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Media Studies NEWS
1. Paper 1 SECTION A NEWS (Press and
On-Line Media)
Media Language, Representation,
Institutions, Audiences
PLUS
Social, Cultural, Economic, Political and
historical contexts
AND
Academic ideas and Augments (theorists)
2. With the person next to you:
1. Discuss a news story you have heard about
recently. How did you hear about it?
2. Mind-map all the ways you can access news.
STARTER
3.
4. Paper 1 Media Messages
• SECTION A – Newspapers Print & on-line
• 3 x 10 mark questions
• 1 x 15 mark question
• = 45 marks
• SECTION B
• Advertising & Marketing
• Music Videos
• Magazine The Big Issue
5. Paper 2 EVLOVING MEDIA
• SECTION A – Radio / Video Games / Film
Jungle Book
• 30 marks
• SECTION B
• Long Form TV Drama
• 40 marks
6.
7. Overview
There are many news formats and several ways we can
access news content today. For your study into news and
online media (for component/paper 1, section A) you are
required to focus on:
National newspapers and their online presence.
You need to develop two in-depth studies:
The Daily Mail
The Guardian
• Their newspapers
• Their websites and social media feeds
(you will analyse examples of these from the
same day in order to compare them)
10. • Write down three things
you already know about
the newspaper industry.
The newspaper industry
11. THE Newspaper Industry
Production
All activities involved in making the product
Distribution
Link between producer and audience. The
release, marketing and promotion of the
product.
Consumption/Exchange
The point at which the audience
consumes/interacts with the news product.
Key terms:
Circulation –
number of copies
distributed.
Readership –
number of readers
(one distributed copy
may be read by more
than one person)
13. Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
Relation aller Fürnemmen und
gedenckwürdigen Historien
(German newspaper published
in Strasbourg)
World's first weekly
newspaper 1605
14. Newspapers have been around since the17th century
Relation aller Fürnemmen und
gedenckwürdigen Historien
(German newspaper published
in Strasbourg)
World's first weekly
newspaper 1605
First UK newspaper - The
London Gazette was first
published as The Oxford
Gazette in 1665
(This is a front page from 1666 reporting on the
Great Fire of London)
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
15. Newspapers have been around since the17th century
First UK newspaper - The
London Gazette was first
published as The Oxford
Gazette in 1665
(This is a front page from 1666 reporting on the
Great Fire of London)
World first daily
newspaper 1702
(London based)
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
Relation aller Fürnemmen und
gedenckwürdigen Historien
(German newspaper published
in Strasbourg)
World's first weekly
newspaper 1605
16. Newspapers have been around since the17th century
Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio-visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
17. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio-visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
18. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio-visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
What do these
images represent?
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
19. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
Marconi invents radio late 1890’s/early
1900s. BBC Radio began in 1922.
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
20. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio-visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
Marconi invents radio late 1890’s/early
1900s. BBC Radio began in 1922.
What do these
images
represent?
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
21. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio-visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
Marconi invents radio late 1890’s/early
1900s. BBC Radio began in 1922.
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
First TV programmes
broadcast in 1936. Colour
arrives in 1967.
22. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
Marconi invents radio late 1890’s/early
1900s. BBC Radio began in 1922.
First TV programmes
broadcast in 1936. Colour
arrives in 1967.
What impact did this have on newspapers? What did it mean for audiences?
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
25. The black line
represents
the total of all
newspapers
combined
(divided by 3
to fit on the
graph).
One of the ways newspapers responded to the
challenges of broadcast media was to broaden
out their content into more features and
background – circulation figures only declined
slightly during this time.
26. The black line
represents
the total of all
newspapers
combined
(divided by 3
to fit on the
graph).
One of the ways newspapers responded to the
challenges of broadcast media was to broaden
out their content into more features and
background – circulation figures only declined
slightly during this time.
It isn’t until the late
1990s/early 2000s that
total newspaper
circulation figures really
start to decline. What
was happening at this
time?
27. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio-visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
Since the invention of the World Wide Web by Sir Tim Berners Lee in 1991 new
forms of communication have emerged which have provided threats and
opportunities for newspapers.
28. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio-visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
Since the invention of the World Wide Web by Sir Tim Berners Lee in 1991 new
forms of communication have emerged which have provided threats and
opportunities for newspapers.
The newspaper industry is largely in decline in terms of print circulation.
Newspapers have had to adapt and move online to remain relevant and survive in
an increasingly digitally convergent culture.
29. Until the 20th century (and the introduction of audio-visual broadcasting)
newspapers were the primary means of bringing news to the public.
Newspapers have been around since the17th century
THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY
Since the invention of the World Wide Web by Sir Tim Berners Lee in 1991 new
forms of communication have emerged which have provided threats and
opportunities for newspapers.
The newspaper industry is largely in decline in terms of print circulation.
Newspapers have had to adapt and move online to remain relevant and survive in
an increasingly digitally convergent culture.
(Reuters Digital News
Report 2017)
30. UK Newspaper market
• the broadsheets
large pages and long stories, text led, often
described as ‘quality’ newspapers
• the mid-market tabloids
smaller pages, shorter stories, more images
(The description 'middle market' refers to the target
readership of these newspapers, which is somewhere
between the 'red tops' and the 'broadsheets')
• the red top tabloids
image led, more celebrity gossip and scandal
From the 1970s onwards, the UK newspaper market has
been divided into three distinct sectors:
Tabloids are
sometimes
referred to as the
popular press
owing to their
mass appeal and
style/content.
31. * Online only
Red tops BroadsheetsMid-market
UK NEWSPAPER MARKET
Which newspapers would come under each
category?
35. Research Task:
Research the circulation and readership of
many of the national newspapers as well as
their online content.
Print and complete this table for each of the
newspapers listed.
You will each be allocated some newspapers
to research and will then share findings with
others in the class to collate information for
all newspapers listed.
UK NEWSPAPER MARKET -
circulation
Which newspapers do you think have the highest circulation? Top 3?
TASK 2 of 2Use the websites to find out the info
36. TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING
• TASK - In pairs, produce three questions about the newspaper industry
to quiz your classmates on. Go back through the slides to help you do
this.
• Ongoing independent learning - revision idea:
• Create your own 12 question Kahoot quiz on the newspaper industry
to test yourself on closer to the exam.
37.
38. Discuss with the person next to you:
What are the differences between broadsheets
and tabloids?
2 minutes.
Paper 1 media messages
section a – Newspapers print & on-line
(Media language, Representation, Industry and
Audiences + Theorists)
Starter ACTIVITY
39. Compare today’s newspapers’ front
pages. How do the tabloids differ to
the broadsheets?
• https://www.thepaperboy.com/uk/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs/the_papers
42. Have you completed this?
Newspaper
Print
circulation
(daily)
Unique
browsers
(website -
daily)
Print
Readership
(Daily)
Desktop
(PC)
Readership
(Daily)
Mobile /
Tablet
Readership
(Daily)
Total brand
reach
(Daily)
Facebook page likes/
Twitter followers/
Instagramfollowers
Print reader
demographics
(15-34 %, 35+
%, ABC1 %)
Online
demographics
(15-34 %, 35+
%, ABC1 %)
NEWSANDONLINEMEDIA-CirculationandReadershipof National Newspapers
Circulationand unique browsers: go to https:/ / www.abc.org.uk/ and use the searchbar to look up eachnewspaper/ website (view certificates).
Readership and total brand reach: go to https:/ / pamco.co.uk/ and searchfor eachnewspaper using the drop downmenus.
Audience demographics: go to https:/ / www.newsworks.org.uk/ Titles-at-a-glance. Once completed, highlight the highest number in each column.
43. Broadsheet
Tabloid
Berliner
e.g.
The Daily
Telegraph
e.g.
The Sun
The
Guardian
(2005-2018)
They were the only
UK newspaper to use
this format but have
now moved to a
tabloid format.
The terms broadsheet and tabloid originally referred to the
size and format of the newspaper, however, nowadays the
terms are generally used to refer to the newspaper’s content
and style and are different genres of newspaper.
Interesting history of the
term tabloid.
44. Tabloid v Broadsheet
Assumption that ‘tabloid’ implies frivolous,
sensationalist and dumbed down stories.
Broadsheets imply serious, intelligent, upmarket stories,
aimed at middle class audiences.
Tabloid newspapers are sometimes pejoratively called
the gutter press.
Recently, some broadsheet papers, e.g. The Guardian
and The Times, have changed to tabloid size editions -
although still much thicker than the traditional tabloids.
However they are still known as broadsheets in terms of
genre because of their ___?___ and __?__.
45. Tabloid v Broadsheet
Assumption that ‘tabloid’ implies frivolous,
sensationalist and dumbed down stories.
Broadsheets imply serious, intelligent, upmarket stories,
aimed at middle class audiences.
Tabloid newspapers are sometimes pejoratively called
the gutter press.
Recently, some broadsheet papers, e.g. The Guardian
and The Times, have changed to tabloid size editions -
although still much thicker than the traditional tabloids.
However they are still known as broadsheets in terms of
genre because of their content and style
55. The Daily Mail as a
mid-market tabloid,
lies between the
quality press and red
top tabloids:
56. The next task gets you to
test your knowledge of
newspaper genre
conventions but also to
use accurate terminology
to describe the different
features of a newspaper
front cover.
58. Newspaper Conventions Task:
1. Choose a broadsheet (but not The
Guardian) and find an image of one
of their recent front covers. Insert
this into a document – title it
‘Newspapers’.
2. Label it with conventional features
of a broadsheet newspaper. (The
Guardian terminology pdf in the resources
folder on Moodle will help you with some
of the terms on the right.)
3. Now do the same for a tabloid
(but not The Daily Mail).
Masthead
Standfirst
Banner headline
Large headline, fits width of page
Skyline
Anchorage
Caption
Byline
Headline
Serif / Sans-serif font
59. ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
Broadsheet newspapers online tend to all follow a similar format that
reflects the connotations of objectivity and seriousness of their print
newspapers.
Research Task:
1. Go to 3 different broadsheet
newspaper home pages – identify 3
things they have in common with
each other.
2. Do they look similar to the print
versions of the newspaper? What
are the differences?
Access BBC The Papers
And click right hand side
for on-line versions
60. ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
Broadsheet newspapers online tend to follow a similar format that
reflect the connotations of objectivity and seriousness of their
print newspapers.
• Home page filled with headlines, hard news stories towards the top.
• Same masthead as print format tends to be used.
• Most typography is serif
• Balance between writing and photographs/imagery
However, online newspaper home pages do contain more hybrid
features:
• More extensive use of colour
• Opinion, lifestyle and sports features appear on the home page
• Some use of sans-serif fonts
61. ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
Tabloid newspapers online also mirror some conventions of
their print versions online and hybridise others:
Research Task:
1. Go to three different tabloid newspaper
home pages – how do they differ from
the broadsheet home pages?
2. identify three things the tabloid home
pages have in common with each other.
3. Do they look similar to the print versions
of the newspaper? What are the
differences?
Access BBC The Papers
And click right hand side
for on-line versions
62. ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
Tabloid newspapers online also mirror some conventions of
their print versions online and hybridise others:
Hybridised features:
• Little use of banner headlines,
instead, a large number of
headlines are offered.
• Most headlines are not
capitalised (except The Sun)
• Home page less dominated by
photography/images than the
print front page.
• May feature headlines that
would not make it on front page
of print version (e.g. some hard
news stories)
Features that follow print
conventions:
• Lifestyle, ‘showbiz’ and human
interest stories feature
prominently towards the top of
the home pages.
• Sans-serif fonts.
• Use of saturated colour, especially
red.
• Photography dominates.
• Language is more informal.
• Some use the same masthead as
print version.
63. Task:
1. Take a screen grab of a broadsheet newspaper website
home page. Insert it into your document. Annotate it with
points about conventional and hybridised features of a
broadsheet newspaper website (use your notes and
previous slides).
2. Take a screen grab of a tabloid newspaper website home
page. Insert it into your document. Annotate it with points
about conventional and hybridised features of a tabloid
newspaper website (use your notes and previous slides).
3. Extension task – write a summary of the differences in layout and
content of the print and online versions of the newspapers you
have researched. Consider the reasons for this.
ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
65. Set product Case Studies
• Start your case studies into The Guardian and The Daily Mail by
exploring recent print newspaper front covers and website
home pages in terms of genre conventions.
For each newspaper:
1. In what ways do their print newspaper front pages follow, or
differ from, genre conventions? What does this communicate
about their brand? Annotate a front cover to demonstrate
what you have found.
2. Do their website home pages reflect the print editions. What
are the similarities and differences? Why are there
differences?
3. In what ways do their website home pages follow the generic
features of online newspapers? Annotate screen grabs of their
websites to demonstrate what you have found.
68. YESTERDAY Have you
completed this?
Newspaper
Print
circulation
(daily)
Unique
browsers
(website -
daily)
Print
Readership
(Daily)
Desktop
(PC)
Readership
(Daily)
Mobile /
Tablet
Readership
(Daily)
Total brand
reach
(Daily)
Facebook page likes/
Twitter followers/
Instagramfollowers
Print reader
demographics
(15-34 %, 35+
%, ABC1 %)
Online
demographics
(15-34 %, 35+
%, ABC1 %)
NEWSANDONLINEMEDIA-CirculationandReadershipof National Newspapers
Circulationand unique browsers: go to https:/ / www.abc.org.uk/ and use the searchbar to look up eachnewspaper/ website (view certificates).
Readership and total brand reach: go to https:/ / pamco.co.uk/ and searchfor eachnewspaper using the drop downmenus.
Audience demographics: go to https:/ / www.newsworks.org.uk/ Titles-at-a-glance. Once completed, highlight the highest number in each column.
70. YESTERDAY
1: Terminology on a broadsheet (not
Guardian) and a Tabloid (not Mail)
2: 3 Broadsheet On-line – similarities
3: 3 Tabloid On-Line similarities
4: Similarities to their paper versions?
COMPLETE AS HOMEWORK
71. Newspaper Conventions Task:
1. Choose a broadsheet (but not The
Guardian) and find an image of one
of their recent front covers. Insert
this into a document – title it
‘Newspapers’.
2. Label it with conventional features
of a broadsheet newspaper. (The
Guardian terminology pdf in the resources
folder on Moodle will help you with some
of the terms on the right.)
3. Now do the same for a tabloid
(but not The Daily Mail).
Masthead
Standfirst
Banner headline
Large headline, fits width of page
Skyline
Anchorage
Caption
Byline
Headline
Serif / Sans-serif font
YESTERDAY
72. ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
Broadsheet newspapers online tend to all follow a similar format that
reflects the connotations of objectivity and seriousness of their print
newspapers.
Research Task:
1. Go to 3 different broadsheet
newspaper home pages – identify 3
things they have in common with
each other.
2. Do they look similar to the print
versions of the newspaper? What
are the differences?
Access BBC The Papers
And click right hand side
for on-line versions
YESTERDAY
73. ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
Tabloid newspapers online also mirror some conventions of
their print versions online and hybridise others:
Research Task:
1. Go to three different tabloid newspaper
home pages – how do they differ from
the broadsheet home pages?
2. identify three things the tabloid home
pages have in common with each other.
3. Do they look similar to the print versions
of the newspaper? What are the
differences?
Access BBC The Papers
And click right hand side
for on-line versions
YESTERDAY
74. ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
Broadsheet newspapers online tend to follow a similar format that
reflect the connotations of objectivity and seriousness of their
print newspapers.
• Home page filled with headlines, hard news stories towards the top.
• Same masthead as print format tends to be used.
• Most typography is serif
• Balance between writing and photographs/imagery
However, online newspaper home pages do contain more hybrid
features:
• More extensive use of colour
• Opinion, lifestyle and sports features appear on the home page
• Some use of sans-serif fonts
75. ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC
CONVENTIONS
Tabloid newspapers online also mirror some conventions of
their print versions online and hybridise others:
Hybridised features:
• Little use of banner headlines,
instead, a large number of
headlines are offered.
• Most headlines are not
capitalised (except The Sun)
• Home page less dominated by
photography/images than the
print front page.
• May feature headlines that
would not make it on front page
of print version (e.g. some hard
news stories)
Features that follow print
conventions:
• Lifestyle, ‘showbiz’ and human
interest stories feature
prominently towards the top of
the home pages.
• Sans-serif fonts.
• Use of saturated colour, especially
red.
• Photography dominates.
• Language is more informal.
• Some use the same masthead as
print version.
76. Task:
1. Take a screen grab of a broadsheet newspaper website
home page. Insert it into your document. Annotate it with
points about conventional and hybridised features of a
broadsheet newspaper website (use your notes and
previous slides).
2. Take a screen grab of a tabloid newspaper website home
page. Insert it into your document. Annotate it with points
about conventional and hybridised features of a tabloid
newspaper website (use your notes and previous slides).
3. Extension task – write a summary of the differences in layout and
content of the print and online versions of the newspapers you
have researched. Consider the reasons for this.
ONLINE NEWSPAPER GENERIC CONVENTIONS
78. STARTER ACTIVITY
Working with the person next to you, come up with a list of
ways (at least three) in which newspaper front pages are
constructed to appeal to audiences.
79. front cover conventions
• Newspaper front pages have evolved over centuries, and, as we
know, in doing so have developed a series of conventions [ways of
doing things] that have created a format that can be applied to
their daily construction.
• As with most elements of any media product, they have evolved in
this way in order to be profitable, e.g. both broadsheets and
tabloids are constructed to:
attract readers (both casual reader and loyal regular readers)
reinforce the newspaper’s identity through easily recognisable
style features (this is used to sustain their readership who
identify with the newspapers way of covering the news and its
values – serious; sensational; humorous; political)
demonstrate the newspaper’s values and stance towards the
news of the day (through headline, language, selection of
photos, etc.)
that this particular edition contains stories, features, exclusives
or coverage of major stories that eclipse other newspapers
80. HOW IS THE FRONT PAGE
DESIGNED TO ATTRACT POTENTIAL
READERS? EXAMPLE 1
81. HOW IS THE FRONT PAGE
DESIGNED TO ATTRACT POTENTIAL
READERS? EXAMPLE 2
82. HOW IS THE FRONT PAGE
DESIGNED TO ATTRACT POTENTIAL
READERS? EXAMPLE 3
X
83. Brand identity
Each news institution attempts to brand itself with its
audience. For newspaper this is all about their layout, their
contents, their values (which their readers are encouraged
to share).
This is reflected in their masthead design and titles.
84. Brand identity - MASTHEADS
What do these mastheads ‘say’ about the newspaper? Consider
font, colour, and graphics.
85. In what ways has The Guardian
masthead changed over the past
fifty years?
What effect does the use of an
italicised ‘the’ have?
Why move from a capital letter ‘G’
to the lower case ‘g’
Why move from sans serif font to
serif?
Why do you think they chose to
make these changes?
What audience does the masthead
make you believe the newspaper is
aimed at?
Do you think the masthead is
successful in targeting that
audience?
86. In what ways has The Daily
Mirror masthead changed over
the past fifty years?
Why do you think they have
made these changes?
What audience does the
masthead make you believe
the newspaper is aimed at?
How successful do you think
the masthead is in targeting
that audience?
87. Brand associations
• Taken from Reuters Digital News Report 2017
https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Digital%20News%20Report%202017%20web_0.pdf
Audiences will associate different attributes with
different newspaper and online news brands, e.g.
Newspaper slogans are part of establishing a strong brand…
88. Match the slogan to the
newspaper
Britain’s best selling quality daily
Britain’s most trusted national newspaper
Quality, concise - the future of independent
journalism
The World’s greatest newspaper
Fighting for you
World business newspaper
For a greater Britain
Proud to support our forces
89. Match the slogan to the newspaper
Britain’s best selling quality daily
Britain’s most trusted national newspaper
Quality, concise - the future of independent
journalism
The World’s greatest newspaper
Fighting for you
World business newspaper
For a greater Britain
Proud to support our forces
What do the slogans
suggest about the
newspaper?
S&C - and the
ideology they support
90. Academic Ideas -
genre
Stephen Neale: Genre
Media texts rely upon genres that use a
combination of ‘repetition and difference’ to
construct meaning.
Neale argues that genre is a process
by which generic codes and
conventions are shared by producers
and audiences through repetition in
media products.
This means that genres are not fixed,
but constantly evolve with each new
addition to the generic corpus (the
body of products in a genre), often
playing with genre codes and
conventions or becoming hybrids with
other genres.
91. Academic Ideas -
genre
Stephen Neale: Genre
Media texts rely upon
‘repetition and difference’
Using recognised
codes and
conventions to meet
audience
expectations.
...but with subtle
variations to
maintain
interest.
To put it
simply:
Is it useful to consider newspapers in
relation to Neale's ideas?
92. Academic Ideas About genre
Stephen Neale: Genre
Media texts rely upon genres that use a combination of
‘repetition and difference’ to construct meaning.
Can you understand newspapers in relation to Neale's
ideas?
Using recognised
codes and
conventions to meet
audience
expectations.
...but with subtle
variations to maintain
interest.
In
other
words:
96. How is the front page designed to
attract potential readers?
Now its your turn. For today’s front pages of The Guardian
and The Daily Mail, analyse how they are trying to attract
an audience (Add these to your case studies):
Step 1: Define who potential readers might be by analysing
the main features of the front page.
Step 2: Analyse how the forms used on the front page
(denotations, connotations) target these potential
readers.
15 mins
97. Set product Case Studies
• Start your case studies into The Guardian and The Daily Mail by
exploring recent print newspaper front covers and website
home pages in terms of genre conventions.
For each newspaper:
1. In what ways do their print newspaper front pages follow, or
differ from, genre conventions? What does this communicate
about their brand? Annotate a front cover to demonstrate
what you have found.
2. Do their website home pages reflect the print editions. What
are the similarities and differences? Why are there
differences?
3. In what ways do their website home pages follow the generic
features of online newspapers? Annotate screen grabs of their
websites to demonstrate what you have found.
103. News values
Different newspapers and, in particular, tabloids and
broadsheets, employ different criteria to determine what is
newsworthy.
What are news values?
• News values are general guidelines or criteria used by
media outlets, such as newspapers or broadcast media, to
determine how much prominence to give to a story. (Taken from
www.owenspencer-thomas.com)
News organisations tend to share a general set of news values
(e.g. impact, timeliness, etc.) but different news organisations
have their own system of setting a news agenda: what one
newspaper will put on the front page is not necessarily what
another paper will put on the front page.
For more detail on news values go to owenspencer-thomas.com or MediaKnowall.
104. News values Activity
Work in pairs.
You will be allocated a newspaper to focus on.
Spend no more than 5 minutes looking at their front
covers/lead stories, and what was deemed most
newsworthy.
Write a list of news values that you think describe
what makes something newsworthy according to that
particular newspaper.
What are they assuming about their audience?
105. Useful term - gatekeepers
• A news editor, who is limited by time and space, cannot report
everything. They must be selective. Because they are in competition with
other news outlets, they highlight only those stories they consider to be of
greatest interest. They act as “gatekeepers” for their audience.
107. Political bias
The motives and agendas of newspaper
owners and editors, and how they try to
influence our understanding of certain events,
is important when analysing how newspapers
tell stories.
You need to consider the ideologies that they
reinforce as part of this.
Unlike news broadcasting, newspapers do not have to be impartial – they
are allowed to show their political bias (freedom of the press).
108. The choice of story clearly shows
certain news values/ideological focus
are favoured.
However, the choice of images and
words can help exaggerate these values
to help sell the newspaper.
1
2
3
4
109. Political bias
Newspapers will attempt to influence how the public
vote in elections, with certain newspapers openly
backing specific political parties.
From the following newspaper front covers, can
you identify the newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
111. Election Day front covers
Can you identify the
newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
What tells you this?
112. Election Day front covers
Can you identify the
newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
What tells you this?
113. Election Day front covers
Can you identify the
newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
What tells you this?
114. Election Day front covers
Can you identify the
newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
What tells you this?
115. Election Day front covers
Can you identify the
newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
What tells you this?
116. Election Day front covers
Can you identify the
newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
What tells you this?
117. Election Day front covers
Can you identify the
newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
What tells you this?
118. Election Day front covers
Can you identify the
newspaper’s political
stance/affiliation?
What tells you this?
119. Politically left of centre Politically right of centre
The Daily Mirror The Times
The Guardian The Sun
The Independent The Telegraph
The Daily Mail
The Daily Express
POLITICAL Affiliations
How did you do?
123. Centre
LEFT AND RIGHT WING
‘The Left’ is associated with ‘Liberalism’
(L) - ‘Socialism’ (L+) and ‘Communism’
(L++). This means that people who
represent this party - Labour’s
Members of Parliament (MPs) - and
those who vote Labour share a set of
values and ideology that tend to be
more liberal. People who vote Labour
are sometimes referred to as being
more ‘Left Wing’. Communism would
be an extreme left position.
‘The Right’ is associated with
‘Conservatism’ (R) and ‘Nationalism’
(R+). This means that people who
represent this party - The Conservative
Party’s Members of Parliament (MPs) -
and those who vote Conservative share a
set of values and ideology that tend to
be more conservative. People who vote
Conservative are sometimes referred to
as being more ‘Right Wing’. Nationalism
(BNP) would be an extreme right
position.
126. AND FINALLY
What are news values?
What is a gatekeeper and what is their role?
What political ideology do The Sun The Times have?
What political ideology do The Mirror and The Guardian have?
Why do people buy / are loyal to one newspaper?
127. It is fairly easy on election day
front covers to spot political
affiliations and bias, especially
where there is a focus on
party leaders, however, much
of the time it operates more
subtly and you have to
analyse in more detail and
consider ideology to reveal it.
Can you identify political bias
in this front cover?
128. ‘turned its back on social
housing’ shows support of the
principle of social housing and
supporting the poorest in
society – these can be seen as
more left wing views.
‘We need change’ -depending
on the reading of this text, it
could be interpreted as a change
in government. It is pushing for
a move away from capitalist,
profit led society which it is
critical of (using the term
‘diabolical’) towards one that is
more people centred.
It is using language that is
uniting, as if it is the voice of the
British people as a whole and
everyone takes the same view –
‘We need answers. We need
change’
130. What about this one?
Is this language
positive or negative
about what Corbyn
(Labour Leader) is
proposing?
This paper has chosen
not to make any direct
reference to, or
criticism of,
government in the
headline or standfirst.
132. Another one to
analyse.
The Mayor is
highlighted as
the focus of
the anger.
The Mayor is
a member of
the Labour
party.
Conservative
Prime Minister
Teresa May is
represented as
taking action.
Also highlighted
as the focus of
anger is Jon
Snow and
Channel 4 news .
133. POLITICAL BIAS
• Are there any issues with newspapers being politically
biased?
• Consider the pros and cons.
135. POLITICAL BIAS
• What do you think determines the political stance a
paper takes?
READERSHIP – responding to interests and
values of their audience?
BRANDING – having a strong identity.
Communicating a style and particular values in
order to stand out and appeal to a target
audience?
OWNERSHIP – economic/political motivations?
136. AND FINALLY
What are news values?
What is a gatekeeper and what is their role?
What political ideology do The Sun The Times have?
What political ideology do The Mirror and The Guardian have?
Why do people buy / are loyal to one newspaper?
137. You are the editor
HOMEWORK FOR MONDAY 4th Feb
You will be allocated a particular newspaper and must adhere to their
news values and conventions in deciding the content and style of the
front page. (images, headlines, cover lines and editorial/copy)
A range of reports have come in (see below). Plan the front page.
• Soap star from most popular Scottish soap caught having an affair
• Boris Johnson calls PMs idea crazy
• Economics experts claim we are on brink of another recession
• Kim Kardashian has a new pair of shoes
• David Beckham launches men’s mental health campaign
• Trump pulls US out of Iranian Nuclear deal
138. Narrative
• This media concept of ‘narrative’ can be applied to our
analysis of news.
• Although you may normally associate narrative with
fictional texts - such as films and television drama - it
can also be applied to other media genres, even non-
fiction products such as news and documentary
programmes.
• Using the concept of narrative as a tool of analysis
allows us to gain further insight into how news is
constructed and how an audience might be
‘positioned’ to view the news – how the events of a
news story and the actions of individuals are
represented to audiences. By applying our narrative
theories, news can be seen for what it is for most of the
audience - an unfolding drama.
139.
140.
141. You are the editor
HOMEWORK FOR MONDAY 4th Feb
You will be allocated a particular newspaper and must adhere to their
news values and conventions in deciding the content and style of the
front page. (images, headlines, cover lines and editorial/copy)
A range of reports have come in (see below). Plan the front page.
• Soap star from most popular Scottish soap caught having an affair
• Boris Johnson calls PMs idea crazy
• Economics experts claim we are on brink of another recession
• Kim Kardashian has a new pair of shoes
• David Beckham launches men’s mental health campaign
• Trump pulls US out of Iranian Nuclear deal
143. Terms you could/should use
• Political stance/ideology (left wing, right wing, liberal)
• Nationalism, Sexism, internationalism, patriarchy,
ethnocentrism (xenophobia)
• News Values
• Formal/informal register / mode of address
• Serif/sans serif fonts
• Print terminology – masthead, skyline, by-line, stand
first, headline, copy, columns, image, Anchorage
• etc
• Story
• Semiotics / connotations
144. Peer Assess
1. What newspaper are they an editor for?
2. What do we know about that newspaper?
3. What are their news values?
4. What is their political stance/ideology?
5. Who is the newspaper’s target audience? (age, socio-economic
demographic/status)
6. Have they chosen stories that match/suit the newspaper's
values?
7. Have they adopted appropriate language? (Headlines, stand
first etc)
8. Have they laid the front page out in the style /house style?
9. What was good about their front page?
10. How could they have improved it?
145. Narrative
• This media concept of ‘narrative’ can be applied to our
analysis of news.
• Although you may normally associate narrative with fictional
texts - such as films and television drama - it can also be
applied to other media genres, even non-fiction products
such as news and documentary programmes.
• Using the concept of narrative as a tool of analysis allows us
to gain further insight into how news is constructed and how
an audience might be ‘positioned’ to view the news – how
the events of a news story and the actions of individuals are
represented to audiences. By applying our narrative theories,
news can be seen for what it is for most of the audience - an
unfolding drama.
148. Narrative
• Todorov’s narrative theory (5 stages)
• Resolved – it finishes – happily ever after etc
• Unresolved – the narrative does not resolve or come to an
expected conclusion
• Back story
• Parallel narratives – several other stories that are happening at
the same time
• Roland Barthes (5 paradigms)
• Narrative types: Linear, episodic, circular
• Restricted Narrative: – we know as much as the characters in the
diegesis
• Omniscient narrative: we know more than the characters
• Sub plot – a story that carries on at the same time as the main
narrative
• Complex narrative/simple narrative
152. • What is suggested
of the political
views of the Daily
Mirror?
• What is suggested
of who its
readership are?
• Binary
Oppositions?
• What stage of
Todorov’s narrative
theory is this story
positioned as?
• Semiotics?
Connotations of
media language?
153. • What is suggested of the
political views of the Daily
Mirror? Left wing
• What is suggested of who its
readership are? Working class
C1C2DE
Binary Oppositions Up/Down.
Villain: British Gas boss
‘greedy’
Hero: Daily Mirror ‘Shameless’
• What stage of Todorov’s
narrative theory is this story
positioned as?
Disruption/disequilibrium
• Semiotics? Connotations of
media language? Size of
headline. Red text, facial
expression serious, shot from
side so he looks overweight
(‘fat cat’)
154.
155. • What viewpoint and
ideologies does this
front cover connote?
• Consider
• semiotics (colour, fonts,
facial expression etc)
• Language (register and
content)
• Who is/are the villian(s)?
• How is the Queen being
represented and why?
• Levi Strauss’s Binary
Oppositions?
• Narrative – Todorov’s
theory?
156. • What viewpoint and ideologies
does this front cover connote?
Royalist, republican. Traditionalist
How is the Queen being represented
and why Glamourizing/objectify
young Queen? – sexism. Patriarchal.
Traditional patriarchal views of
feminism and monarchism – fits
social conservatism.
Purple connotations or royalty
Serif font connotations historical
context
• Consider
• semiotics (colour, fonts, facial
expression etc)
• Language (register and content)
‘dazzling’ ‘like hers’
• Who is/are the villian(s)? Immigration/
Turkish/ Muslim
• Levi Strauss’s Binary Oppositions?
Good versus evil. Tradition v New peril
• Narrative – Todorov’s theory?
Disequilibrium/disruption of equilibrium
157. • How is the woman
represented?
• Consider DRCAGES
• Consider Semiotics
and Media Language
• Anchorage text
suggests what?
• What viewpoints
and ideologies are
suggested?
• Is conflict suggested
using binary
oppositions?
158. Set Products The Mail & the
GuardianRESEARCH – COMPLETE IN YOUR OWN TIME
161. • Barthes suggested that there will be one or more of
the 5 codes that descibe the meaning of a text.
• Barthes said that texts may be ‘open’ (unravelled in
a lot of different ways) or ‘closed’ (there is only one
obvious thread to pull on).
163. Hermeneutic/Enigma code
• This code refers to mystery within a text. Clues
are dropped, but no clear answers are given.
• Enigmas within the narrative make the audience
want to know more.
• Unanswered enigmas tend to frustrate the
audience.
164. Proairetic/Action code
• This code contains sequential elements of action in the text.
• Proairetic elements add suspense to the text.
165. Semantic code
• This code refers to parts within the text that
suggests or referes to additional meanings.
• Elements of the semantic code are called Semes.
• The seme has a connotative function in the text.
It has an extra layer of meaning in addition to its
literal meaning
166. Symbolic code
• This code is about symbolism within the text.
• It exercises opposites to show contrast and create
greater meaning, creating tension, drama and
character development.
• Ferdinand de Saussure’s Semiology/Semiotics:
Signifier + Signified, = sign
167. Referential code
• This code refers to anything in the text which
refers to an external body of knowlegde such as
scientific, historical and cultural knowledge.
• Reception Theory (Stuart Hall 1980) depends who
you are etc
171. Representation
You need to be able to analyse representations in newspapers and
their online counterparts. You have already considered this to some
extent as part of considering media language, values and ideologies.
In the exam, you may need to apply theories of representation.
172. Theories of representation
Stuart Hall: Stereotypes and Dominant Ideologies
Overview:
Media representations reinforce and construct stereotypes.
More detail:
https://youtu.be/HxK5CXfKSCI?t=1
Can you apply these ideas to newspaper front covers,
websites and social media posts?
173.
174. Theories of representation
David Gauntlett: Identity
Overview:
Modern media (such as social media) offers audiences the’ tools’ to
construct alternative representations that challenge traditional stereotypes.
More detail:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTRk3Y6BnqA
Can you apply these ideas to newspaper front covers, websites and social
media posts?
175.
176. Theories of representation
Liesbet Van Zoonen: Patriarchy
Overview:
Representations of gender in the media reflect a
patriarchal (male dominated) society.
More detail:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73GzwfKFqXc
Can you apply these ideas to newspaper front covers,
websites and social media posts?
177.
178. Theories of representation
Judith Butler: Gender Performativity
Overview:
Representations of gender in the media are based upon an
assumption of how men and woman should 'perform’ based
upon their sex.
More detail:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo7o2LYATDc
Can you apply these ideas to newspaper front
covers, websites and social media posts?
179.
180. Theories of representation
bell-hooks: Intersectionality
Overview:
Inequalities based upon race and class reinforce patriarchal
representations in the media.
More detail:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cywJ3GHCruk
Can you apply these ideas to newspaper front covers, websites and
social media posts?
181.
182. Theories of representation
Paul Gilroy: Post Colonialism
Overview:
Representations of race in the media reflect attitudes from the colonial era.
More detail:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzAJCoU9dLk
His ideas about 'the other' are useful when considering representations in
newspapers – do they construct a sense of us and them? Is there a process of
'othering' certain groups of people as different (e.g. exotic, dangerous, etc.)?
Can you apply these ideas to newspaper front covers, websites and social
media posts?
188. Analyse the representations in these Twitter posts:
What do these representations tell us about the viewpoints of the Daily Mail and The
Guardian?
189. The Daily Mail tweet has chosen to combine the headline for
an article on housework with an image of a woman putting
on an apron. The two elements fit together within
patriarchal ideology as they reinforce the representation of
housework as a feminine activity.
The Guardian has chosen to combine a feminist headline
about inequality with an image – which looks like a
patriarchal promotional image for an airline – showing a
woman serving a man. The two elements carry very different
representational meanings in order to raise questions about
gender inequality, so reinforcing the idea of The Guardian as
a progressive newspaper.
190. Article about the Daily Mail's representations of gay people:
https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2016/12/22/9-ridiculous-times-the-daily-mail-got-upset-about-gay-people-in-
2016/
191. Representation of Ethnicity
https://www.riztest.com/
The Riz Test is five criteria to measure how Muslims are portrayed on Film and TV.
The Test:
• If the film/show stars at least one character who is identifiably Muslim (by ethnicity,
language or clothing) - is the character…
• Talking about, the victim of, or the perpetrator of terrorism?
• Presented as irrationally angry?
• Presented as superstitious, culturally backwards or anti-modern?
• Presented as a threat to a Western way of life?
• If the character is male, is he presented as misogynistic? or if female, is she presented
as oppressed by her male counterparts?
If the answer for any of the above is Yes, then the Film/ TV Show fails the test.
192. An example of media bias
British media, in particular
tabloid newspapers such as
the Daily Mail and Daily
Express, have been found to
be biased in their coverage of
Muslims which links them
disproportionally to
extremism and terrorism.
(http://www.iengage.org.uk/archived
-news/1591-new-research-on-
representation-of-muslims-in-the-
british-press)
Read the articles on the
next slide and discuss the
following in your groups:
• How is this an example
of media bias?
• Why do you think The
Sun chose to feature
this?
• Why is this irresponsible
reporting?
193. Read more here
• Professor Steven Barnett writing in the Huffington Post - How the
Fearmongering 'Sun' Distorts Its Polls:
http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/professor-steven-barnett/the-
sun_b_8629100.html
• The Independent article - No, one in five British Muslims doesn't
support Isis:
http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/no-one-in-five-muslims-do-
not-support-isis-a6745206.html
One of the ways newspapers responded to the challenges of broadcast media was to broaden out into more features and background in order to remain relevant.
One of the ways newspapers responded to the challenges of broadcast media was to broaden out into more features and background in order to remain relevant.
One of the ways newspapers responded to the challenges of broadcast media was to broaden out into more features and background in order to remain relevant.
Students could be quickly divided into groups for this.
‘turned its back on social housing’ shows support of the principle of social housing and supporting the poorest in society – these can be seen as left wing views.
‘We need change’ depending on the reading of this text, it could be interpreted as a change in government. It is pushing for a move away from capitalist, profit led society (which it is critical of – ‘diabolical’ – towards one that is more people centred. It is using language that is uniting and as if it is the voice of the people – ‘We need answers. We need change’
