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Variations in citation style and context across scientific fields
- 1. Variations in citation style and context across scientific fields Wout S. Lamers*, Nees Jan van Eck & Ludo Waltman <*w.s.lamers, ecknjpvan, waltmanlr>@cwts.leidenuniv.nl Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University
- 2. Goals • Long-term goal: gain a better understand scientific knowledge accumulation • Publication full text as a potent new data source – How is previous literature cited? – Extent of engagement with cited work? – Activities of interest? • Main topic today: combine full text features with maps of science to show variation across fields 1
- 3. The scientific landscape 2 868 scientific fields, WoS
- 6. Data collection 5 … Scientific fields Field publications (2002 – 2011) 868 ~7.000.000 Web of Science
- 7. Data collection 6 … Scientific fields Field publications (2002 – 2011) Citing publications (2002 - 2016) … 868 ~4.000.000 ScienceDirect ~7.000.000 Web of Science
- 8. Citing publications Data collection 7 … Scientific fields Field publications … 868 ~58.000.000 …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 Citing sentences … … ~7.000.000 Web of Science ~4.000.000 ScienceDirect
- 9. Data collection 8 Scientific fields 868 …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. Citing sentences …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 … ~58.000.000
- 10. Data collection 9 …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 …
- 11. Data collection 10 ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 … … … … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005).
- 12. Features of interest • …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). • ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. • …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 11
- 13. Features of interest Citation styles – author-year and others • …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). • ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. • …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 12
- 14. Features of interest Direct (‘integral’) inclusion of cited author in sentence • …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). • ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. • …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 Indicative of higher engagement 13
- 15. Features of interest Use of verbs within the sentence • …to test for differences between tooth types (e.g., Grine, 2005). • ...as Grine (2005) also noted this in humans. • …thicker enamel compared to the lingual cusps.22,23 Activities performed in cited literature 14
- 16. Results - overlay maps 15
- 17. Results - author-year style citation 17
- 18. Results - cited author integral to citing sentence 18
- 19. A closer look at verbs 20 • Verbs represent actions, activities – Either performed by the cited authors – Or otherwise intrinsic to the research field • Do certain types of verbs occur more often in certain scientific fields?
- 20. A closer look at individual verbs: “think” 21
- 21. A closer look at individual verbs: “think” 22 Half as common in scientific field Twice as common in scientific field
- 22. A closer look at individual verbs: “suggest” 23
- 23. A closer look at individual verbs: “argue” 24
- 24. A closer look at individual verbs: “discuss” 25
- 25. A closer look at individual verbs: “study” 26
- 26. A closer look at individual verbs: “review” 27
- 27. A closer look at individual verbs: “simulate” 28
- 28. A closer look at individual verbs: “demonstrate” 29
- 29. A closer look at individual verbs: “see” 30
- 30. A closer look at individual verbs: “find” 31
- 31. A closer look at individual verbs: “conclude” 32
- 32. A closer look at individual verbs: “prove” 33
- 33. A closer look at verbs types 34 • Reporting verbs – Citing authors report on cited work – Research verbs • Analyse, demonstrate, detect, estimate, observe, measure, … – Cognition verbs • Accept, believe, infer, know, reason, theorize, think, understand, … – Discourse verbs • Argue, clarify, discuss, critique, imply, propose, refute, …
- 34. A closer look at verb types: All reporting verbs 35
- 35. A closer look at verb types: Research verbs 36
- 36. A closer look at verb types: Cognition verbs 37
- 37. A closer look at verb types: Discussion verbs 38
- 38. A closer look at verb types 39 • Reporting verbs seem not very informative – except cognition verbs • Can we find underlying patterns within the data? • Topic modeling (LDA) over verbs and fields
- 39. Topic: surgery, physical wellbeing 41 improve evaluate assess receive treat diagnose pour recommend grade score
- 40. Topic: chemistry, materials and machines 42 improve form exhibit prepare synthesize dope fabricate microwave absorb coat
- 41. Topic: maths, computers, particle physics 43 study propose consider follow solve let satisfy denote generalize compute
- 42. Topic: ecosystem, environment, planet(s) 44 occur indicate represent contain detect soil reconstruct infer strain record
- 43. Topic: cells, microbes, molecules 45 play induce regulate inhibit promote repress bind secrete encode localize
- 44. Topic: nutrition, biochemistry and neurology 46 increase reduce inhibit activate alter attenuate ameliorate exert elevate evoke
- 45. Topic: social sciences and humanities 47 find examine reflect focus face argue perceive engage learn argue pay
- 46. Closing remarks We observe remarkable overlap between ‘cognitive’ or citation-based structure of science and specific verbs Grouping verbs together seems promising but needs more work 48
- 47. Thanks! 49
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