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Cisco DWDM Fundamentals: Optical Propagation and Fiber Characteristics
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Cisco DWDM Fundamentals: Optical Propagation and Fiber Characteristics
1.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 1 Optical DWDM Fundamentals
2.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 2 Agenda Introduction and Terminology Optical Propagation and Fiber Characteristics Attenuation and Compensation Dispersion and Dispersion Compensation Non Linearity SM Optical Fiber Types Simple SPAN Design DWDM Transmission ROADM: Operational Benefits Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality
3.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 3 Introduction
4.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 4 Modern Lightwave Eras Fiberization Digitization SONET Rings and DWDM Linear Systems Optical Networking Wavelength Switching Research Systems Commercial Systems 0 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 1985 1990 1995 2005 Year Capacity(Gb/s) 2000 ROADMs OXC’s
5.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 5 Optical Spectrum Light Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR) Communication wavelengths 850, 1310, 1550 nm Low-loss wavelengths Specialty wavelengths 980, 1480, 1625 nm UV IR Visible 850 nm 980 nm 1,310 nm 1,480 nm 1,550 nm 1,625 nm λ 125 GHz/nm Wavelength: λ (Nanometers) Frequency: ƒ (Nerahertz) C =ƒ x λ
6.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 6 Terminology Decibels (dB): unit of level (relative measure) –X dB is 10–X/10 Decibels-milliwatt (dBm): decibel referenced to a milliwatt dBm used for output power and receive sensitivity (absolute value) dB used for power gain or loss (relative value) X mW is 10xlog10(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10Y/10 in mW Wavelength (Lambda): length of a wave in a particular medium; common unit: nanometers, 10–9m (nm) Frequency (ν): the number of times that a wave is produced within a particular time period Wavelength x frequency = speed of light ⇒ λ x ν = C
7.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 7 Terminology—Fiber Impairments Attenuation = Loss of power in dB/km Chromatic Dispersion = Spread of light pulse in ps/nm- km Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) = Ratio of optical signal power to noise power for the receiver
8.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 8 ITU Wavelength Grid The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has divided the telecom wavelengths into a grid; the grid is divided into bands; the C and L bands are typically used for DWDM ITU Bands λ 1530.33 nm 1553.86 nm 0.80 nm ν195.9 THz 193.0 THz Channel Spacing = 100 GHz O E S C L U λ(nm) λ0 λ1 λn 1260 1360 1460 1530 1565 1625 1675
9.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 9 Bit Error Rate (BER) BER is a key objective of the optical system design Goal is to get from Tx to Rx with a BER < BER threshold of the Rx BER thresholds are on data sheets Typical minimum acceptable rate is 10–12
10.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 10 Optical Power Optical Power Measurements: Power is measured in watts; however, a convenient way to measure optical power is in units of decibels (dB) The power measured on a particular signal is measured in dBm The gain/loss measured between two points on a fiber is in dB Power loss is expressed as negative dB Power gain is expressed as positive dB Definition: Optical Power Is the Rate at Which Power Is Delivered in an Optical Beam
11.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 11 Optical Power Budget Calculate using minimum transmitter power and minimum receiver sensitivity Attenuation/loss in the link, greater than the power budget, causes bit errors (dB) Design networks with power budgets, not distances The Optical Power Budget is: Optical Power Budget = Power Sent – Receiver Sensitivity
12.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 12 Optical Power Budget—Example Transmitter maximum power = –2 dBm Receiver sensitivity = –28 dBm –2 dBm –28 dBm Transmitter Receiver Power Budget = 26 dB Common Power Budgets Short Reach (SR) 6 dB (75% Power Loss) Intermediate Reach (IR) 13 dB (95% Power Loss Long Reach (LR) 26 dB (99.75% Power Loss) Calculate Power Budget = ?? Key: Every 3dB is loss of half of signal
13.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 13 Eye Diagram The vertical eye opening shows the ability to distinguish between a 1 and a 0 bit The horizontal opening gives the time period over which the signal can be sampled without errors
14.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 14 Eye Diagram For a good transmission system, the eye opening should be as wide and open as possible Eye diagram also displays information such as maximum signal voltage, rise and decay time of pulse, etc. Extinction ratio (ratio of a 1 signal to a 0 signal) is also calculated from eye diagram
15.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 15 A Few Words on Optical Safety Think optical safety at all times Wear specified optical eye protection Optical power is invisible to the human eye Never stare at an optical connector Keep optical connectors pointed away from yourself and others Glass (fiber cable) can cut and puncture Fiber splinters are extremely difficult to see Damage is usually permanent!
16.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 16 Laser Classifications/Safety Icons Class 1 Lasers that are incapable of causing damage when the beam is directed into the eye under normal operating conditions. These include helium-neon lasers operating at less than a few microwatts of radiant power. Class 2 Lasers that can cause harm if viewed directly for ¼ second or longer. This includes helium-neon lasers with an output up to 1 mW (milliwatt). Class 3A Lasers that have outputs less than 5 mW. These lasers can cause injury when the eye is exposed to either the beam or its reflections from mirrors or other shiny surfaces. As an example, laser pointers typically fall into this class. Class 3B Lasers that have outputs of 5 to 500 mW. The argon lasers typically used in laser light shows are of this class. Higher power diode lasers (above 5 mW) from optical drives and high performance laser printers also fall into this class. Class 4 Lasers that have outputs exceeding 500 mW. These devices produce a beam that is hazardous directly or from reflection and can produce skin burn. Many ruby, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-glass lasers are class 4. SR and IR Optics, Some LR Many LR Optics, CWDM GBICS Some LR Optics, Amplifier Outputs
17.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 17 Protective Eyewear Available Protective goggles or glasses should be worn for all routine use of Class 3B and Class 4 lasers Remember: eyewear is wavelength specific, a pair of goggles that effectively blocks red laser light affords no protection for green laser light Laser Safety Equipment Can Be Investigated in Greater Detail at the Following Link: http://www.lasersafety.co.uk/frhome.html
18.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 18 Optical Propagation in Fibers
19.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 19 Analog Transmission Effects Attenuation: Reduces power level with distance Dispersion and nonlinearities: Erodes clarity with distance and speed Signal detection and recovery is an analog problem
20.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 20 Fiber Geometry The core carries the light signals The cladding keeps the light in the core The coating protects the glass Coating An Optical Fiber Is Made of Three Sections: CladdingCore
21.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 21 Fiber Dimensions Fiber dimensions are measured in µm 1 µm = 0.000001 meters (10-6) 1 human hair ~ 50 µm Refractive Index (n) n = c/v n ~ 1.46 n (core) > n (cladding) Cladding (125 µm) Core (8–62.5 µm) Coating (245 µm)
22.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 22 Geometrical Optics θ1 = Angle of incidence θ1r = Angle of reflection θ2 = Angle of refraction θ1θ1r θ2 n2n1 θc—Is the Critical Angle If Angle of Incidence Is Greater Than Critical Angle, All the Light Will Reflect (Instead of Refract); This Is Called Total Internal Reflection θc θ2=90 n2 > n1 n1 n2 θc >Light Is Reflected/Refracted at an Interface
23.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 23 Wavelength Propagation in Fiber Light propagates by total internal reflections at the core-cladding interface Total internal reflections are lossless Each allowed ray is a mode θ1 n2 n1 Cladding θ0 Core Intensity Profile
24.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 24 n2 n1 Cladding Core n2 n1 Cladding Core Different Types of Fiber Multimode fiber Core diameter varies 50 µm for step index 62.5 µm for graded index Bit rate-distance product > 500 MHz-km Distance limited Single-mode fiber Core diameter is about 9 µm Bit rate-distance product > 100 THz-km
25.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 25 Attenuation
26.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 26 Attenuation in Fiber Light loss in fiber is caused by two things Absorption by the fiber material Scattering of the light from the fiber Light loss causes signal attenuation Rayleigh Scattering Scattering 850 nm Highest 1310 nm Lower 1550 nm Lowest
27.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 27 Other Causes of Attenuation in Fiber Microbends—Caused by small distortions of the fiber in manufacturing Macrobends—Caused by wrapping fiber around a corner with too small a bending radius Back reflections—Caused by reflections at fiber ends, like connectors Fiber splices—Caused by poor alignment or dirt Mechanical connections— Physical gaps between fibers
28.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 28 T T Pi P0 Optical Attenuation Pulse amplitude reduction limits “how far” (distance) Attenuation in dB=10xLog(Pi/Po) Power is measured in dBm: P(dBm)=10xlog(P mW/1 mW) Examples 10 dBm 10 mW 0 dBM 1 mW –3 dBm 500 uW –10 dBm 100 uW –30 dBm 1 uW
29.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 29 Attenuation Response at Different Wavelengths 850nm Region 1310 nm Region 1550 nm Region
30.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 30 Attenuation: Compensated by Optical Amplifiers Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) are the most commonly deployed optical amplifiers Commercially available since the early 1990s Works best in the range 1530 to 1565 nm Gain up to 30 dB (1000 photons out per one photon in) Optically transparent Wavelength transparent Bit rate transparent Input 1480 or 980 nm Pump Laser Erbium Doped Fiber Output IsolatorCoupler
31.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 31 Dispersion
32.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 32 Types of Dispersion Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) • Single-mode fiber supports two polarization states • Fast and slow axes have different group velocities • Causes spreading of the light pulse Chromatic Dispersion • Different wavelengths travel at different speeds • Causes spreading of the light pulse
33.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 33 A Snapshot on Chromatic Dispersion Affects single channel and DWDM systems A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to performance impairments Degradation depends on: Laser used (spectral width) Bit-rate (temporal pulse separation) Different SM types Interference
34.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 34 60 Km SMF-28 10 Gbps t 40 Gbps t Limitations from Chromatic Dispersion Dispersion causes pulse distortion, pulse “smearing” effects Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less robust to Chromatic Dispersion Limits “how fast” and “how far” 4 Km SMF-28
35.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 35 Combating Chromatic Dispersion Specialized fibers: DSF and NZDSF fibers (G.653 and G.655) Dispersion compensating fiber Transmitters with narrow spectral width Regenerate pulse (O-E-O)
36.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 36 Polarization Mode Dispersion Caused by ovality of core due to: Manufacturing process Internal stress (cabling) External stress (trucks) Only discovered in the 90s Most older fiber not characterized for PMD
37.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 37 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the fiber; this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic dispersion and it is of some relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s or more nx nyEx Ey Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse as It Leaves the Fiber
38.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 38 Combating Polarization Mode Dispersion Factors contributing to PMD Bit rate Fiber core symmetry Environmental factors Bends/stress in fiber Imperfections in fiber Solutions for PMD Improved fibers Regeneration Follow manufacturer’s recommended installation techniques for the fiber cable PMD does not need compensation up to 10G in systems up to about 1600km optical transmission, while compensation is required for longer systems or 40G
39.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 39 How Far Can I Go Without Dispersion Issues? Distance (Km) = Specification of Transponder (ps/nm) Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km) A Laser Signal with Dispersion Tolerance of 3400 ps/nm Is Sent Across a Standard SM Fiber, Which Has a Coefficient of Dispersion of 17 ps/nm*km It Will Reach 200 Km at Maximum Bandwidth Note That Lower Speeds Will Travel Farther
40.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 40 Industry Standard—Not Cisco Specific Transmission Over SM Fiber— Without Compensation Transmission Rate Distance 2.5 Gb/s 980 km 10 Gb/s 60 km 40 Gb/s 4 km
41.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 41 Dispersion Compensation Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable +100 0 –100 –200 –300 –400 –500 Distance from Transmitter (km) No Compensation With Compensation Transmitter Dispersion Compensators CumulativeDispersion (ps/nm) Total Dispersion Controlled
42.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 42 Nonlinearity
43.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 43 From Linear to Non-Linear Propagation As long as optical power within an optical fiber is small, the fiber can be treated as a linear medium Loss and refractive index are independent of the signal power When optical power levels gets fairly high, the fiber becomes a nonlinear medium Loss and refractive index depend on the optical power
44.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 44 Effects of Nonlinearity Interference Interference Multiple Channels Interact as They Travel (XPM) A Single Channel’s Pulses Are Self-Distorted as They Travel (SPM) Self-Phased Modulation (SPM) and Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
45.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 45 Out of Fiber ω1 ω22ω1-ω2 2ω2-ω1ω1 ω2 Into Fiber Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) Channels beat against each other to form intermodulation products Creates in-band crosstalk that cannot be filtered (optically or electrically)
46.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 46 Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) If you have dispersion the beat signal will not fall on a real signal Therefore, some dispersion can be good in preventing FWM in an optical network Out of Fiber ω1 ω2 2ω2-ω1ω1 ω2 Into Fiber 2ω1-ω2
47.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 47 Channel Spacing (nm) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 –50 –30 –10 0 –20 –40 D=0 D=17 D=2 D=0.2 FWM and Dispersion Dispersion Washes out FWM EffectsFWMEfficiency(dB)
48.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 48 Re-Shape DCU The Three “R”s of Optical Networking Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Pulse as It Exits the Fiber Re-Gen to Boost the Power t ts Optimum Sampling Time t ts Optimum Sampling Time Phase Variation Re-Time O-E-O Re-gen, Re-Shape, and Remove Optical Noise t ts Optimum Sampling Time Phase Re-Alignment* *Simplification The Options to Recover the Signal from Attenuation/Dispersion/Jitter Degradation Are:
49.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 49 SM Optical Fiber Types
50.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 50 Types of Single-Mode Fiber SMF (standard, 1310 nm optimized, G.65) Most widely deployed so far, introduced in 1986, cheapest DSF (Dispersion Shifted, G.653) Intended for single channel operation at 1550 nm NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted, G.655) For WDM operation in the 1550 nm region only TrueWave™, FreeLight™, LEAF, TeraLight™, etc. Latest generation fibers developed in mid 90s For better performance with high capacity DWDM systems MetroCor™, WideLight™ Low PMD ultra long haul fibers TrueWave Is a Trademark of Lucent; TeraLight Is a Trademark of Alcatel; FreeLight and WideLight Are Trademarks of Pirelli; MetroCor Is a Trademark of Corning
51.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 51 Fiber Dispersion Characteristics • Normal fiber • Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF) G.652 • > 90% of deployed plant –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 1350 1370 1390 1410 1430 1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 1630 1650 DS NZDS+ NZDS- SMF Wavelength (in nm) Dispersion(inps/nm-km) DSF G.653 NZDSF G.655
52.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 52 The Primary Difference Is in the Chromatic Dispersion Characteristics Different Solutions for Different Fiber Types SMF (G.652) Good for TDM at 1310 nm OK for TDM at 1550 OK for DWDM (with Dispersion Mgmt) DSF (G.653) OK for TDM at 1310 nm Good for TDM at 1550 nm Bad for DWDM (C-Band) NZDSF (G.655) OK for TDM at 1310 nm Good for TDM at 1550 nm Good for DWDM (C + L Bands) Extended Band (G.652.C) (Suppressed Attenuation in the Traditional Water Peak Region) Good for TDM at 1310 nm OK for TDM at 1550 nm OK for DWDM (with Dispersion Mgmt Good for CWDM (> Eight wavelengths)
53.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 53 Span Design
54.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 54 Span Design Limits Attenuation Source and receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Span characteristics Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Tx Rx Time Domain 0dBm Wavelength Domain 20km –5dBm –25dBm 100km –30dBm 120km
55.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 55 Span Design Limits Amplification Source and receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Span characteristics Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Tx Rx Time Domain +12dBm 20km –8dBm 100km Wavelength Domain –13dBm 120km EDFA -6dBm 0dBm 6dB +17dBm EDFA characteristics Gain: 23dB (max = 17dBm Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: –6dBm
56.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 56 Span Design Limits Dispersion Source and receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Span characteristics Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km Tx Rx Time Domain 0ps/nm Wavelength Domain 20km 360ps/nm 100km 1800ps/nm 120km 2160ps/nm
57.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 57 Span Design Limits Dispersion Compensation Source and receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Span characteristics Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km EDFA characteristics Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm) Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: –6dBm DCF characteristics Dispersion: –600ps/nm Loss: 10dBo Tx Rx Time Domain +12dBm 360ps/nm 20km –8dBm 1800ps/nm 100km Wavelength Domain EDFA –6dBm 0dBm 6dB +17dBm 0ps/nm DCF (10dB) –13dBm 2160ps/nm 120km –23dBm 1560ps/nm
58.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 58 Span Design Limits of Amplification (OSNR) Source and receiver characteristics Tx: 0dBm Rx sensitivity: –28dBm Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm OSNR requirements: 21dB Span characteristics Distance: 60km x 4 Spans Span loss: .25dB/km (15dB/span) Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km EDFA characteristics Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm) Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: –6dBm Tx Rx Time Domain 60km Wavelength Domain EDFA 0dBm 6dB EDFA EDFA EDFA EDFA +17dBm OSNR 39dB Noise Noise +17dBm OSNR 21dB Noise Noise +17dBm OSNR 27dB Noise Noise +17dBm OSNR 15dB Noise Noise DCF DCF 60km 60km 60km Noise Noise +17dBm OSNR 33dB DCF DCF Too Low
59.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 59 Real Network Design Challenges Complicated multi-ring designs Multiple wavelengths Any to any demand Nonlinearities Advanced modulation Simulation and Network Design Software Is Used to Simplify Design
60.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 60 • Rack diagrams • Step-by-step interconnect • Smooth transition from design to implementation • Any-to-any demand • Comprehensive analysis = first-time success • GUI-based network design entry • Bill of materials Network Design Tools? Concept to Creation Easier
61.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 61 DWDM Transmission
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© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 62 DWDM Systems Amplifier DCU Mux-Demux Transponder OA Mux-Demux OADM OADM
63.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 63 Optical Amplifier (EDFA) Optical Attenuator Variable Optical Attenuator Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU) More DWDM Components
64.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 64 VOA EDFA DCM VOA EDFA Service Mux Service Mux Intelligent DWDM SYSTEM Intelligent DWDM SYSTEM Intelligent DWDM Network Architecture Integrated system architecture EDFA VOA EDFA DCM VOA OSC OSC OSC OSC
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© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 65 2.5Gb Service Cards SONET/SDH 2.5G Multi-Rate Transponder 8xESCON 2xGigabit Ethernet 2x1G FC/FICON 1x2G FC/FICON 2.5G DataMuxponder OC-3/STM-1 OC-12/STM-4 OC-48/STM-16 ETR/CLO STP ISC-3 2.5G InfiniBand 1xGigabit Ethernet SDI DV6000 HDTV Ethernet SAN Video
66.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 66 10Gb Enhanced Transponder 4xOC-48/STM-16 ODU-1->OTU-2 10Gb Service Cards 10Gb SONET/SDH 10Gb LAN and WAN PHY 8xGigabit Ethernet 10Gb FC 4x2.5G Muxponder 8x1G FC/FICON/ISC-1 4x2GFC/FICON/ISC-3 2x4GFC 10Gb DataMuxponder SONET/SDH Ethernet SAN Enhanced GE/10GE XPonder 20xGigabit Ethernet 2x10GE MSPP on a Blade 8xGigabit Ethernet OTN 16xOC-3/STM-1 16xOC-1/STM-4 4xOC-48/STM-16 10Gb ODU-2 XPonder 10Gb FC 10Gb LAN and WAN PHY10Gb SONET/SDH OTU-2
67.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 67 40Gb Transponder 40Gb SONET/SDH 40Gb LAN SONET/SDH Ethernet 40Gb Service Cards BENEFIT: All 40G applications covered by 1 transponder BENEFIT: Aggregation cards reduce the cost of service delivery and allow for “pay as you grow” using XFP SAN 40Gb Muxponder OTN 40Gb OTU-3 4x10Gb OTU-2 4x10Gb OTU-2e 4x10Gb SONET/SDH 4x10Gb LAN 4x10Gb FC 4x8Gb FC
68.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 68 Optical Amplifiers and Filters RAMAN FiltersEDFA 17dBm Variable Gain Pre- Amplifier with DCU Access 17dBm Variable Gain Booster 21dBm Variable Gain Booster 17 dBm Fix Gain Booster 21dBm Variable Gain Regional Amplifier with DCU Access L-Band 17dB Variable Gain Booster L-Band 20 dB Variable Gain Pre- Amplifier with DCU Access 500mW RAMAN w/ integrated 7dBm Variable Gain Pre- Amplifier 40ch/80ch 20 WSS ROADM 40ch 80 WXC ROADM 40ch/80ch Mux/Demux
69.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 69 Client ProtectedUnprotected Optical Protection Schemes Y-Cable or Line Card Protected PSM Protected Splitter Protected
70.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 70 100.00% 99.999% 99.998% 99.99% 99.9% 99% Availability Solutions Comparison
71.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 71 1 Transponder 1 Client Interface Unprotected 1 client & 1 trunk laser (one transponder) needed, only 1 path available No protection in case of fiber cut, transponder failure, client failure, etc..
72.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 72 2 Transponders 2 Client interfaces 2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed, two optically unprotected paths Protection via higher layer protocol Client Protected Mode
73.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 73 Optical Trunk- Splitter Trunk-Switch Working trunk protected trunk Optical Trunk Protection Only valid in Point 2 Point topologies Protects against Fiber Breaks
74.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 74 Optical Splitter Switch Working lambda protected lambda Optical Splitter Protection Only 1 client & 1 trunk laser (single transponder) needed Protects against Fiber Breaks
75.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 75 2 Transponders Only one TX active working lambda protected lambda “Y” cable Line Card / Y- Cable Protection 2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed Increased cost & availability
76.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 76 ROADM: Operational Benefits
77.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 77 Manual DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Present Mode of Operation (PMO) Complicated Network Planning Manual installation, manual power measurements and VOA tweaking at every site for every l Labor-intensive operation Manual provisioning of optical design parameters Manual provisioning of equipment & topology into EMS/NMS Manual DWDM processes: labor intensive and error prone Result: high OpEx costs
78.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 78 ROADM Based DWDM Networks 1-8ch OADM O O Simplify Opex, Simplify Network Architecture, Simplify Network Planning Physical Rings OADM Based Architecture Re-plan network every time a new services is added Certain sites can only communicate with certain other sites Extensive man hours to retune the network Need to brake entire ring to prevent lasing O O O O O O O O
79.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 79 ROADM Based DWDM Networks 1-8ch OADM ROADM Based Architecture Plan network once All nodes can talk to all nodes day one The network Automatically Tunes itself Improved network performance with DGE at every site O O Improve Opex Efficiency Simplify Opex, Simplify Network Architecture, Simplify Network Planning Physical Rings 2° ROADM OADM Based Architecture Re-plan network every time a new services is added Certain sites can only communicate with certain other sites Extensive man hours to retune the network Need to brake entire ring to prevent lasing O O O O O O O O R R R R R R R R R Physical Rings
80.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 80 DWDM Mesh Benefits 2° ROADM Capacity Increase, Efficient Fiber Usage, Increased Availability Physical RingsPhysical RingsPhysical Rings OEO ring interconnect Ring-Based Architecture Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects Single choice for service path & protect path
81.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 81 DWDM Mesh Benefits 2° ROADM Mesh Architecture A–Z provisioning—data follows fiber topology more efficient use of fiber Better load balancing increases capacity Shorter distance = less regeneration Eliminate transponders More options for service & protect paths 4 Transponders Eliminated Capacity Increase, Efficient Fiber Usage, Increased Availability Physical RingsPhysical RingsPhysical Rings OEO ring interconnect 2° -8° ROADM Ring-Based Architecture Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects Single choice for service path & protect path
82.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 82 Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner
83.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 83 Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant
84.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 84 Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated optical layer for end- to-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at end- points only Automated provisioning of all parameters Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant
85.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 85 Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated optical layer for end- to-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at end- points only Automated provisioning of all parameters CTM learns everything from the network and stays in sync Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner Simplified, graphical A-Z provisioning & trouble shooting via CTM Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant
86.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 86 Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle: Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP Automated optical layer for end- to-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at end- points only Automated provisioning of all parameters CTM learns everything from the network and stays in sync Automated DWDM Processes: simplified, SONET-like operation Result: Reduces OpEx, facilitates wide deployment Easy planning with Cisco MetroPlanner Simplified, graphical A-Z provisioning & trouble shooting via CTM Easy design changes based on actual fiber plant Automated end-to- end setup
87.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 87 Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality
88.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 88 Cisco Vision: Flexible and Intelligent Optical Network Individual Products Technology Solutions Business Solutions Traditional Vendors Cisco Optical Inflexible • Preplanning • Rigid configurations • Limited application support • No linkage with service delivery/enables Difficult to Manage Flexible • ROADM: Fully flexible design rules • ROADM: Any wavelength anywhere • Wide variety of applications • Integrated TDM / Layer2 functionalities + Direct interconnection with L2 / L3 Intelligent Software Enables Automated Network Set-Up and Management Along Network Life
89.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 89 Cisco IP NGN Transport Network Innovation– Investment Protection Multiservice Transport Platform MSPP Introduction: SONET/SDH + Ethernet (EoS) Multiservice Provisioning Platform Multiservice Provisioning Platform Intelligent DWDM: Consolidating MSPP and DWDM Functionality onto a Single Platform Reconfigurable Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) ROADM Solution IP over DWDM Efficient Core Transport: Integrated Intelligent DWDM and Core Routing Solution: SW Management and Tunable ITU Optics on CRS-1 CRS-1 Mesh ROADM, Ethernet-Enabled DWDM Cisco IP NGN: Optical Vision Operationalize, Packetize and Deliver Connected Life Experiences Multiservice Transport Platform ONS 15454 SONET and SDH ONS 15454 SONET and SDH Multiservice Transport Platform ONS 15454 SONET and SDH ONS 15454 SONET and SDH Multiservice Transport Platform ONS 15454 MSTP SONET and SDHMesh ROADM (WXC) XPonder 2-Degree ROADM: Industry-Leading ROADM Technology Drives Deployable Wavelength Services into the Metro Over 75,000 Deployed MSPP-on- a-blade
90.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 90 Metro Edge 2.5G Ring ONS 15454 MSTP 2.5G Ring CTM GateWays CTM Server (Solaris 10) CTM Clients (Solaris 10, Windows 2000/XP and Qualified X- Terminals) Data Communications Network (DCN) NOCNOC Metro Core Ring 10G ONS 15600 ONS 15600 ONS 15454 SDH ONS 15327 Compatible to Existing Management System (CTM) Repository (Oracle 9i) Repository (Oracle 9i) Higher Layer OSSs ONS 15454 SDH ONS 15305 ONS 15305 ONS 15310 MA ONS 15454 ONS 15302 CRS-1 XR 12000 Catalyst 7609 ONS 15305 MGX Voice Gateway ONS 15305 ONS 15302 ONS 15305 ONS 15305
91.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 91 Summary
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© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 92 Summary Introduction on terminology Optical Propagation Attenuation and Compensation Chromatic PMD Non-Linearity Fiber types Basic span design DWDM System/ROADM ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality
93.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 93 Q and A
94.
© 2007 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 94
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