研究方法の概論(research basics)

“Elementary my dear Fukuoka UX Study Group”
「初歩だよ、福岡UX勉強会君」
Basics definitions and common mistakes in research methodology
研究方法の基礎定義及び一般的な間違い

Cruz Christian
クルッツ・クリスチャン


RE

SEARCH

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74


1000 pt

Systematised effort to gain new knowledge
研究とは体制的に新しい知識を身につける事です。

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Random decisions
over CREATIVITY

Precise Control
over INNOVATION

創造力のランダムな
決定

イノベーションの正確な
管理

RE

SEARCH

Systematised effort to gain new knowledge
研究とは体制的に新しい知識を身につける事です。

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74


A

GOOD

research is

‣

SYSTEMATIC体制的: Reject the use of guessing & intuition, but DOES NOT rule out creative thinking

‣

CONTROLLEDコントロール: Variables are identified & controlled, wherever possible

‣

LOGICAL論理的: Guided by rules of logical reasoning & logical process of induction& deduction
•

Deduction (Aristotle)推論 - “From whole to part”

•

Induction (Francis Bacon) 帰納 - “From number of Observations”

‣

EMPIRICAL実証的: Provide a basis for external validity to results (validation)

‣

REPLICABLE重複: Verified by replicating the study

‣

SELF CORRECTING自ら修正: Built in mechanism & open to public scrutiny by fellow professionals

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Descriptive

叙述的

Analytical
分解的

WHAT?

WHY?

何？

なぜ？

Applied
応用的

Fundamental
理論的

Problem
問題

Theory
理論

Quantitative
数量的

Qualitative
質的

How much, many, fast,
heavy, long? etc.

いくつ、どのぐらい?など

HOW?
どう？

Conceptual
概念的

Empirical
実証的

Abstract idea Applied idea
抽象的アイデア応用的アイデア


TYPES of research

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Descriptive

叙述的

Analytical
分解的

WHAT?

WHY?

何？

なぜ？

The major purpose of
descriptive research is
description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present.
The methods of research used
in descriptive research are
survey methods of all kinds,
including comparative and
correlational methods.

The analytical research usually
concerns itself with causeeffect relationships


TYPES of research

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Applied research aims at
finding a solution for an
immediate problem facing a
society or an industrial/
business organisation.
”Discover a solution for some
pressing practical problem"

Concerned with
generalisations and with the
formulation of a theory.

Applied
応用的

Fundamental
理論的

Problem

Theory
理論

問題

TYPES of research

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74


Quantitative research is based
on the measurement of
quantity or amount.

Qualitative research, on the
other hand, is concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e.,
phenomena relating to or
involving quality or kind. This
type of research aims at
discovering the underlying
motives and desires, using in
depth interviews for the
purpose

Quantitative
数量的

Qualitative
質的

heavy, long? etc.

Why?
なぜ？


TYPES of research

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TYPES of research
Conceptual research is that
related to some abstract
idea(s) or theory. It is generally
used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new
concepts or to reinterpret
existing ones.

Empirical research relies on
experience or observation
alone, often without due regard
for system and theory. It is
data-based research, coming
up with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by
observation or experiment.

Conceptual
概念的

Empirical
実証的

Abstract idea Applied idea
抽象的アイデア応用的アイデア

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1.

Defining the research theme or idea 研究テーマを設立

2.

Formulating the research problem 研究問題を明確化

3.

Conceptual(or Theoretic) Framework 観念的枠組み

4.

Development of working hypotheses 仮説を立てる

5.

Preparing the research design 研究方法を立てる

6.

Determining sample design 統計方法を立てる

7.

Collecting the data データーを集計

8.

Analysis of data データーを分析

9.

Hypothesis-testing 仮説を検証

10.

Generalisations and interpretation 結論とまとめ

11.

Preparation of the report or the thesis 論文をまとめ

EMPHASIS
EMPHASIS

Research PROCESS

EMPHASIS
EMPHASIS
Execution of the project プロジェクトを実行

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Defining the research theme or idea 研究テーマを設立

Research

PROCESS


A good idea is…
良いアイデアは…

Personal

Novel

Useful

個人的

新た

有意義

To think a good idea one must REVIEW THE EXISTING RESEARCH.
良いアイデア考える為に先行研究を調べなければなりません。

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Formulating the research problem 研究問題を明確化

The problem

Objectives

問題点

目標

Research

Research
Questions

PROCESS

Viability
実行可能性

Relevance Consequences
重要

結果

Convenience
利便
何？

!

WHEN?

いつ？

Social relevance
社会的関連

The problem MUST
express one or more
relations between
variables.

The Objectives MUST be
measurable.

問題点は必ず変数の
一つまたは一つ以上
と関連する。

An objective MUST NOT
contain moral or
aesthetic judgments.

!
WHO?
誰？

WHY?

Practical Implications

なぜ？

具体的結果

目標は必ず測定可能。

!

目標は必ず道徳また
は美感覚を含めない。

!

ETC…
HOW?

ETC…

どうやって？など・・・

など・・・

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研究質問

WHAT?

13

!
Theoretical value
理論的価値

!
Methodological value
方法論的価値

Collecting the data


データーを集計

Research

Measuring sets of
variables or
quantities and their
relationship to one
another

MEASUREMENT
!
態度測定Attitude measurement
アンケートQuestionnaire
一定試験と目録Standardised test and inventories

PROCESS

Understanding
the qualities of a
specific field of
inquiry

Quantitative
数量的

Qualitative
質的

heavy, long? etc.

HOW?
どう？



ETHNOGRAPHY
!
Interviewインタビュー
Focus Groupフォーカスグループ
ETCなど

Research

PROCESS

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Collecting the data



Research

PROCESS


Measure
測定

To assign empiric(quantifiable) indicators to abstract concepts
抽象概念を量的指標化する

Observable Data
観測可能なデータ

Hypotheses relation
仮説関係

Answer
結果

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Collecting the data



data

Research

PROCESS


knowledge

information

知識

情報

データ

Variable
変数

A property which can change and its variations
can be measured.
変化する特徴、この特徴が計る事が出来る。

Our personal map/model of the World
世界の個人的なモデル。

Data is raw and unorganised
fundamental facts.
Numerical values

!

データとは、未処理あるいは未組
織な基礎的事実のことです。
「数値」

When data is
processed,
organised, structured
or presented in a
given context so as to
make it useful, it is
called Information.
Meaning

データが処理、整理、
構造化されると、役立
つデータになり、情報
と呼ばれています。

「意味」

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Collecting the data



Research

PROCESS

A property which can change and its variations
can be measured.

Variable
変数

data


変化する特徴、この特徴が計る事が出来る。

データ

information

Variable 変数

Watch times

情報

Watch times
month

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

January

January

2

4

31

6

8

1

8

February

February

3

7

28

3

5

1

3

March

March

1

4

31

8

3

1

3

April

April

4

8

30

4

4

4

4

May

May

5

3

31

5

2

1

5

June

June

12

3

30

6

1

2

1

July

July

5

14

31

5

4

5

3

August

August

6

6

31

7

1

2

3

September

September

8

8

30

8

4

2

3

October

October

3

6

31

5

5

2

1

November

November

5

4

30

5

7

2

2

December

December

1

0

31

12

8

1

1

month

times

KEEP
CALM
AND

LOVE
Evangelion

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Collecting the data



Research

PROCESS


Collection Instrument
手法

VALIDITY
妥当性
The degree in which an
instrument really
measures what is
intended to be measured.
本当に測定する手法の程度は
意図している測定です。

RELIABILITY
確実性
The degree in which the
repeated application
produces the same results.
繰り返す適用の程度は同じ結果を
生成している

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Collecting the data



Research

PROCESS


Collection Instrument
手法

VALIDITY

RELIABILITY

妥当性

確実性

Factors that affect Validity and Reliability
妥当性と確実性に影響を与える要因
Improvisation

Morphology

即興

形態論

e.g. Intelligence measurement
e.g. Behaviour measurement

e.g. Not enough space for writing
e.g. Too small characters

Environment

Empathy

環境

共感

e.g. Weather
e.g. Lunch time

e.g. Complicated language
e.g. economical background
e.g. educational background

Cultural Context and Time
文化的文脈と時間

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Collecting the data


Research

PROCESS

What is measuring the instrument? (items scales)
Maker(Trek, Peugeot, Hammer, etc.)
メーカ

74


Category

Quantity

部門

手法は何を測定するのか？

Variable
変数

20


分量

Nominal
名義

Type(Mountain bike, Tourer, Road Racer, etc.)
タイプ

Components Maker(Shimano, Campagnolo, etc.)
要素のメーカ

Age
期間
USED BICYCLE
中古自転車

Condition (Excellent, Acceptable, Poor)
状態（良い, まあまあ, 悪い)

Ordinal
順序

Price
値段

Measurement

Size of frame
フレームのサイズ

測定

Number of gears(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12…)
変速の数量

Discrete
個別

Qualitative
Interval
間隔

HOW good?

ratio
比率

Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

attitude
態度
Learned predisposition to react in favor or against to objects or symbols
態度は物がシンボルに対する賛成か反対かを反映する学習の偏向です。

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

!

態度は物がシンボルに対する賛成か反対かを反映す
る学習の偏向です。

態度

74


Quantitative
数量的

Learned predisposition to react in favor or
against to objects or symbols

ATTITUDE

PROCESS

22

Attitudes are INDICATORS of
conduct but NOT the conduct itself.

!

態度は、行動ではなく、行動の指標です。

?

Attitudes are symptoms only.

!

態度は兆候だけです。

Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

Attitude measurement
態度測定

Attitude Scales
態度スケール

Likert Scale

Semantic Differential

リッカート尺度

ＳＤ法

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

Likert Scale

Statement
陳述

Scoring
得点

1.Strongly disagree
1.全く同意できない

2. Disagree
2.同意できない

Reaction
反応

3. Neither agree nor disagree
3.どちらともいえない

4. Agree
4.同意できる

5.Strongly agree
5.非常に同意できる

1

-2

5

2

-1

4

3

0

3

4

1

2

5

2

1

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

Codebook (Likert Scale)
コードブック (リッカート尺度)

Variable

Item

Category

Codes

Column

変数

アイテム

カテゴリー

コード化

列

1.Strongly disagree
2. Disagree


3
4
5
1

2. Disagree

陳述 n

2

1.Strongly disagree

Statement n

1

5.Strongly agree

陳述２

5

4. Agree
4.同意できる

Statement 2

4

2. Disagree

陳述１

3

1.Strongly disagree

何を測定するのか？


5.Strongly agree

Statement 1

2

4. Agree
4.同意できる

What is being measured

1

2


3

4. Agree
4.同意できる

4

5.Strongly agree

5

1

2

n

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的
Data Matrix
データー行列

Subject

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3

Column 4

Column n

回答者

列1

列２

列３

列４

列n

1

1

2

5

1

3

2

2

3

4

2

3

3

3

2

5

3

2

4

4

5

4

3

2

5

5

3

3

3

4

6

1

2

2

2

2

7

2

1

3

1

1

8

4

2

4

2

2

n

o

p

q

r

s

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Collecting the data

MEASUREMENT


27

Research

PROCESS

74


Quantitative
数量的

Likert Scale

Subject

回答者

Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4

列1
列2
列3
列4

Level of Agreement (per Subject)

Average

平均

1

2

5

1

2.25

2

2

3

4

2

2.75

3

3

2

5

3

3.25

4

4

5

4

3

4

5

5

3

3

3

3.5

6

1

2

2

2

1.75

7

2

1

3

1

1.75

8

4

2

4

2

3

4

Agreement Level

1

5
4
3

2.25
1.75

0

Subject 1

Subject 2

2

5

2

3

4

2

3

3

2

5

3

4

4

5

4

3

5

5

3

3

3

6

1

2

2

2

7

2

1

3

1

8

4

2

4

2

Average

平均

2.75

2.5

3.75

2.125

Subject 4

Column 2

Subject 5

Subject 6

Column 3

Subject 7

Column 4

Subject 8

Average

5

1

2

Subject 3

Level of Agreement Average (per Statement)

4
Agreement Level

1

1.75

1

Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4

列1
列2
列3
列4

1

3

2.75

Column 1
Subject

回答者

3.5

3.25

3.75

3
2

2.75

2.5

2.125

1
0

Statements

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3

Column 4

Collecting the data



Research

PROCESS

74


Quantitative
数量的

MEASUREMENT

Percentage of Selections
(Statement 1)

18%

28

25%

Percentage of Selections (Total)

Likert Scale

20%


30%

5%
3%
23%
17%
11%
50%

1.Strongly disagree
4. Agree

2. Disagree
5.Strongly agree


1.Strongly disagree
4. Agree

2. Disagree
5.Strongly agree


Collecting the data



Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

MEASUREMENT

Comparission of the Agreement Level Average and Best Possible Selection

Level of Agreement

5
5

4
3.75

3
2.75

2

2.5

1
0

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3

Average

Column 4

Likert Scale

Best Possible


Comparission of the Agreement Level for Each Statement (Number of selections)
40

Number of People

30

27
23
20

20

20

20

14
10

10

10
7
1

0

13

7

2

Statement 1

10
7
4

2

1.Strongly disagree
5.Strongly agree

10

5
1

Statement 2

10

Statement 3

2. Disagree

1 1 1
Statement 4

2

1 1

Statement 5


3

5
2

Statement 6
4. Agree

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Collecting the data



Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

MEASUREMENT

ＳＤ法

Dimension
次元

Positive adjective

Scoring

Negative Adjective

積極的形容詞

得点

消極的形容詞

3
7

1

0

-1

-2

2

GOOD

2

1

0

-1

-2

6

5

4

3

2

○

-3

BAD
1

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的
Codebook(Semantic Differential)
コードブック (ＳＤ法)

Dimension

Bipolar Adjectives Pair

Codes

Column

次元

正反対的形容詞双

コード化

列

2
1

What is being measured

Positive adjective 1

Negative Adjective 1

何を測定するのか？

積極的形容詞１

消極的形容詞

0

1

-1
-2
2
1

Positive adjective 2

Negative Adjective 2

積極的形容詞２

消極的形容詞２

0

2

-1
-2
2
1

Positive adjective n

Negative Adjective n

積極的形容詞 n

消極的形容詞

0
-1
-2

n

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的
Data Matrix
データー行列

Subject

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3

Column 4

Column n

回答者

列1

列２

列３

列４

列n

1

1

2

5

1

3

2

2

3

4

2

3

3

3

2

5

3

2

4

4

5

4

3

2

5

5

3

3

3

4

6

1

2

2

2

2

7

2

1

3

1

1

8

4

2

4

2

2

n

o

p

q

r

s

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

ＳＤ法

Dimension 1

Dimension 2

Dimension 3

Dimension 4

Average

+/-1

4

1

3

1

2.25

+/-2

4

1

2

2

2.25

+/-3

4

1

3

3

2.75

+/-4

5

2

2

4

3.25

+/-5

3

3

2

4

3

+/-6

4

4

2

4

3.5

+/-7

2

5

2

4

3.25

+/-8

3

5

2

4

3.5

+/-9

4

5

2

4

3.75

+ / - 10

5

4

2

4

3.75

+ / - 11

3

3

3

3

3

+ / - 12

2

4

4

2

3

+ / - 13

3

3

5

2

3.25

+ / - 14

2

4

3

2

2.75

+ / - 15

2

3

2

2

2.25

+ / - 16

2

2

2

2

2

+ / - 17

3

1

3

1

2

+ / - 18

4

4

4

1

3.25

+ / - 19

3

5

5

1

3.5

+ / - 20

2

2

5

2

2.75

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS

Quantitative
数量的

questionnaire
アンケート
a set of questions about a certain variable
特定の変数についての質問のセット


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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

questionnaire
アンケート

CLOSED
Delimited Categories or
Alternatives of answers
限定するカテゴリーの自由な
答えあるいは提供された選択
肢からの答え

ANSWER 1
ANSWER 2
ANSWER 3
ANSWER 4

OPEN

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的
questionnaire
アンケート

CLOSED
ANSWER 1
ANSWER 2
ANSWER 3
ANSWER 4

Advantages

Disadvantages

メリット

デメリット

Easy to answer (effortless)
答えやすい

!
Faster
早い

!

Easy to Codify
コード化しやすい

!

Easy to analyse
分析しやすい

Due to their nature, these questions
might limit the number of options and
not really represent the respondents'
point of view.
限定された選択肢からの答えのため、参加者の
本当の見解が見つからない可能性がある。

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的
questionnaire
アンケート

OPEN

Advantages

Disadvantages

メリット

デメリット

These questions allow the
gathering of more detailed data
about the measured topic

Slower

これらの質問は、測定されたトピックに関
するより詳細なデータの収集を可能にする

Difficult to Codify

遅い

!

コード化しづらい

!

Difficult to analyse
分析しづらい

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Research

PROCESS


Quantitative
数量的

MEASUREMENT

questionnaire

CLOSED

OPEN

アンケート

ANSWER 1
ANSWER 2
ANSWER 3
ANSWER 4

!
BE Clear and Easy to understand
わかりやすい、理解しやすい

!

NOT be uncomfortable or disturbing
不快なことは与えない

!

BE oriented toward a UNIQUE logical aspect.

Questions must…
質問は必ず…

固有の論理の側面に行

!

NOT contain the answers or elements which negate the free will of the respondent
全く自由意志否定ません

!

Be according to the social, cultural, and intellectual characteristics of the respondent
回答者の社会的・文化的・知的特性に応じたこと

!

NOT express ideas supported by institutions, organisations, or groups.
組織やグループなどの考えを表現しない

!

Include clear and easy to understand INSTRUCTIONS.
わかりやすい、理解しやすい説明があり

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Collecting the data


MEASUREMENT


Research

PROCESS

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74


Quantitative
数量的
questionnaire

CLOSED

OPEN

アンケート

ANSWER 1
ANSWER 2
ANSWER 3
ANSWER 4

A questionnaire should…
アンケートは…すべき

Contain introductory questions of a neutral nature (age, sex, job, etc.) so the respondent can get accustomed to the situation.
回答者は慣れるためにニュートラル質問があります（年齢、性別、仕事、など）

!
Include (depending on the necessity) verification questions
検証質問があり（必要性による）

Depend on wether the answers really reveal the necessary information.

!

答えは本当に必要な情報を表示しているかどうか

Not ask unnecessary or unjustified questions in order to keep the answer time on a "comfortable scope"
不必要な質問が含まれていない

Collecting the data


Research

PROCESS

What is measuring the instrument? (items scales)
Maker(Trek, Peugeot, Hammer, etc.)
メーカ

74


Category

Quantity

部門

手法は何を測定するのか？

Variable
変数

40


分量

Nominal
名義

Type(Mountain bike, Tourer, Road Racer, etc.)
タイプ

Components Maker(Shimano, Campagnolo, etc.)
要素のメーカ

Age
期間
USED BICYCLE
中古自転車

Condition (Excellent, Acceptable, Poor)
状態（良い, まあまあ, 悪い)

Ordinal
順序

Price
値段

Measurement

Size of frame
フレームのサイズ

測定

Number of gears(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12…)
変速の数量

Discrete
個別

Qualitative
Interval
間隔

HOW good?

ratio
比率



Research

PROCESS


Measurement Scales
測定スケール

Calculation

Category

Quantity

計算

部門

分量

Nominal

度数分布

Median and Percentiles
中央値、パーセンタイル

Add or Subtract

Interval

ratio

名義

Frequency Distribution

Ordinal
順序

間隔

比率

○

○
○

○
○
○
○

○
○
○
○
○

X

足し算、減算

X

X

Arithmetic Mean, standard deviation,
standard error of the mean

X

X

X

X

平均、標準偏差、標準誤差

Ratio, coefficient of variation
比率、微系数

Likert Scale

!


X
Likert Scale

!

41
74



Research

PROCESS


Cross-Breaks | Cross-Tabulations
クロス集計

age

gender

income

health

年齢

性別

給料

健康

42
74



Research

PROCESS

“Statistical Thinking”
統計的な考え


43
74



Research

PROCESS


Summarising our experience so that we and other
people can understand its essential features.
皆が分かるために我々の経験をまとめます

!

Using the summary to make estimates or
predictions about what is likely to be the case in
other (perhaps future) situations.
未来を予測するためにその経験を使います

2010

18歳

2011

19歳

2012

20歳

2013

21歳

?

44
74



Research

PROCESS


Statistics
統計
Descriptive Statistics
要約統計量
Methods to summarise or describe our observations

A set of methods used to collect
or process or interpret
quantitative data.
統計とは数量的なデータを集計し、手順
を整理する及び判断する手法。

Inferential Statistics
推計統計量
Using those observations as a basis for making
estimates or predictions, i.e. inferences about a
situation that has not been observed.

45
74



Research

PROCESS

46
74


Population
母集団

!

Refers to ALL the finite or infinite collection of items under consideration.
母集団とは、調査対象のとなる数値，属性等の源となる集合全体を意味する。

Sample
標本

!
A portion from a population
標本とは、母集団の部分集合のこと

Sampling
標本調査
Representatively generalise from a
Sample to the population
標本は母集団を代表する



n =

Research

PROCESS


((k2)×N×p×q)
((e2×(N-1))+((k2)×p×q))
Sampling
標本調査

n =

(N×σ2×k2)
((N-1)e2+σ2×k2)

47
74



Research

PROCESS

母集団

n:Sample size"

n =
((e2×(N-1))+((k2)×p×q))

標本サイズ

k:confidence value

[constant不変量]!

信憑性

1.15

1.28

1.44

1.65

1.96

2

2.58

75%

k

80%

85%

90%

95%

95.5%

99%

e:error margin

信憑性

[constant不変量](difference between the results that might be obtained applying the survey or

experiment to the total population and the sample)!
誤差

0.01

e

p:
q:

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

subjects proportion which posses the studied characteristic.!

!

subjects proportion which DOES NOT posses the studied characteristic, that is to say, 1-p.

p = q = 0.5

74


((k2)×N×p×q)

N:Total Population"

48

誤差



Research

n =

N:Total Population"
母集団

n:Sample size"

PROCESS


(N×σ2×k2)
((N-1)e2+σ2×k2)

標本サイズ

k:confidence value

[constant不変量]!

信憑性

1.15

1.44

1.65

1.96

2

2.58

75%

k

1.28
80%

85%

90%

95%

95.5%

99%

e:error margin

信憑性

[constant不変量](difference between the results that might be obtained applying the survey or

experiment to the total population and the sample)!
誤差

0.01

e

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

σ:standard deviation = 0.5!
標準偏差

誤差

49
74



Research

PROCESS

Total Population"
母集団

N
!
STRATUM(h)

74


Sample"
標本

n

Total Population STRATUM!

Sub-sample!

母集団の層化"

標本の層化"

(Nh)

(nh)

1st year"
students

Nh1

nh1

2nd year"
students

Nh2

nh2

3rd year"
students

Nh3

nh3

4th year"
students

Nh4

nh3

層化

50

Sampling
標本調査

Stratified Sampling
層化抽出法



Research

PROCESS


Sampling
標本調査
Total Population
STRATUM!
母集団の層化"

(Nh)

fh

Calculation"
計算

Sub-sample!
標本の層化"

(nh)

1st year!
students

Nh1

fh

Nh1 x fh

nh1

2nd year!
students

Nh2

fh

Nh2 x fh

nh2

3rd year!
students

Nh3

fh

Nh3 x fh

nh3

4th year!
students

Nh4

fh

Nh4 x fh

nh4

Total!
students

N
fh = n/N

n
[constant 不変量]

51
74



Research

PROCESS


Sampling
標本調査
Every item has the same chance of being selected
各アイテムが選ばれる可能性は同じ

Random

Systematic

ランダム

体制的

I = N/n
I:Approximate integer!
近似整数!

N:Total Population!
母集団!

n:Sample size"
標本サイズ

52
74



Research

PROCESS


?

Sampling
標本調査
Representatively generalise from a
Sample to the population
標本は母集団を代表する
Every important characteristic of the
population is likely to have one or more
representative in the sample

The probability that a one-time-in-twenty phenomenon will not appear
at all in a simple random sample of size 60 is 0.46

53
74



Ayanami Rei
Eva Units combat tactics
汎用人型決戦兵器の技術

80 points
点

Arithmetic mean = 60
相加平均

Standard Deviation(SD) = 5
標準偏差

Research

PROCESS


Asuka Langley
History of the Second Impact
セカンドインパクトの歴史

90 points
点

相加平均

標準偏差

54
74



Research

PROCESS

5 mts


Helvetica Regular 20 pts

A

X
50%

○
50%

5 mts
Helvetica regular 20 pts

55
74



Research

PROCESS


Helvetica Regular 20 pts

5 mts

A

Normal Curve of Distribution
正規分布曲線
99.7%
95%
68%

0.15%

2.35%

-3SD

13.5%

-2SD

34%

-1SD

34%

M

+1SD

13.5%

2.35%

+2SD

0.15%

+3SD

56
74



Research

PROCESS


正規分布曲線

Whatever the height or width of the normal curve, the distribution of the area under it, is always the same.
正規分布曲線の高さまたは巾がいろいろあっても、曲線の下にある分布の面積はいつも同じです。

57
74



Research

PROCESS


Cross-Breaks | Cross-Tabulations
クロス集計
Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students
５０人学生の心拍数

89

68

92

74

76

65

77

83

75

87

85

64

79

77

96

80

70

85

80

80

82

81

86

71

90

87

71

72

62

78

77

90

83

81

73

80

78

81

81

75

82

88

79

79

94

82

66

78

74

72

Look for patterns!
パターンを探そう！

58
74



Research

PROCESS



62

64

65

66

68

70

71

71

72

72

73

74

74

75

75

76

77

77

77

78

78

78

79

79

79

80

80

80

80

81

81

81

81

82

82

82

83

83

85

85

86

87

87

88

89

90

90

92

94

96

度数分布

59
74



Research

PROCESS


62

64

65

66

68

70

71

71

72

72

73

74

74

75

75

76

77

77

77

78

78

78

79

79

79

80

80

80

80

81

81

81

81

82

82

82

83

83

85

85

86

87

87

88

89

90

90

92

94

96

度数分布

Frequency is the count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval
度数とは各階級に属する資料の個数のこと

90 BPM：2
69 BPM：0

60
74

61



Research

PROCESS

74


62

64

65

66

68

70

71

71

72

72

73

74

74

75

75

76

77

77

77

78

78

78

79

79

79

80

80

80

80

81

81

81

81

82

82

82

83

83

85

85

86

87

87

88

89

90

90

92

94

96

Range = 34

Median = 79.5

Arithmetic mean = 79.1

Mode = 80-81

レンジ

中央値

相加平均

最頻値

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Pulse-rate

Nº students

心拍数

学生人数

60-64

2

65-69

3

70-74

8

75-79

12

80-84

13

85-89

7

90-94

4

95-99

1

50
Modal Class = 80-84
最頻値的なクラス

Grouped Frequency distribution 度数（各グループの人数）

グループ化された度数分布

14

13
12

Central Tendency
中心傾向

11

Statistical Dispersion

8

統計的ばらつき

7

7

4
4

3
2
1

0

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85-89

90-94

95-99

0

62

67

72

77

82

87

92

97

102

Pulse-rate 心拍数（BPM）



Research

PROCESS


Standard Deviation(SD)
標準偏差
In statistics and probability theory, standard deviation (represented
by the symbol sigma, σ) shows how much variation or "dispersion"
exists from the average (mean, or expected value).
標準偏差とは、統計値や確率変数の散らばり具合（ばらつき）を表す数値のひと
つで σ で表す。

σ =

√

∑(X-X)

相加平均


相加平均

2

N

62
74



Research

PROCESS


Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 75 students [75人学生の心拍数]

Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students [ 50人学生の心拍数 ]

15

15

12

12

9

9

6

6

3

3

0

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0


55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100


15

15

12

12

9

9

6

6

3

3

0

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

63
74



Research

PROCESS


15
12
9
6
3
0

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

64
74



Research

PROCESS


[1000人学生の心拍数]

正規分布曲線

Median
中央値
Arithmetic mean
相加平均
Mode
最頻値

65
74



Research

PROCESS


Pulse-rate (beats per minute) of 50 students [ 50人学生の心拍数 ]
14

11

8

1
(
⨍(x) =
e
σ√2π

)

1" x-u!
2
σ

6

3

0

62

67

72

77

82

87

92

97

The Shape of the normal distribution is such that we can state the PROPORTION of the population that will lie between any two values of the variable.
正規分布の形は、変数の任意の2つの値の間にある口数の比率が計算できる。

Standard Deviation(SD)
標準偏差

!
Arithmetic mean
相加平均

66
74



Research

PROCESS


62

64

65

66

68

70

71

71

72

72


73

74

74

75

75

76

77

77

77

78

相加平均

78

78

79

79

79

80

80

80

80

81

81

81

81

82

82

82

83

83

85

85

86

87

87

88

89

90

90

92

94

96

相加平均

標準偏差
-1/2 SD
-2 SD

-1 SD

+1 SD

Z-Values
偏差値

相加平均

+1 1/2 SD

+3 SD

67
74



Research

PROCESS


M ± 1SD
Point of Inflection

Point of Inflection

編曲点

編曲点

68% of all
observations
(34%)

-1SD

(34%)

M

+1SD

68
74



Research

PROCESS


99.7%
95%
68%

2.35%

0.15%

-3SD

-2SD
(1.96)

13.5%

34%
-1SD

34%
M

13.5%
+1SD

2.35%
+2SD
(1.96)

0.15%

+3SD

69
74



Research

PROCESS


1000 cars

相加平均

標準偏差

50
Km/H

-1SD
50

M
55

+1SD
60

Km/H

70
74



Research

PROCESS


1000 cars

相加平均

34%


50%

標準偏差

50

84%

Km/H

-1SD
50

M
55

+1SD
60

Km/H

71
74



Ayanami Rei

80 points
点

相加平均

標準偏差

Research

PROCESS


Asuka Langley

90 points
点

相加平均

標準偏差

72
74



Research

PROCESS


99.7%
95%
68%

2.35%

0.15%

-3SD

-2SD
(1.96)


50


15

13.5%

34%

34%

13.5%

2.35%
+2SD
(1.96)

0.15%

-1SD

M

+1SD

+3SD

55

60

65

70

75

80

30

45

60

75

90

105

73
74


RE

SEARCH

74
74

研究方法の概論(research basics)

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