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Ancient Greece: The Cradle of Western Civilization

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Abhinand Gopal Pulijala
Abhinand Gopal Pulijala

A brief introduction & understanding of Greek architecture styles & traditions.

Education
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Date: 22 April 2016 Abhinand GopalTHE DEMOCRACY THE CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILISATION
PANTHALASSA The Greek Islands PANGEA Plate Tectonics Movement 200 mil years ago apes started descending to the land from trees, attaining upright posture and rotating the thumb
Greece: a country in the E. Mediterranean Sea made of small islands and having a long indented coastline
present day international boundaries showing countries around the Mediterranean Sea
Egypt (5000 - 300 BC) Mesopotamia (4500 - 550 BC) Indus Valley (3000 - 1300 BC)
PLACES GREECE 1.Crete 2.Athens 3.Sparta 4.Troy 5.Corinth 6.Rhodes 7.Mt Olympia A. Med. Sea B. Aegan Sea C. Sea of Crete D. Ionian Sea E. Black Sea
Archaic Greece (800- 480BC) Hellenic (480-323 BC) Hellenistic (323- 146 BC)Dark Ages of Greece Archaic Greece: lays foundations for the classical period of architecture, society & culture Hellenic Period: often referred to as the Classical Architecture Building & Classical Philosophy period of the Greeks (Socrates & Plato) Hellenistic Period: the decline of the Greek empire to the conquest of the Roman Empire unknown 1100 - 800 BC Timeline of Ancient Greece
HELLENIC PERIOD ENDS WITH THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER HELLENISTIC PERIOD BEGINS IN 323 BC, WHEN THE GREEK EMPIRE IS DIVIDED AMONGST GENERALS WITH NO APPARENT HEIR OF ALEXANDER
What is the first thing that comes to mind about Greece other than Alexander, the Great?
The Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. They were held in honour of Zeus, every 4 years from 776 BC to 394 AD, when it was abolished.
BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE, BETWEEN SPARTANS & PERSIANS
ANCIENT WONDERS OF THE WORLD
BATTLE OF TROY
AERIAL VIEW SKETCH OF TROY & IT’S FORTIFIED WALLS
development of Greek civilisation & Architecture in the Hellenic period
FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN SOCIETY & ARCHITECTURE ▸ natural factors - geography, geology, climate ▸ civilisation factors - religion, social structure, technology & history of the group, economy geography: availability of water, fertile soil & natural barriers geology: building materials & construction climate: building design & orientation, presence of fenestrations (doors, windows)
NATURAL FACTORS GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE ▸ Mediterranean climate. ▸ Unique geography of Greece develops local micro-climates. ▸ Highest Peak: Mt. Olympus ▸ Dry & hot summers - wet winters ▸ Mainly consists of the peninsula & the islands in the Aegan Sea ▸ rocky and barren, bad for agriculture. People lived along coastlines.
CIVILISATION FACTORS DEMOCRACY & RELIGION ▸ Greeks created their own gods ▸ Invented the concept of ‘DEMOCRACY’: a system of government by elected representatives of the citizens. ▸ new political system of city states, they ruled as independent nations. ▸ fast paced population growth in the city states & competition ▸ advocating political, economic & legal equality which was missing during the dark ages. ▸ slaves did exist, but they did not enjoy the same rights as citizens did.
Uranus: Father of Zeus, Gaia: Mother of Everything;
Zeus: God of Sky; Hades: god of Underworld; Poseidon: god of the Sea & horses; Athena: daughter of Zeus & Hera; Apollo: God of Truth, Music & Prophecy. Artemis: Goddess of hunt, wildlife & protection, twin sister of Apollo; Helios: Sun God; Selene: Moon God, sister of Helios; Ares: God of War, Aphrodite: Goddess of Love THE YOUNG GODS: THIRD ORDER OF HUMAN BEINGS AFTER THE TITANS & PRIMARIES
“I have set eyes on the wall of lofty Babylon on which is a road for chariots, and the statue of Zeus by the Alpheus, and the hanging gardens, and the Colossus of the Sun, and the huge labour of the high pyramids, and the vast tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, 'Lo, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on aught so grand.’ — Antipater of Sidon, Greek poet in 2nd century BC Statue of Zeus, Olympia, 435 BC by Greek sculptor Phidias
Temple of Artemis, present in modern day Seluck, Turkey, 550 BC
Colossus of Rhodes, for Sun god Helios, 290 BC
GODDESS OF VICTORY - IS PERSONIFED WITH WINGS, THE DIVINE CHARIOTEER IN THE WAR AGAINST THE TITANS a famous brand has taken her personality & attributes. the logo has been derived from her wings. guess? Goddess & Zeus on the Silver Medal of the first Olympics 1896 AD, Rear: Acropolis
World’s First Concept of Democracy & foundations to the Modern western world
AN ASSEMBLY: A SPACE FOR CONGREGATION OF IDEAS & DISCUSSIONS
TEXT
The concept of sister states to promote healthy competition
▸ started with Crete, which built the first naval empire ▸ introduced to “thalassocracy” to the world (naval supremacy) ▸ currently world’s third largest cargo fleet (6% of tonnage) ▸ their technology was highly advanced ▸ economy revolved around naval routes & trade of goods TRADERS & SEA VOYAGERS GREEK NAVAL POWERS
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS BETWEEN GREEKS & THE REST OF THE WORLD
Trade Routes of Egypt & Mesopotamia
TRADE ROUTES INDUS VALLEY TRADE ROUTE WITH PERSIA AND MESOPOTAMIA
THE ANCIENT TRADE ROUTES SERVED AS A PRECURSOR TO THE SILK ROAD Ancient trade routes laid the foundations for the Silk Road by the Han dynasty in 270 BC - 220 AD
VARIOUSDIALECTS&CULTUREPRACTICESINGREECE
GREEK SYMBOL DECEPTIONS GO PLANETS, INTERPRETATIONS & SPACE
present day math, physics & military codes
THINGS TO LEARN ABOUT THE CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILISATION ▸ The Megaron Plan evolution & the Palace of Knossos ▸ Acropolis & it’s buildings ▸ Different Orders: Architecture Elements & Proportions ▸ Doric Style: Parthenon ▸ Ionic Style: Temple of Nike & Erecthiernon ▸ Corinthian style: ▸ Optical Corrections for buildings & Proportions
REPRESENTED WITH 9 LINES REPRESENTING GODDESS MUSE, GODDESS OF ARTS, LITERATURE & SCIENCE Flag of Greece
FEATURES OF MARBLE STONE “GREEK ARCHITECTURE IS CARPENTRY IN STONE” ‣ Exactness, architecture lines can be best represented ‣ Refinement of Structure ‣ Aesthetics
TWO DIVISIONS OF HOUSE BUILDING ▸ first: single room rectangular in shape developed in main land Greece, areas around Troy ▸ second: agglomeration of asymmetrical placed rooms found mostly in Asia Minor & island of Crete
FIRE BAKED BRICKS, MORTAR, TERRACOTTA TILED ROOF & STRONG FOUNDATION
DUPLEX HOUSES EVOLVED AROUND THE COURTYARD Gynaeceum: place for women recreation Andron, place of male members of the family Positioned on lower floor Kitchen with vents
THE MEGARON PLAN: ANCIENT ARCHAIC GREECE The Megaron was the throne room, the above shows a standard Mycenaean Megaron. The entrance was the feature that helps to distinguish the Megaron. The walls were decorated with frescos & the roof was made of ceramic tiles, either flat roof or barrel vault roof was used. The Megaron's functions were many, including poetry, feasts, meetings, and worship. In the theory of architecture, the Megaron is considered to be the earliest architectural act. NaosPronaos
EVOLUTION OF PERISTYLE TEMPLE ▸ increase in number of columns ▸ attempt to achieve grand scale ▸ peristyle plan is the standard design concept for a Greek temple
Other examples of temple plans showing the modifications done to the peristyle plan
The citadel of Troy started from the Megaron plan in 2500 BC and evolved into a fortified city
Palace of KNOSSOS
Palace of Knossos 1375 BC, Crete
TEXT 4 acres/ 1.6 hectares 1 North Entrance 2 Bastion 4 ante room 5 throne room 15 gallery 10 Propylea 25 Queen’s Suite
Dialects in ancient Greece Ionic was spoken in the coastlines, while the Doric developed from Crete & Dorian Corinth from which it derives it’s name
TEXT Mt Olympus: the place of the Gods
ACROPOLIS 1782 BC BAGHDAD the elevated hill considered holy by the Greeks, was the
TEXT
GODDESS ATHENA, PATRON OF THE CITY OF ATHENS
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PROPYLEA, ENTRANCE GATEWAY TO ACROPOLIS
WESTERN ENTRANCE THROUGH PROPYLEA
Section of the Propylaea
PLAN OF PARTHENON
SECTIONS PARTHENON
STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE
TEXT
Viewing Angle of a person & the spherical aberrations a tendency for the human eye to perceive curves instead of straight lines at the distance
TYPICAL FEATURE IN GREEK DORIC COLUMNS METHOD OF ENTASIS ▸ The technique used by Greek builders: slight convexity in columns ▸ It is the slight curvature of a classical column that diminishes as it rises. ▸ In the doric column of Parthenon: 34’ feet in height & 6’3” feet in diameter at the bottom, with convexity of 3-4 inches ▸ Adopted later by the Romans
Fibonacci Series: The Golden Ratio || Universal Design Principle
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1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 45 79 ….. AN INFINITE SERIES OF NUMBERS GOLDEN RATIO 1.618 Based on the Fibonacci sequence, the golden ratio describes the relationship between 2 proportions. Fibonacci numbers follow a ratio of 1:1.618 ratio - which is referred to as the golden ratio Throughout history, the ratio of length & to width of rectangles has been considered most pleasing to the eye.
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A TYPICAL DIAGRAM SHOWING THE GREEK COLUMN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE ▸ Stylobate ▸ Column + Entablature ▸ Column: Base, Shaft, Capital ▸ Entablature: ▸ Pediment 1. Architrave 2. Frieze: Triglyph + Metope 3. Cornice
A stylobate is the top-most step of a Greek temple upon which columns are placed. While stereobate is used to describe the remaining steps of the platform beneath the stylobate and just above the levelling course. Height of the column in early Greek Temples 1/3 of the width of stylobate=
CAPITAL, SHAFT & BASE ELEMENTS IN A COLUMN
IONIC COLUMN ▸ Doric order obtained its proportion, its strength, and its beauty, from the human male. column height Entablature = = 3 x entablature 1 3/4 of the lower dia. MASCULINE FORM IN STONE
IONIC COLUMN column height Entablature = = 9 x base dia. 2 1/4 x base dia. FEMININE FORM IN STONE ▸ temple of artemis ▸ temple of nike ▸ slender columns that are taller than ionic and rest on the base
CORINTHIAN COLUMN: THE LAST PRINCIPAL ORDER NAMED AFTER THE CITY OF CORINTH ‣ It is the most ornate of the orders, characterised by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. ‣ Developed by architect Callimachus after being inspired by a basket of flowers on the grave of a young girl. ‣ The capital represents vegetation. Shaft height Entablature = = 10 x base dia. 2 1/2 x base dia.
POTTERY WORK SHOWING GYNAECEUM
COLUMNS & ASSEMBLIES DERIVATIVES OF GREEK ELEMENTS
MERGER OF THE CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE WITH BUDDHIST THOUGHT: GANDHARA SCHOOL OF ART
THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON DC, USA
OSLO TRADING CENTER, NORWAY
White House, Hyderabad A/C Marriage Hall
The Agora was a central space or square in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the centre of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.
VIEW OF ANCIENT ATHENIAN AGORA FROM ACROPOLIS
A caryatid is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Caryatid Porch of the Erechtheion, Athens, 407 BC
PRESENT DAY GREECE DECONSTRUCTIVISM IN GREECE
TEXTTHE NEW ACROPOLIS MUSEUM, ATHENS, GREECE
THE NEW ACROPOLIS MUSEUM ▸ Architect: Bernard Tschumi ▸ Client: Archaeology Dept. of Greece ▸ Built year: 2002
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY A CLEAR VISUAL OF THE ACROPOLIS
TEXT REFECTION OF THE PARTHENON
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 3
TEXT Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 CIRCULATION OF SPACES *Courtesy: ArchDaily.com
Sketches Required: The Classical Greek Civilisation 1. Map of Greece 2. Acropolis Plan understanding 3. Parthenon: Plan, Column Elevation & Optical Correction 4. Ionic, Doric, Corinthian orders Date of Submission: 1st week of June Mode of Submission: A3 sketch books Movies recommended for better visual understanding into Classical Greek Architecture & Democracies: Troy, 300 & Series, Helen of Troy: miniseries, The Greek Tragedy movies: Iphigenia, The Trojan Women & Electra, My Big Fat Greek Wedding (the house set is interesting, else someday this will become a desi movie), Clash of Titans 2010
Date: 29 April 2016 Abhinand GopalTHE MAJESTIC ROMANS BUILDINGS OF THE ROMAN CIVILISATION
COLOSSEUM OF ROME
TREVIS FOUNTAIN, ROME, ITALY
PANTHEON, ROME

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Ancient Greece: The Cradle of Western Civilization

  • 1. Date: 22 April 2016 Abhinand GopalTHE DEMOCRACY THE CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILISATION
  • 2. PANTHALASSA The Greek Islands PANGEA Plate Tectonics Movement 200 mil years ago apes started descending to the land from trees, attaining upright posture and rotating the thumb
  • 3. Greece: a country in the E. Mediterranean Sea made of small islands and having a long indented coastline
  • 4. present day international boundaries showing countries around the Mediterranean Sea
  • 5. Egypt (5000 - 300 BC) Mesopotamia (4500 - 550 BC) Indus Valley (3000 - 1300 BC)
  • 6. PLACES GREECE 1.Crete 2.Athens 3.Sparta 4.Troy 5.Corinth 6.Rhodes 7.Mt Olympia A. Med. Sea B. Aegan Sea C. Sea of Crete D. Ionian Sea E. Black Sea
  • 7. Archaic Greece (800- 480BC) Hellenic (480-323 BC) Hellenistic (323- 146 BC)Dark Ages of Greece Archaic Greece: lays foundations for the classical period of architecture, society & culture Hellenic Period: often referred to as the Classical Architecture Building & Classical Philosophy period of the Greeks (Socrates & Plato) Hellenistic Period: the decline of the Greek empire to the conquest of the Roman Empire unknown 1100 - 800 BC Timeline of Ancient Greece
  • 8. HELLENIC PERIOD ENDS WITH THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER HELLENISTIC PERIOD BEGINS IN 323 BC, WHEN THE GREEK EMPIRE IS DIVIDED AMONGST GENERALS WITH NO APPARENT HEIR OF ALEXANDER
  • 9.
  • 10. What is the first thing that comes to mind about Greece other than Alexander, the Great?
  • 11.
  • 12. The Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. They were held in honour of Zeus, every 4 years from 776 BC to 394 AD, when it was abolished.
  • 13. BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE, BETWEEN SPARTANS & PERSIANS
  • 14. ANCIENT WONDERS OF THE WORLD
  • 16. AERIAL VIEW SKETCH OF TROY & IT’S FORTIFIED WALLS
  • 17. development of Greek civilisation & Architecture in the Hellenic period
  • 18. FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN SOCIETY & ARCHITECTURE ▸ natural factors - geography, geology, climate ▸ civilisation factors - religion, social structure, technology & history of the group, economy geography: availability of water, fertile soil & natural barriers geology: building materials & construction climate: building design & orientation, presence of fenestrations (doors, windows)
  • 19. NATURAL FACTORS GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE ▸ Mediterranean climate. ▸ Unique geography of Greece develops local micro-climates. ▸ Highest Peak: Mt. Olympus ▸ Dry & hot summers - wet winters ▸ Mainly consists of the peninsula & the islands in the Aegan Sea ▸ rocky and barren, bad for agriculture. People lived along coastlines.
  • 20.
  • 21. CIVILISATION FACTORS DEMOCRACY & RELIGION ▸ Greeks created their own gods ▸ Invented the concept of ‘DEMOCRACY’: a system of government by elected representatives of the citizens. ▸ new political system of city states, they ruled as independent nations. ▸ fast paced population growth in the city states & competition ▸ advocating political, economic & legal equality which was missing during the dark ages. ▸ slaves did exist, but they did not enjoy the same rights as citizens did.
  • 22. Uranus: Father of Zeus, Gaia: Mother of Everything;
  • 23. Zeus: God of Sky; Hades: god of Underworld; Poseidon: god of the Sea & horses; Athena: daughter of Zeus & Hera; Apollo: God of Truth, Music & Prophecy. Artemis: Goddess of hunt, wildlife & protection, twin sister of Apollo; Helios: Sun God; Selene: Moon God, sister of Helios; Ares: God of War, Aphrodite: Goddess of Love THE YOUNG GODS: THIRD ORDER OF HUMAN BEINGS AFTER THE TITANS & PRIMARIES
  • 24. “I have set eyes on the wall of lofty Babylon on which is a road for chariots, and the statue of Zeus by the Alpheus, and the hanging gardens, and the Colossus of the Sun, and the huge labour of the high pyramids, and the vast tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, 'Lo, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on aught so grand.’ — Antipater of Sidon, Greek poet in 2nd century BC Statue of Zeus, Olympia, 435 BC by Greek sculptor Phidias
  • 25. Temple of Artemis, present in modern day Seluck, Turkey, 550 BC
  • 26. Colossus of Rhodes, for Sun god Helios, 290 BC
  • 27. GODDESS OF VICTORY - IS PERSONIFED WITH WINGS, THE DIVINE CHARIOTEER IN THE WAR AGAINST THE TITANS a famous brand has taken her personality & attributes. the logo has been derived from her wings. guess? Goddess & Zeus on the Silver Medal of the first Olympics 1896 AD, Rear: Acropolis
  • 28.
  • 29. World’s First Concept of Democracy & foundations to the Modern western world
  • 30. AN ASSEMBLY: A SPACE FOR CONGREGATION OF IDEAS & DISCUSSIONS
  • 31. TEXT
  • 32. The concept of sister states to promote healthy competition
  • 33. ▸ started with Crete, which built the first naval empire ▸ introduced to “thalassocracy” to the world (naval supremacy) ▸ currently world’s third largest cargo fleet (6% of tonnage) ▸ their technology was highly advanced ▸ economy revolved around naval routes & trade of goods TRADERS & SEA VOYAGERS GREEK NAVAL POWERS
  • 34.
  • 35. COMMUNICATION CHANNELS BETWEEN GREEKS & THE REST OF THE WORLD
  • 36. Trade Routes of Egypt & Mesopotamia
  • 37. TRADE ROUTES INDUS VALLEY TRADE ROUTE WITH PERSIA AND MESOPOTAMIA
  • 38. THE ANCIENT TRADE ROUTES SERVED AS A PRECURSOR TO THE SILK ROAD Ancient trade routes laid the foundations for the Silk Road by the Han dynasty in 270 BC - 220 AD
  • 40. GREEK SYMBOL DECEPTIONS GO PLANETS, INTERPRETATIONS & SPACE
  • 41. present day math, physics & military codes
  • 42.
  • 43. THINGS TO LEARN ABOUT THE CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILISATION ▸ The Megaron Plan evolution & the Palace of Knossos ▸ Acropolis & it’s buildings ▸ Different Orders: Architecture Elements & Proportions ▸ Doric Style: Parthenon ▸ Ionic Style: Temple of Nike & Erecthiernon ▸ Corinthian style: ▸ Optical Corrections for buildings & Proportions
  • 44. REPRESENTED WITH 9 LINES REPRESENTING GODDESS MUSE, GODDESS OF ARTS, LITERATURE & SCIENCE Flag of Greece
  • 45. FEATURES OF MARBLE STONE “GREEK ARCHITECTURE IS CARPENTRY IN STONE” ‣ Exactness, architecture lines can be best represented ‣ Refinement of Structure ‣ Aesthetics
  • 46. TWO DIVISIONS OF HOUSE BUILDING ▸ first: single room rectangular in shape developed in main land Greece, areas around Troy ▸ second: agglomeration of asymmetrical placed rooms found mostly in Asia Minor & island of Crete
  • 47.
  • 48. FIRE BAKED BRICKS, MORTAR, TERRACOTTA TILED ROOF & STRONG FOUNDATION
  • 49. DUPLEX HOUSES EVOLVED AROUND THE COURTYARD Gynaeceum: place for women recreation Andron, place of male members of the family Positioned on lower floor Kitchen with vents
  • 50. THE MEGARON PLAN: ANCIENT ARCHAIC GREECE The Megaron was the throne room, the above shows a standard Mycenaean Megaron. The entrance was the feature that helps to distinguish the Megaron. The walls were decorated with frescos & the roof was made of ceramic tiles, either flat roof or barrel vault roof was used. The Megaron's functions were many, including poetry, feasts, meetings, and worship. In the theory of architecture, the Megaron is considered to be the earliest architectural act. NaosPronaos
  • 51. EVOLUTION OF PERISTYLE TEMPLE ▸ increase in number of columns ▸ attempt to achieve grand scale ▸ peristyle plan is the standard design concept for a Greek temple
  • 52. Other examples of temple plans showing the modifications done to the peristyle plan
  • 53. The citadel of Troy started from the Megaron plan in 2500 BC and evolved into a fortified city
  • 56. TEXT 4 acres/ 1.6 hectares 1 North Entrance 2 Bastion 4 ante room 5 throne room 15 gallery 10 Propylea 25 Queen’s Suite
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59. Dialects in ancient Greece Ionic was spoken in the coastlines, while the Doric developed from Crete & Dorian Corinth from which it derives it’s name
  • 60. TEXT Mt Olympus: the place of the Gods
  • 61. ACROPOLIS 1782 BC BAGHDAD the elevated hill considered holy by the Greeks, was the
  • 62. TEXT
  • 63. GODDESS ATHENA, PATRON OF THE CITY OF ATHENS
  • 64. TEXT
  • 65. TEXT
  • 68.
  • 69. Section of the Propylaea
  • 70.
  • 72.
  • 75. TEXT
  • 76. Viewing Angle of a person & the spherical aberrations a tendency for the human eye to perceive curves instead of straight lines at the distance
  • 77. TYPICAL FEATURE IN GREEK DORIC COLUMNS METHOD OF ENTASIS ▸ The technique used by Greek builders: slight convexity in columns ▸ It is the slight curvature of a classical column that diminishes as it rises. ▸ In the doric column of Parthenon: 34’ feet in height & 6’3” feet in diameter at the bottom, with convexity of 3-4 inches ▸ Adopted later by the Romans
  • 78.
  • 79. Fibonacci Series: The Golden Ratio || Universal Design Principle
  • 80. TEXT
  • 81. TEXT
  • 82. TEXT
  • 83. TEXT
  • 84.
  • 85. TEXT
  • 86. TEXT
  • 87.
  • 88. TEXT
  • 89. TEXT
  • 90. TEXT
  • 91. TEXT
  • 92. TEXT
  • 93. TEXT
  • 94. TEXT
  • 95. TEXT
  • 96. TEXT
  • 97. 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 45 79 ….. AN INFINITE SERIES OF NUMBERS GOLDEN RATIO 1.618 Based on the Fibonacci sequence, the golden ratio describes the relationship between 2 proportions. Fibonacci numbers follow a ratio of 1:1.618 ratio - which is referred to as the golden ratio Throughout history, the ratio of length & to width of rectangles has been considered most pleasing to the eye.
  • 98. TEXT
  • 99. TEXT
  • 100. A TYPICAL DIAGRAM SHOWING THE GREEK COLUMN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE ▸ Stylobate ▸ Column + Entablature ▸ Column: Base, Shaft, Capital ▸ Entablature: ▸ Pediment 1. Architrave 2. Frieze: Triglyph + Metope 3. Cornice
  • 101. A stylobate is the top-most step of a Greek temple upon which columns are placed. While stereobate is used to describe the remaining steps of the platform beneath the stylobate and just above the levelling course. Height of the column in early Greek Temples 1/3 of the width of stylobate=
  • 102. CAPITAL, SHAFT & BASE ELEMENTS IN A COLUMN
  • 103.
  • 104. IONIC COLUMN ▸ Doric order obtained its proportion, its strength, and its beauty, from the human male. column height Entablature = = 3 x entablature 1 3/4 of the lower dia. MASCULINE FORM IN STONE
  • 105. IONIC COLUMN column height Entablature = = 9 x base dia. 2 1/4 x base dia. FEMININE FORM IN STONE ▸ temple of artemis ▸ temple of nike ▸ slender columns that are taller than ionic and rest on the base
  • 106. CORINTHIAN COLUMN: THE LAST PRINCIPAL ORDER NAMED AFTER THE CITY OF CORINTH ‣ It is the most ornate of the orders, characterised by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. ‣ Developed by architect Callimachus after being inspired by a basket of flowers on the grave of a young girl. ‣ The capital represents vegetation. Shaft height Entablature = = 10 x base dia. 2 1/2 x base dia.
  • 107.
  • 108.
  • 109. POTTERY WORK SHOWING GYNAECEUM
  • 110. COLUMNS & ASSEMBLIES DERIVATIVES OF GREEK ELEMENTS
  • 111.
  • 112. MERGER OF THE CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE WITH BUDDHIST THOUGHT: GANDHARA SCHOOL OF ART
  • 113. THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON DC, USA
  • 115. White House, Hyderabad A/C Marriage Hall
  • 116. The Agora was a central space or square in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the centre of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.
  • 117. VIEW OF ANCIENT ATHENIAN AGORA FROM ACROPOLIS
  • 118. A caryatid is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Caryatid Porch of the Erechtheion, Athens, 407 BC
  • 120. TEXTTHE NEW ACROPOLIS MUSEUM, ATHENS, GREECE
  • 121. THE NEW ACROPOLIS MUSEUM ▸ Architect: Bernard Tschumi ▸ Client: Archaeology Dept. of Greece ▸ Built year: 2002
  • 122.
  • 123. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY A CLEAR VISUAL OF THE ACROPOLIS
  • 124. TEXT REFECTION OF THE PARTHENON
  • 127. TEXT Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 CIRCULATION OF SPACES *Courtesy: ArchDaily.com
  • 128.
  • 129.
  • 130. Sketches Required: The Classical Greek Civilisation 1. Map of Greece 2. Acropolis Plan understanding 3. Parthenon: Plan, Column Elevation & Optical Correction 4. Ionic, Doric, Corinthian orders Date of Submission: 1st week of June Mode of Submission: A3 sketch books Movies recommended for better visual understanding into Classical Greek Architecture & Democracies: Troy, 300 & Series, Helen of Troy: miniseries, The Greek Tragedy movies: Iphigenia, The Trojan Women & Electra, My Big Fat Greek Wedding (the house set is interesting, else someday this will become a desi movie), Clash of Titans 2010
  • 131. Date: 29 April 2016 Abhinand GopalTHE MAJESTIC ROMANS BUILDINGS OF THE ROMAN CIVILISATION