More Related Content Similar to 统考生物 第二十一章 演化 (20) More from Yee Sing Ong (20) 统考生物 第二十一章 演化8. 用进废退说
theory of use and disuse
• 提出者:法国学者拉马克。
• 认为生物体虽然是神创造的,
但环境改变时,生物体体内会
有一股改进的动力,使生物适
应环境。
• 经常使用的器官愈发达,反之
则退化,使得生物逐渐演化。
• 这些生物后天获得的改变可遗
传给下一代。
11. 自然选择说
theory of natural selection
• 达尔文认为认为演化是物种在适应环境
的过程中,长期受到自然环境筛选的结
果。
• 能适应环境的个体较容易存活,并有机
会产生后代,因此,具备有利特徵的后
代其比例会随时间逐渐增加,使得该物
种的外部形态或内部构造发生明显的改
变。
• 原本的生物族群中可能具有各种特徵的
差异,这些差异经由环境的筛选而成为
独特的特徵。
31. 古生物学paleontology
• 研究古地质时代中的生物及其发展的科学
• 通过化石在沉积岩中的排列来比较不同年代生物的变化
• 化石是存留在岩石中的古生物遗体、遗物或生活痕迹,
最常见的是骸骨和贝壳等
• 越古老的地层,生物结构越简单
This illustration shows an artist’s renderings of species derived
from fossils of the evolutionary history of the horse and its
ancestors. The species depicted are only four from a very diverse
lineage that contains many branches, dead ends, and adaptive
radiations. One of the trends, depicted here, is the evolutionary
tracking of a drying climate and increase in prairie versus forest
habitat reflected in forms that are more adapted to grazing and
predator escape through running.
43. 同源器官
homologous organ
• 起源相同
• 位置及基本结构相似
• 形态和功能可能不同
• 例如:猫与鲸的前肢结构。
• 不要和同功器官analogous organ弄混
• 不同物种中的相似结构,因为它们在相似的环境里独立进化,进化
通常是为达到相同或相似的目的,而不是继承自共同的祖先。
• 例如:鼠海豚与鲨鱼的流线身形。它演变于水底的环境,但物种有
不同的祖先。
48. Homologous
hox genes in
such different
animals as
insects and
vertebrates
control
embryonic
development
and hence the
form of adult
bodies. These
genes have
been highly
conserved
through
hundreds of
millions of
years of
evolution.
49. 生物化学 Biochemistry
• 研究生物体中的化学进程的学科
• 比较血清学
• 如用人的血清作为抗原注射到家
兔体内,产生抗人抗体
• 再用这种家兔的抗人血清来检查
人和其他哺乳动物的血清反应
• 跟人的亲缘关系越密切,抗原抗
体反应越显著,它们的血清跟家
兔抗人血清混和后出现的沉淀越
多。
• 因为越和人类亲缘关系越密切,
其血清越和人类相似,抗体反应
越强烈
67. 五界分类系统 The five kingdom
classification system
• 美国生物学家魏泰克
(R.H.Whittaker,1924—1980)
在1969年提出的。
• 魏泰克在已区分了植物与动物、
原核生物与真核生物的基础上,
又根据真菌与植物在营养方式
和结构上的差异,从纵向方面
把生物界分成了原核生物界、
原生生物界、真菌界、植物界
和动物界五界。
72. 双名法 binomial nomenclature
• 由林奈Carl von Linne / Carl
Linnaeus奠定
• 是智人的正模标本
• 发表《植物种志》(Species
Plantarum),採用双名法,以拉丁
文来为生物命名
• 其中第一个名字是属的名字,第二个
是种的名字
• 属名为名词,种名为形容词
• 生物的属名在第二次出现时可用缩写
• 印刷体 - 斜体;手写 – 底线
75. 1. (a) 短頸........................................... 2
(b) 長頸........................................... 3
2. (a) 藍色翅膀.................................... 普通翠鳥
(b) 啡色翅膀.................................... 池鷺
3. (a) 白色翅膀.................................... 4
(b) 黑色翅膀.................................... 5
4. (a) 匙羹狀的喙................................ 黑臉琵鷺
(b) 窄長的喙.................................... 大白鷺
5. (a) 粉紅色腳.................................... 黑翅長腳鷸
(b) 黑色腳....................................... 鸕鷀
81. 直立人 Homo erectus
• 180万 – 20万年前
• 印尼的爪哇直立人、北京周口店的
北京直立人
• 脑容量增大 1088mL
• 上下肢有明显的分工
• 类似人猿的性状:前额后倾、眉脊
粗壮
• 制造能力大为增加
• 利用火:取暖、驱赶野兽、煮食
– 提供营养
82. 智人 Homo sapiens
• 20万前
• 完全直立
• 脑容量大 1360mL
• 制造精细的石器和骨器
• 制造武器、设置陷阱
• 摩擦生火、建设房屋
• 缝制衣物、艺术美化
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