Operation research is a systematic approach to determine the optimum (best) solution under the restriction of limited resources. The ppt contains details information about :- 1. Meaning of OR 2. History of OR 3. Objective of OR 4. Characteristics of OR 5. Scope of OR 6. Phases of OR 7. OR models 8. Techniques of OR 9. Methodology of OR 10. Limitation of OR

1. OPERATION RESEARCH

2. Content :-
• Meaning of OR
• History of OR
• Objective of OR
• Characteristics of OR
• Scope of OR
• Phases of OR
• OR models
• Techniques of OR
• Methodology of OR
• Limitation of OR

3. Meaning of OR
• Operation research is a systematic
approach to determine the optimum
(best) solution under the restriction of
limited resources.
• It is also known as Management
Science/Quantitative Business
Analysis/Quantitative
Methods/Decision Science.

4. History of OR
• The operation research came into existence
as a discipline during World War – 2nd
, when
there was a critical need to manage scare
resources.
• Thomas Edison (1914-15), made an effort to
use a tactical game board for finding a
solution.
• At the same time, A.K.Erlang, a Danish
Engineer carried out experiment to supply the
fluctuation in demand for telephone facilities
using a automatic dialing equipment.

5. Cont inue…..
• During the World War-2nd
, no individuals able
to give proper solutions so the group formed
of different specialist such as
mathematicians, economists, engineers,
scientists etc. to deal with strategic &
tactical problems of various military
operations.
• Then after many groups formed to solve the
problem in which one group is named as
Blackett’s circus {Leader – P.M.S. Blackett}.

6. Cont inue….
• After World War-2nd
, the same group start
solving problems of civilians related to
business industry research.
• In 1947, G.B.Dantzig, develop the concept of
linear programming, the solution of which is
formed by a method known as simplex method.
• Today, In every organisation such as banks,
hospitals, airways, railways etc. the operation
research helps in improving efficiency.

7. Cont inue…
• In 1948, OR club formed in England, later
became the Operational Research Society of
U.K.
• In 1952, The Operational Research Society of
America (ORSA) formed.
• In 1953, Professor P.C.Mohalanobis, establish
an OR team in Indian statistical institute,
Calcutta for solving problems related to
national planning & survey.
• The International Federation of Operational
Research Society (IFORS) formed in which
different countries participated.

8. Objective of OR
• The main objective of operation
research is to find out the optimum or
best solution for decision making kept in
mind there is limited resources.

9. Characteristics of OR
a) Operations research technique is
multidisciplinary.
b) It is used to solve complex management
problems.
c) It is a continue process.
d) It is a set of mathematical techniques.
e) It is a scientific approach in decision making.
f) It is a team activity.

10. Scope of OR
The scope of operation research involves
the following areas:-
i.In Defence operations
ii.In Industry
iii.In Agriculture
iv.In Traffic control
v.In Hospital

11. Phases of OR
I. Judgement Phase :- (Identify Problem)
• Determination of operation
• Determination of objective
• Determination of effectiveness of measures
• Determination of type of problem, its origin
& causes.
II. Research Phase :- (Research scientific
methods, test experiment)
• Observation and data collection for better
understanding of the problem.

12. Continue….
• Formulation of relevant hypothesis and
models.
• Analysis of available information and
verification of hypothesis.
• Production & generation of results and
consideration of alternatives.
III. Action Phase :- (Implement)
• Putting the solution to work : implementation.

13. OR Models
• Iconic Models
• Analogue Model
• Symbolic Models or Mathematical Models.
• 4. Descriptive model
• Predictive model
• Prescriptive models
• Deterministic Models
• Probabilistic or Stochastic Models:

14. Techniques of OR
• Linear programming
• Sequencing
• Waiting Line Model or Queuing Model
• Decision theory
• Game theory
• Transportation problem
• The assignment problem
• Net work analysis

15. Methodology of OR
i. Defining the problem
ii. Formulating mathematical model
iii. Solving mathematical model
iv. Validating the solution
v. Implementing the solution
vi. Modifying the models
vii.Establishing controls over the solution

16. Limit at ions of OR
• These do not take into account qualitative and
emotional factors.
• These are applicable to only specific categories of
decision-making problems.
• These are required to be interpreted correctly.
• Due to conventional thinking, changes face a lot of
resistance from workers and sometimes even from
employer.
• Models are only idealized representation of reality
and not be regarded as absolute.