biochemistry enzyme DNA RNA metabolism

1. Biochemistry
Presented by: Claire Gui

2. What is biochemistry?
• the branch of science that explores the chemical processes
within and related to living organisms
• a laboratory based science that brings together biology and
chemistry
• understand and solve biological problems

4. RNA
RNA is a polymer of
ribonucleotides linked together
by 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage
It is an important molecule with
long chains of nucleotides.
A nucleotide contains a
nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar,
and a phosphate.

5. Types of RNA
In all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, three main classes
of RNA molecules exist-
1) Messenger RNA(m RNA)
2) Transfer RNA (t RNA)
3) Ribosomal RNA (r RNA)
The other are –
small nuclear RNA (SnRNA),
micro RNA(mi RNA) and
small interfering RNA(Si RNA)
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).

6. DNA
• polymer of deoxyribo nucleotides
• found in chromosomes, mitochondria and
chloroplasts
• carries the genetic information

7. The primary structure of
DNA is the sequence
5’ end
3’ end
5’
3’
Phosphodiester
linkage
7Biochemistry for Medics

8. Function of DNA
• DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes
in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in
prokaryotes.
• The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up
its genome; the human genome has
approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA
arranged into 46 chromosomes.
• The information carried by DNA is held in
the sequence of pieces of DNA called
genes.

9. Protein
• are large biomolecules, or
macromolecules, consisting of one or
more long chains of amino acid residues
• perform a vast array of functions within
living organisms, including catalysing
metabolic reactions, DNA replication,
responding to stimuli, and transporting
molecules from one location to another.
• dictated by the nucleotide sequence of
their genes, and which usually results in
protein folding into a specific three-
dimensional structure that determines its
activity.

10. Chemical structure
• Chemical structure of the peptide bond
and the three-dimensional structure of a
peptide bond between an alanine and an
adjacent amino acid
• Most proteins consist of linear
polymers built from series of up to 20
different -amino acids.
• All proteinogenic amino acids possess
common structural features, including
an α-carbon to which an amino group, a
carboxyl group, and a variable side
chain are bonded.

11. Enzyme
• Enzymes are biological
molecules (proteins) that act as
catalysts and help complex
reactions occur everywhere in
life.
• The molecules at the beginning
of the process are called
substrates and the enzyme
converts these into different
molecules, called products.

12. Enzyme Activity
• Enzyme activity initially increases with temperature (Q10
coefficient) until the enzyme's structure unfolds (denaturation),
leading to an optimal rate of reaction at an intermediate
temperature.

13. Metabolic Reaction
• metabolism
• the sum of all chemical reactions
that occur in living organisms,
• the set of reactions within the
cells is called intermediary
metabolism or intermediate
metabolism.

14. Keybiochemical
• amino acids
• lipids
• carbohydrates
• nucleotides
• coenzymes
• minerals and cofactors