The emptying of Tutankhamun's tomb lasted several years and made possible the 
recovery of about 3500 articles, confirming the tomb as the most exceptional 
archeological discovery ever made in Egypt.
One of the two calcite lamps found in Tutankhamun's burial chamber. 
The cup takes the form of an open lotus flower and is flanked on both sides by rich, 
openwork decoration in which the god Heh is depicted kneeling on a number of 
papyrus plants with his arms raised.
The gilded wood Canopic Shrine contained the Canopic Chest pictured above. 
The outer canopy of this shrine consists of four corner posts supporting a cavetto 
cornice surmounted by a continuous frieze of uraei inlaid with colored glass and 
faience. 
Between the posts, on each of the four sides, stands an elegant guardian goddess of 
gilded wood - Isis, Nephthys, Neith and Selkis, each identified by the hieroglyph upon 
her head.
In 2008, a team began DNA research on Tutankhamun and the mummified remains 
of other members of his family. 
The results from the DNA samples finally put to rest questions about Tutankhamun's 
lineage, proving that his father was Akhenaten, but that his mother was not one of 
Akhenaten's known wives. His mother was one of his father's five sisters, although it is 
not known which one. 
The team was able to establish with a probability of better than 99.99 percent 
that Amenhotep III was the father of the individual in KV55, who was in turn the father 
of Tutankhamun. 
The young king's mother was found through the DNA testing of a mummy 
designated as 'The Younger Lady' (KV35YL), which was found lying beside Queen 
Tiye in the alcove of KV35. Her DNA proved that, like his father, she was a child of 
Amenhotep III and Tiye; thus, Tutankhamun's parents were brother and sister.[. 
Queen Tiye held much political influence at court and acted as an adviser to her son 
after the death of her husband. Some geneticists dispute these findings, however, and 
"complain that the team used inappropriate analysis techniques.
Discovery of the mummy 
Under the commission of George Herbert, 5th Earl of 
Carnarvon, who is commonly called just Lord Carnarvon, 
Howard Carter and his team set out to Egypt in 1922 to 
discover the tomb of Tutankhamun, and because of other 
recent discoveries during that time in a particular area of the 
Valley of the Kings, Carter believed he had a good idea of 
where he would find it. Theodore M. Davis, a contemporary 
archeologist of Carter, discovered pottery with Tutankhamun's 
name a short distance from where Carter would on November 
4, 1922 discover KV62. 
The location at the Valley of the Kings was significant to the 
New Kingdom because it is where the pharaohs of the time 
and some other important people to the king were buried. The 
idea behind burying them there was that it was supposed to be 
a hidden location in a remote area since tomb robbing was a 
constant problem during Ancient Egyptian times.
King Tutankhamun, whose famous sarcophagus has traveled far more than the “boy 
king” did in his 19-year lifetime, had buckteeth, a receding chin, and a slim nose, 
according to 3D renderings of his mummy. 
His weird skull shape is just within range of normal and was probably genetic—his 
father, Akhenaten, had a similarly shaped head. Tut’s body also had a broken leg, 
indicating he may have died from falling off a horse or chariot.
Much of what is known about Tutankhamun, better known today as King Tut, derives 
from the discovery of his tomb in 1922. British archaeologist Howard Carter had begun 
excavating in Egypt in 1891, and after World War I he began an intensive search for 
Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. 
On November 26, 1922, Carter and fellow archaeologist George Herbert, the Earl of 
Carnarvon, entered the interior chambers of the tomb. To their amazement, they 
found much of its contents and structure miraculously intact. Inside one of the 
chambers, murals were painted on the walls that told the story of Tutankhamun's 
funeral and his journey to the afterworld. Also in the room were various artifacts for 
his journey—oils, perfumes, toys from his childhood, precious jewelry, and statues of 
gold and ebony. 
The most fascinating item found was the stone sarcophagus containing three coffins, 
one inside the other, with a final coffin made of gold. When the lid of the third coffin 
was raised, King Tut's royal mummy was revealed, preserved for more than 3,000 
years. As archaeologists examined the mummy, they found other artifacts, including 
bracelets, rings and collars. Over the next 17 years, Carter and his associates carefully 
excavated the four-room tomb, uncovering an incredible collection of thousands of 
priceless objects.
The royal bloodline that Tutankhamun's family shared ended with the death of the 
young pharaoh, and with that came a question of the legitimacy of the following 
rulers. 
His tomb was the only one discovered that was not very disturbed by grave robbers, 
which allowed Carter to uncover many artifacts and the untouched mummy. 
It gave amazing insight into the royal burials, mummification, and tombs of the New 
Kingdom's 18th Dynasty. Since its discovery and widespread popularity, it has led to 
DNA testing done on it and other mummies from the time period that now give a 
proven family tree for many of the royalty during the 18th Dynasty. 
Since his death was unexpected and either poorly recorded or simply the records 
were lost over the years, with the discovery of his mummy and advances in modern 
technology, there is now strong and supported evidence as to Tutankhamun's death, 
and with that one of Egypt's most popular mysteries appears to have been solved. 
As of October 2010, the mummy of Tutankhamun is located in his original resting 
spot in KV62 in the Valley of the Kings.
Sources : www.google.com 
www.wikipedia.com

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King Tut(Tutankhamun)

  • 1.
  • 2. Tutankhamun was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. He ruled ca. 1332 BC – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology, during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. He is popularly referred to as King Tut. His original name, Tutankhaten, means "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun means "Living Image of Amun". In hieroglyphs, the name Tutankhamun was typically written Amen-tut-ankh, because of a scribal custom that placed a divine name at the beginning of a phrase to show appropriate reverence. He is possibly also the Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters , and likely the 18th dynasty king Rathotis who, according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years—a figure that conforms with Flavius Josephus's version of Manetho's Epitome.
  • 3. Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV) and one of Akhenaten's sisters, or perhaps one of his cousins. As a prince he was known as Tutankhaten. He ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, taking the throne name Nebkheperure. His wet-nurse was a woman called Maia, known from her tomb at Saqqara A teacher was most likely Sennedjem. When he became king, he married his half-sister, Ankhesenpaaten, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun. They had two daughters, both stillborn.Computed tomography studies released in 2011 revealed that one daughter died at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at 9 months of pregnancy. No evidence was found in either mummy of congenital anomalies or an apparent cause of death.
  • 4. Given his age, the king probably had very powerful advisers, presumably including General Horemheb and the Vizier Ay. Horemheb records that the king appointed him "lord of the land" as hereditary prince to maintain law. He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his temper flared. In his third regnal year, Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god Amun to supremacy. The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital was moved back to Thebes and the city of Akhetaten abandoned. This is when he changed his name to Tutankhamun, "Living image of Amun", reinforcing the restoration of Amun.
  • 5. The king initiated building projects, in particular at Thebes and Karnak, where he dedicated a temple to Amun. Many monuments were erected, and an inscription on his tomb door declares the king had "spent his life in fashioning the images of the gods". The traditional festivals were now celebrated again, including those related to the Apis Bull, Horemakhet, and Opet.
  • 6. The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular with the Mitanni. Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts from various countries found in his tomb. Despite his efforts for improved relations, battles with Nubians and Asiatic were recorded in his mortuary temple at Thebes. His tomb contained body armor and folding stools appropriate for military campaigns. However, given his youth and physical disabilities, which seemed to require the use of a cane in order to walk (he died c. age 19), historians speculate that he did not personally take part in these battles.
  • 7. There are no surviving records of Tutankhamun's final days. What caused Tutankhamun's death has been the subject of considerable debate. Major studies have been conducted in an effort to establish the cause. Although there is some speculation that Tutankhamun was assassinated, the consensus is that his death was accidental. A CT scan taken in 2005 shows that he had badly broken his leg shortly before his death, and that the leg had become infected. DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system. It is believed that these two conditions (malaria and leiomyomata) combined, led to his death. He was buried in the Valley of the Kings. Two mummified fetuses were found in coffins that had been sealed by his name. These are believed to have been his children that were born prematurely.
  • 8. BBC - February 16, 2010 The Egyptian "boy king" Tutankhamun may well have died of malaria after the disease ravaged a body crippled by a rare bone disorder, experts say. The findings could lay to rest conspiracy theories of murder. The scientists in Egypt spent the last two years scrutinizing the mummified remains of the 19-year old pharaoh to extract his blood and DNA. National Geographic - February 16, 2010 A new DNA study says, King Tut was a frail pharaoh, beset by malaria and a bone disorder - his health possibly compromised by his newly discovered incestuous origins."He was not a very strong pharaoh. He was not riding the chariots," said study team member Carsten Pusch, a geneticist at Germany's University of Tubingen. "Picture instead a frail, weak boy who had a bit of a club foot and who needed a cane to walk.“
  • 9. Like the majority of the wealthy and royal population in ancient Egypt, Tutankhamun was mummified. Mummification was considered essential for the spiritual part of someone's body to continue on into the afterlife. Tutankhamun's mummy has never left the Valley of Kings, since his mummification. When he died, there were many pieces of jewelry found inside his body. British archaeologist, Howard Carter discovered his tomb on November 4, 1922. Tutankhamun's tomb is now protected by climate-control to make sure nothing happens to his mummy.
  • 10. How to Mummify 1. They laid the body in a bed of natron, a combination of salt and baking soda to dry out the flesh. This material was also stuffed into the body cavity. 2. Then, resins were applied to the leathery skin to soften it. 3. The brain was removed through the nostrils because they didn't know the importance of the it and believed that it wasn't important. A long, metal hook was used to pull it out. 4. The lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines were removed through an "surgery" in the left side of the body. They would cut a hole in the left side of the body, so they could see inside. Each of these organs were dried in salts, then smeared with oils. After this, they were wrapped. Finally, they were put in a solid, gold coffin. 5. Golden cylinders were put over the king's fingers and toes
  • 11. King Tutankhamen's treasures were replicas of the treasures of the Pharaoh before him, and each Pharaoh’s treasures were replicas of the treasures of their predecessor Pharaoh, back to the beginning of the dynasty.
  • 12. The treasures of Tutankhamun have been marveled at since their discovery by Howard Carter on November 4, 1922. It was the first, and to this day the only, royal tomb in the history of Egyptology to be found practically untouched, even though in ancient times it had been the object of no less than two attempts at robbery. The emptying of Tutankhamun's tomb lasted several years and made possible the recovery of about 3500 articles, confirming the tomb as the most exceptional archeological discovery ever made in Egypt.
  • 13. One of the two calcite lamps found in Tutankhamun's burial chamber. The cup takes the form of an open lotus flower and is flanked on both sides by rich, openwork decoration in which the god Heh is depicted kneeling on a number of papyrus plants with his arms raised.
  • 14. The gilded wood Canopic Shrine contained the Canopic Chest pictured above. The outer canopy of this shrine consists of four corner posts supporting a cavetto cornice surmounted by a continuous frieze of uraei inlaid with colored glass and faience. Between the posts, on each of the four sides, stands an elegant guardian goddess of gilded wood - Isis, Nephthys, Neith and Selkis, each identified by the hieroglyph upon her head.
  • 15. In 2008, a team began DNA research on Tutankhamun and the mummified remains of other members of his family. The results from the DNA samples finally put to rest questions about Tutankhamun's lineage, proving that his father was Akhenaten, but that his mother was not one of Akhenaten's known wives. His mother was one of his father's five sisters, although it is not known which one. The team was able to establish with a probability of better than 99.99 percent that Amenhotep III was the father of the individual in KV55, who was in turn the father of Tutankhamun. The young king's mother was found through the DNA testing of a mummy designated as 'The Younger Lady' (KV35YL), which was found lying beside Queen Tiye in the alcove of KV35. Her DNA proved that, like his father, she was a child of Amenhotep III and Tiye; thus, Tutankhamun's parents were brother and sister.[. Queen Tiye held much political influence at court and acted as an adviser to her son after the death of her husband. Some geneticists dispute these findings, however, and "complain that the team used inappropriate analysis techniques.
  • 16. Discovery of the mummy Under the commission of George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who is commonly called just Lord Carnarvon, Howard Carter and his team set out to Egypt in 1922 to discover the tomb of Tutankhamun, and because of other recent discoveries during that time in a particular area of the Valley of the Kings, Carter believed he had a good idea of where he would find it. Theodore M. Davis, a contemporary archeologist of Carter, discovered pottery with Tutankhamun's name a short distance from where Carter would on November 4, 1922 discover KV62. The location at the Valley of the Kings was significant to the New Kingdom because it is where the pharaohs of the time and some other important people to the king were buried. The idea behind burying them there was that it was supposed to be a hidden location in a remote area since tomb robbing was a constant problem during Ancient Egyptian times.
  • 17. King Tutankhamun, whose famous sarcophagus has traveled far more than the “boy king” did in his 19-year lifetime, had buckteeth, a receding chin, and a slim nose, according to 3D renderings of his mummy. His weird skull shape is just within range of normal and was probably genetic—his father, Akhenaten, had a similarly shaped head. Tut’s body also had a broken leg, indicating he may have died from falling off a horse or chariot.
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  • 19. Much of what is known about Tutankhamun, better known today as King Tut, derives from the discovery of his tomb in 1922. British archaeologist Howard Carter had begun excavating in Egypt in 1891, and after World War I he began an intensive search for Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. On November 26, 1922, Carter and fellow archaeologist George Herbert, the Earl of Carnarvon, entered the interior chambers of the tomb. To their amazement, they found much of its contents and structure miraculously intact. Inside one of the chambers, murals were painted on the walls that told the story of Tutankhamun's funeral and his journey to the afterworld. Also in the room were various artifacts for his journey—oils, perfumes, toys from his childhood, precious jewelry, and statues of gold and ebony. The most fascinating item found was the stone sarcophagus containing three coffins, one inside the other, with a final coffin made of gold. When the lid of the third coffin was raised, King Tut's royal mummy was revealed, preserved for more than 3,000 years. As archaeologists examined the mummy, they found other artifacts, including bracelets, rings and collars. Over the next 17 years, Carter and his associates carefully excavated the four-room tomb, uncovering an incredible collection of thousands of priceless objects.
  • 20. The royal bloodline that Tutankhamun's family shared ended with the death of the young pharaoh, and with that came a question of the legitimacy of the following rulers. His tomb was the only one discovered that was not very disturbed by grave robbers, which allowed Carter to uncover many artifacts and the untouched mummy. It gave amazing insight into the royal burials, mummification, and tombs of the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty. Since its discovery and widespread popularity, it has led to DNA testing done on it and other mummies from the time period that now give a proven family tree for many of the royalty during the 18th Dynasty. Since his death was unexpected and either poorly recorded or simply the records were lost over the years, with the discovery of his mummy and advances in modern technology, there is now strong and supported evidence as to Tutankhamun's death, and with that one of Egypt's most popular mysteries appears to have been solved. As of October 2010, the mummy of Tutankhamun is located in his original resting spot in KV62 in the Valley of the Kings.
  • 21. Sources : www.google.com www.wikipedia.com