Adhesives 101 by Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
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Want to learn more about adhesives? Check out our Wiz 101 Adhesives presentation. The presentation includes detailed information on water-based, hot melt, pressure sensitive and dextrin adhesives used in today’s packaging and converting applications as well as practical knowledge and much more.
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Adhesives 101 by Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 2. Wiz 101 Adhesives Wiz 101 Adhesives An Overview of An Overview of Hot Melt, Water‐based, Pressure Sensitive and Dextrin Adhesives D t i Adh i Used in Packaging Packaging and Converting Applications Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 3. Wiz Adhesives 101 Course Outline •What is an Adhesive? •History of Adhesives sto y o d es es •Types of Adhesives •Water‐Based •Hot Melt •Chemistry y •Applications •Pressure Sensitive •Starch‐Dextrin •Practical Knowledge •Key Questions to Ask Before Recommending Adhesives f •Adhesive Definitions Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 4. What Is An Adhesive? What Is An Adhesive? • An adhesive or glue is a An adhesive, or glue, is a mixture in a liquid or semi‐ liquid state (as used) that adheres or bonds items adheres or bonds items together. • Adhesives may come from Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources and nearly all are polymer based most are polymer based – most are highly specialized and formulated. Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 5. History of Adhesives History of Adhesives • The original adhesive was developed by the caveman, who made glue out by the caveman who made glue out of animal hides and proteins. • ( Water‐based adhesives (also known as PVAc, White Glue or Resin Glue) were invented in Germany during World War I. It is the key ingredient in Wood Glue and Elmer's Glue. • Hot Melt Adhesives (also known as EVA's or Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) were invented around 1900, and perfected invented around 1900 and perfected after World War II during the development of automated packaging lines.
- 6. An Overview of Today’s Adhesives Adhesive Types Hot Melt Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) Technologies Water‐based Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate (EVA) A t t (EVA) Polyvinyl Acetate Acetate ‐ Polyolefin/ Ethylene(VAE) Metallocene Copolymer Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide Pressure Sensitive Starch‐ Dextrin
- 7. Water‐Based Adhesives Water‐Based Adhesives Applied as an Emulsion (Mixture of Two or More Liquids That are Normally Non‐mixable) That Is Converted to An Adhesive When ll bl ) h d dh h the Water Evaporates Water‐Based Adhesive Types: Water Based Adhesive Types: • Polyvinyl Acetates (PVAc) •Polyvinyl Acetate‐Ethylene Copolymer Based – (VAE) Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 8. Differences Between PVAc and VAE and VAE Property Chemistry Referenced Adhesion Formulation Latitude of Formulation Speed of Set Speed of Set Machinability PVAc Polyvinyl Acetate Homopolymer Moderate Required q Vinyl Acetate Ethylene Copolymer Excellent Optional p Limited Good Moderate Wide‐Ranged Excellent Excellent Resistance Properties Resistance Properties Good Economics Best Economics Less is More Not Applicable Uses Specialty Uses VAE Excellent Moderate Economics Applicable Corrugated, Lower End Folding Carton, Higher End Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide Heat Seal Difficult Surfaces
- 11. Ingredients Chemistry Purpose Polymers y polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate‐ethylene, polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl alcohol adds strength and toughness Water H20 acts as the diluent for polymer emulsions and disperses or solubilizes additives Plasticizers benzoate ester, non‐phthalate types benzoate ester non‐phthalate types increases tack, increase speed of set, improve adhesion, lower the T for more flexible films, reduce heat seal lower the Tg for more flexible films reduce heat seal temperatures and improve water resistance. Solvents high boiling alkyl‐based fugitive plasticiers, improve adhesion, improve set of speed, reduce minimum film forming temperature Humectants urea, glycerine prevents skimming, improves film flexibility, slows set of speed, extends open time Fillers clay, calcium carbonate lowers cost, reduces penetration, alters rheology, reduces cold flow Surfactants non‐ionic, anionic wetting agents, foam control Defoamers Alkyl & oil based foam control Thickeners polyacrylate, polyurethane alters the viscosity of a given product, can be used as rheology modifiers Adhesion Promoters polyamine, metal chelators adds specific adhesion to difficult surface Preservatives Biocides, fungicides prolongs the shelf‐life of the product Dyes/Indicators Food Grade Colorants, Black Light Indicators alters the color, or UV absorption of the adhesive film Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 12. Water‐ Water‐Based Adhesive Applications Adhesive Applications • Laminating g • Packaging • case and carton sealing and li d assembly • envelopes • bags • tube winding • Product Assembly Product Assembly • Bookbinding Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 13. Hot Melt Adhesives Hot Melt Adhesives Applied as a Molten Film or Bead and Converted Applied as a Molten Film or Bead and Converted to a Solid When the Molten Material Gels/Cools The Most Widely Used Hot Melt Adhesive Types Are: •Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate (EVA) y / •Polyolefin/Metallocene Thermoplastic in Nature p Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 14. Difference Between EVA and Polyolefin Hot Melts P l l fi H M l Property p y EVA Polyolefin y Base Chemistry Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Polyethylene (Metalocene Catalyzed) Adhesion (to Paper/Cellulosics) Good Excellent Lattitude of Formulation Wide Range Limited Speed of Set Good Excellent Machinability Moderate Excellent Odor Viscosity Build at Operating Temperature Characteristic of Adhesive None Yes, to Char/Gel Does not Gain Viscosity Resistance Properties Resistance Properties Good Excellent Service Temperature Range Moderate Economics Good Economics Wide Ranged Best Economics on a Per Usage Basis Less is More Not Applicable Applicable Uses Packaging, Converting Packaging, Converting Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 15. Key Materials in Hot Melt Adhesives Hot Melt Adhesives H t M lt Adh i Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 17. Hot Melt Chemistry y Ingredients g Chemistry y Purpose p Polymers polyvinyl acetate‐ethylene, polyolefin (metalocene catalyzed), polyethylene catalyzed) polyethylene adds strength and toughness Tackifiers Hydrocarbon based, Hydrogenated, Non‐ Hydrogenated, Rosin Based Hydrogenated Rosin Based increases tackiness and speed of set Waxes Peteroleum based, polyethyelene controls melt viscosity and reduces cost and controls setting speeds Adhesion Adhesion Promoters Other Polymers adds additional adhesion characteristics Antioxidant Free Radical Scavengers prevents discoloration, gel formation Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 18. Hot Melt Adhesive Applications A li ti •Packaging Packaging •Case and carton sealing •Assembly y •Book and magazine binding •Disposables •Automotive •Bottle manufacturing •Product assembly applications li ti Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 20. Hot Melt Pressure ii dh i Sensitive Adhesives • Key Materials in PSAs – Key Materials in PSAs • Rubber • Tackifier • Oil Based (see Hot Melt Diagram) . • Types of PSAs – • High Strength/High Peel • Moderate Strength/Moderate Peel (R iti bl ) (Repositionable) • Low Strength/Low Peel (Fugitive) • Where would you use PSAs • • • • General Purpose Product Assembly General Purpose Product Assembly Display Tag and Label Mailers Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 21. Dextrin Adhesives Based on Starches and Other Additives, Dextrin Adhesives Bond Well to Porous Surfaces But are Not as Water resistant and Have a Slow Set Time. Not as Water‐resistant and Have a Slow Set Time. Ingredients Chemistry Purpose Polymers Polysaccaride, starches, dextrin Polysaccaride, starches, dextrin Water H20 Humectants urea, glycerine, sodium nitrate Fillers clay, calcium carbonate Surfactants Defoamers non‐ionic, anionic wetting agents, foam control Alkyl & oil based Alkyl & oil based foam control foam control Thickeners polyacrylate, polyurethane alters the viscosity of a given product, can be used as rheology modifiers other polymers formation of a resin‐dextrin Biocides, fungicides prolongs the shelf‐life of the product Adhesion Promoters Preservatives Dyes/Indicators/ Color Retention adds strength and toughness adds strength and toughness acts as the diluent for polymer emulsions and disperses or solubilizes additives prevents skimming, improves film flexibility, slows set of speed, extends open time lowers cost, reduces penetration, alters rheology, reduces cold flow Food Grade Colorants, Black Light alters or preserves the color, or UV Indicators, Color Retention absorption of the adhesive film Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide Applications Laminating Product Assembly Product Assembly Paper Converting
- 22. Dextrin Adhesives Dextrin Adhesives • Key Materials in Dextrins (corn) – y ( ) starch/dextrin • Where Would You Use Dextrins • Layflat Laminating • Corrugated Build‐Ups • Light Product Assembly Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 23. Practical Knowledge Practical Knowledge • • • • • • • • • • • • Applications and Adhesives Substrates Process Tree Adhesive Applicating Systems Adh i A li i S Emulsion/Dispersion/ Solution Comparison Comparison of Water‐based vs. Hot Melt Adhesives Hot Melt Adhesives Less is More Theory Behind Adhesion Regulatory Information g y Sustainability Key Questions to Ask Before Recommending Adhesives Adhesive Definitions Adh i D fi iti Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 26. Applications vs. Product Type Water-based Hot Melt/HMPSA Converting – Lap Seal Laminating Copolymer Homopolymer (Folding Carton) Economical Corrugated Resin HMPSA Labeling Permanent FDA Direct Dextrin Starch/Dextrin Labeling Rotary HMPSA/Difficult stuff Lap Paste Glass (Starch) Removable PET Synthetic Magazine Fed F d General Purpose Case and Carton Seal Glass (Synthetic) Modified Metalocenes General Purpose Metallocene Copolymer Homopolymer Polycoated board Economical/Fast setting Fast set Increased Tack / Best Freezer resistance Standard Grade Low application temp. General purpose Slower setting General Purpose Varnished/Coated Stock Very Fast setting / High Heat g eat resistance Tube Winding, Wood Assembly Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide Slow setting / Wax board Fast tti F t setting Medium set / Difficult stock
- 27. Adhesive Applicating Adhesive Applicating Systems Non‐Circulating System is used to apply both cold water‐ Non‐Circulating System is used to apply both cold water‐ based and hot‐melt adhesives. A non‐circulating system essentially comprises a parallel series of guns, each one y attached to the main tank by individual hoses. The adhesive is pumped to each gun though the hose, and the adhesive is applied by the nozzle of the gun. Circulating System used for continually applying and re‐applying adhesive, typically in a rotary based application system. based application system Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 28. Adhesive Applicating Adhesive Applicating Systems Cold‐Glue System ‐ hoses pump the fluid adhesive to applicator heads which apply the adhesive to the substrate in bead, spray, or droplet form (depending upon the requirement) by means of attachments or special i t) b f tt h t i l configurations on the applicator heads. Hot‐Melt System – Same as above but with an additional requirement: melting the adhesive. The g g most common configuration for melting devices is a tank melter, or essentially a large pot or tank in which cold adhesive can be added and melted into liquid form. Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 30. Water‐ Water‐based vs. Hot Melt Adhesives Comparison Property Water‐based Hot Melt Hot Melt Emulsion Solution Physical Chemistry y y Thermosetting g Thermoplastic p Polymer Chemistry PVAc, VAE EVA, Olefin Molecular Weight >100,000 <10,000 Adhesion Excellent Good Speed of Set Moderate Very Fast Wide Narrow Excellent Moderate Type Range of Properties Range of Properties Resistance Properties Economics Similar on a per dry unit of usage Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 31. Less is More – Less is More – O i i i Adh i U Optimizing Adhesive Use •Reduce the amount of adhesive applied, no matter the technology. •Ensure the adhesive is applied in the specific bonding area and pp p g matches both the surfaces being bonded and the application equipment applying the adhesive. •Use the latest and best equipment and know‐how for applying the adhesive. adhesive •Optimize the overall gluing process. Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 33. Regulatory Information Key Aspects •TSCA & similar Global Regulation •VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) •HAPs •FDA Clearances FDA Cl •Proposition 65 Chemicals •REACH, RoHS, SVHC •Heavy Metal (CONEG) •Heavy Metal (CONEG) •Phthalate, Allergen, PFCs, Latex, etc… FREE •CPSIA •Patriot Act – Conflict Materials •Supplier Guarantee •+ Continuing Added Regulations!! Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 34. Adhesive Sustainablity Adhesive Adhesive Sustainablity Sustainable Adhesives Use A Combination of Appropriate Chemistry and Technology, Manufacture Adhesives in the Most Efficient Manner Possible and Optimize Adhesive Use. Key Particle Components are: •Relative performance strength of the R l ti f t th f th chemistry of the adhesive. •Relative recyclability of the product. • Manufacturing Efficiency of the Product. P d t • Renewability. •Biodegradability‐Compostability‐ Repulpability. •Overall Energy Conservation – f O ll E C ti from Raw R Material to Adhesive Manufacturing to Adhesive User – detailing the Energy Used and Waste Material Generated. “LESS IS MORE APPROACH”. MORE APPROACH” Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 35. Key Questions to Ask Key Questions to Ask Before Recommending Adhesives Before Recommending Adhesives 1. What is the End Use Product being 1 Wh t i th E d U P d t b i Made? 2. What substrates are involved? Bonding What to What? h h ? 3. How will the Adhesive be Applied? 4. How is the End Product being Made now? 5. What is the substrate temperature when glued? 6. What is the application temperature? 7. What is the Open Time, Compression Time? Copyright 2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide
- 36. Thank You Thank You Thank you for participating in Wiz 101 Adhesives in Wiz 101 Adhesives presented by Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide Click here to download your y Continuing Education Certificate Copyright ©2014 Wisdom Adhesives Worldwide