The document provides a detailed history of the development of cameras from 500 BC to the present day. It describes key early innovations like the camera obscura and Daguerreotype process. Major milestones include the first portable cameras in the 1600s, development of roll film in the late 1800s enabling mass production of cameras, and introduction of digital cameras starting in the 1980s. The document traces the evolution of camera technology and highlights inventions that drove major changes like SLR cameras, live view, video recording, and computational photography.

1. History ofCamera
Dr.Anjandev Biswas

2. 500B.C.
Thephenomenon
noticedbyMo-tsu
ofChina,that
formationofimages
onwallsindarkened
rooms;image
formationviaa
pinhole.
Aristotledescribed
thebasicprinciples
ofopticsandthe
cameraobscura
duringhislife(384-
322BC).

3. 1039A.D.
Alial-hazenibnal
haythem,
described theeffectin
detail andtoldhowto
viewaneclipseofthesun
inacameraobscura(dark
chamber)
Theterm‘camera
obscura’wasfirstusedby
theastronomerJohannes
Kepler intheearly17th
century.Heuseditfor
astronomical applications
andhadaportabletent
cameraforsurveyingin
UpperAustria.

4. 1676
JohannSturm
describedfirstknown
useofareflexmirrorin
acameraobscura,
1685
JohannZahn
developedaportable
SLRcameraobscura
withfocusablelens,
adjustableaperture
andtranslucent
viewingscreen.

5. 17thcentury
Thedevelopmentof
thecameraobscura
tooktwotracks.One
oftheseledtothe
portableboxdevice
thatwasadrawing
tool,knownas
Cameraobscura
portabilis.
Theothertrack
becamethecamera
obscura,a
combinationof
educationand
entertainment.

6. 1727:
ProfessorJ.
Schulzemixes
chalk, nitric acid,
andsilver in a
flask; notices
darkening on side
offlaskexposed to
sunlight.
Accidental
creation ofthe
firstphoto-
sensitive
compound.

7. 1800
Thomas
Wedgwoodmakes
"sunpictures"by
placingopaque
objectsonleather
treatedwithsilver
nitrate;resulting
imagesdeteriorated
rapidly,however,if
displayedunder
lightstrongerthan
fromcandles.

8. 1816
Joseph
Nicéphore
Niépce
combines the
cameraobscura
with
photosensitive
paper

9. 1826
The first successful
picture is
producedby
Nie'pce with over
aneight hour
exposure time. It
wasphotoofa
viewfrom the
Nie'pce family
house inGras,
France. Nie'pce
calling his picture
'Heliograph' or
sundrawing

10. 1834
HenryFoxTalbot
createspermanent
(negative)images
usingpapersoakedin
silverchlorideandfixed
withasaltsolution.
Talbotcreatedpositive
imagesbycontact
printingontoanother
sheetofpaper.
1841
Talbotpatentshis
processunderthe
name‘calotype’.

11. 1837
Louis Daguerre
creates images
onsilver-plated
copper,coated
with silver iodide
and"developed"
with warmed
mercury.

12. 1839
Daguerretype
Camera

13. 1839
Theimagecapture
processis
introducedtothe
publicbySirJohn
Herschelinalecture
totheRoyalsociety.
Heiscreditedwith
namingtheprocess
'Photography'tothe
public,eventhough
afewbeforehim
usedit.

14. Firstavailable
photographon
copperplateby
Daguerretype
camera.
1855-57
Directpositive
imagesonglass
(ambrotypes)and
metal(tintypesor
ferrotypes)popular
intheUS.

15. 1851
FrederickScott
Archer,asculptorin
London,improves
photographic
resolutionby
spreadingamixtureof
collodion(nitrated
cottondissolvedin
etherandalcohol)and
chemicalsonsheetsof
glass.Wetplate
collodionphotography
wasmuchcheaper
thandaguerreotypes,
theneg/posprocess
permittedunlimited
reproductions,andthe
processwaspublished
butnotpatented.

16. 1855
Beginning of
stereoscopicera
1903
Folmer&
SchwingStereo
Graflexfirstand
only stereoSLR

17. Underwater
Camera
1856—
WilliamThompsontakesthe
firstunderwaterpicturesusing
acameramountedonapole.
1899-Thefirstunderwater
cameraandlightsareinvented
byLouisBoutanand.Heuses
themtomakethefirst
underwaterphotographusing
artificiallight.
1926—WilliamHarding
LongleyandCharlesMartin
takethefirstunderwatercolour
photosusingamagnesium-
poweredflash.

18. Underwater
camera and
camera
housing

19. 1858
Aerial
photography
practiced by
‘Nadar’
Drone Camera

20. Oneofthefirst
recordedpatentsfor
apanoramiccamera
wassubmitted by
JosephPuchberger
inAustriain1843for
ahand-cranked,
150°fieldofview,8-
inchfocallength
camerathat
exposedarelatively
large
Daguerreotype,up
to24inches(610
mm)long.

21. 1859
Panoramic
camera
patented -
Thomas
Sutton.

22. 1859
Ponti
Megalethoscope
built byCarlo
Ponti,allowed
the ownerto
view his
photographs in
B/Winthe
daytime andin
colourin night.

23. 1861
Scottishphysicist
JamesClerk-Maxwell
demonstratesacolor
photographysystem
involvingthreeblack
andwhite
photographs,each
takenthroughared,
green,orbluefilter.
Thephotoswere
turnedintolantern
slidesandprojectedin
registrationwiththe
samecolorfilters.This
isthe"color
separation"method.
First colour
photo
taken by
Thomas Sutton

24. 1871
Richard Leach
Maddox,an
English doctor,
proposesthe use
ofanemulsion
ofgelatin and
silver bromide
onaglass plate,
the "dry plate"
process.

25. View camera
Viewingand
focusingdoneon
groundglassplate.
Changeablelenses
Variableaperture
andmanualshutter
speed.

26. Press
Camera
Rangefinderfor
focus
Groundglassfor
viewing
Changeablelenses
Variableaperture
andshutterspeed.

27. 1877
EdwardMuybridge,of
England,settles‘doahorse's
fourhooveseverleavethe
groundatonce’
Hearranged12cameras
alongsidearacetrack.Each
wasfittedwithashutter
workingataspeedheclaimed
tobe"lessthanthetwo-
thousandthpartofasecond."
Stringsattachedtoelectric
switcheswerestretched
acrossthetrack;thehorse,
rushingpast,breastedthe
stringsandbrokethem,one
aftertheother;theshutters
werereleasedbyan
electromagneticcontrol,anda
seriesofnegativesmade.

28. 1878
Dryplates being
manufactured
commercially.

29. 1880
GeorgeEastman,
age24,setsup
EastmanKodakDry
PlateCompanyin
Rochester,New
York.
Firsthalf-tone
photographappears
inadailynewspaper,
theNewYork
Graphic.

30. Photograph
on dry plate

31. 1884
CalvinRaeSmith.
MonocularDuplex
(USA):firstknown
productionSLR.
Usedglassplates
(originalmodel
3¼×4¼inch,later
4×5inch);many
wereadaptedtouse
Eastmansheetfilm.

32. 1891
LomanReflex
Camerafirst
focal-planeshutter
SLRhadmirrorrise
synchronizedwith
thereleaseofaroller
blindshutter,with
speedsfrom½to
1/250second,

33. 1888
FirstKodakcamera,
containinga20-foot
rollofpaper,enough
for100,2.5-inch
diametercircular
pictures.
1889
ImprovedKodak
camerawithrolloffilm
insteadofpaper
1900
KodakBrownieroll-
filmcamera
introduced.

34. 1893
Kinetograph
by Dickson

35. 1894
Lumie’re
brothers’
cinematograph
in lyon, a
combinationof
camera-
projectorthat
canproject
movingimages
onto ascreen

36. One of the
oldest movie

37. 1906
Availability of
panchromatic
blackandwhite
film
1907
First commercial
colorfilm, the
Autochrome
plates,
manufactured
byLumiere
brothers in
France

38. Field camera

39. 1913
Oscar Barnack,
employedby
German
microscope
manufacturer
Leitz, develops
camerausing
the modern
24x36mmframe
andsprocketed
35mmmovie
film.

40. 1913
Tourist Multiple
One ofthe
earliest cameras
to use35mm
filmforstill
pictures, andthe
first tobe
commercially
produced.

41. 1914
KODAK
No. 3A
AUTOGRAPHIC,
First coupled
rangefinder
camerawith 122
rollfilm.

42. 1917
Nippon Kogaku
K.K., which will
eventually
becomeNikon,
established in
Tokyo.First
Rangefinder
camera.

43. 1921
ManRay
beginsmaking
photograms
(‘Rayographs’)by
placingobjects on
photographicpaper
andexposingthe
shadowcastbya
distantlightbulb

44. 1925
Leitz markets a
derivative of
Barnack's
camera
commerciallyas
the "Leica", the
first 35mm
camera.

45. 1929
Rolleiflex by
Franke&
Heidecke, First
120roll film twin
lens reflex(TLR)
camera

46. 1931
Development of
strobe
photography by
Harold
EdgertonatMIT

47. 1935
Kodachrome,
Development of
multi-layered
colourfilm by
Kodak

48. 1936
Ihagee
Kamerawerk
presents Kine
Exakta,
First 35mm
single-lens reflex
(SLR) camera

49. 1938
Kodak620
First camera
with
auto-exposure

50. 1939
ArgusC3by
ArgusinAnn
Arbor,Michigan,
USA.
35mm
rangefinder
camera.

51. 1947
Gamma Duflex
FirstSLR
camera with
instantmirror
return,first
metal focal-
plane shutter
SLRand first
internalsemi-
automatic lens
diaphragm

52. 1948
HasselbladinSweden
offersitsfirstmedium-
formatSLRfor
commercialsale.
PentaxinJapan
introducesthe
automaticdiaphragm.
EdwinLandinvented
theinstantpolaroid
camera.Polaroidsells
instantblackandwhite
film

53. 1949
ContaxS
The first 35mm
pentaprismSLR
bythe East
GermanVEB
Zeiss Ikon.

54. 1954
Doryu
Pistol grip
camera

55. 1959
Nikon F
First camera
with motor
drive, DoF
preview.

56. 1960
Diana,
firstcamerawith
plasticlens,usedto
specificallytakesoft
focus,
impressionistic
photographs
somewhat
reminiscentofthe
PictorialistPeriodof
artistic
photography,but
usingcontemporary
themesand
concepts,knownas
lomography.

57. 1963
TopconREsuperby
TokyoKogaku.
Firstcamerawith
TTL,removable
pentaprismand
focusingscreen.
EdwinLand
inventedthecolor
polaroidcamera.
StanfordUniversity
invented avideodisk
camera

58. 1968
KonicaC35
Automatic.
First 35 mm
camera with
automatic
exposure.

59. 1969
Hasselblad
500 EL.
First camera
used for
space
photography

60. 1972
110-format
cameras
introducedby
Kodakwith a
13x17mmframe

61. 1976
Minolta 110
SLR

62. 1981
Pentax ME F.
First
autofocus
(AF) 35 mm
SLR camera

63. 1981
Sony Mavica
(MagneticVideoCamera)
Itwasnotadigital
camera,asitsCCDsensor
producedananalogvideo
signalintheNTSCformat
ataresolutionof570×
490pixels.Mavipak2.0"
diskettes(lateradopted
industry-wideastheVideo
Floppyandlabelled "VF")
wereusedtowrite50still
framesontotracksondisk

64. 1982
Kodak Disc
Film

65. 1986
first
disposable
camera
introduced by
Fuji.

66. 1989
Konica
Kanpai.
First voice
activated
camera

67. 1986
Canon RC 701,
firstStillVideo
Camera

68. 1990
Adobe
Photoshop
launched.
Mac version.
Windows version
starts from1995.

69. 1991
Logitech
Fotoman
first
commercially
available
digital
cameras

70. 1991
KodakDigital
CameraSystem
(DCS)
first digital still
captureSLR.
Was aheavily
modifiedNikon
F3
35mmSLR

71. 1992
The PhotoCD
was
introduced by
Kodak.

72. 1994
AppleQuick
take 100
Thefirstmass-
marketcolordigital
camera.

73. 1994
Olympus Deltis
vc-1100
Theworld'sfirst
digitalcamerawith
built-intransmission
capabilities
ColorLCD
viewfinderletyou
preview
photosonlocation

74. 1995
Ricohrdc-1
Thefirstdigital
cameratoofferboth
stillandmoving
image
andsound
recording/reproducti
on
ColorLCDmonitor
providedalive
viewfinderimage

75. 1999
KyoceraVP-
210.
First Mobile
Camera
Phone

76. 1995
CasioQV-10
First Live view
camera
2006
OlympusEVOLT
E-330
First colourlive
view in
interchangeable
lens digitalSLR

77. 2002
SigmaSD9,
First DSLR
with Dust
reduction
system

78. 2004
Konica
Minolta
Maxxum 7D,
First DSLR
with in-body
image
stabilization

79. 2004
First
Digital
rangefinder
(R-D1)
Epson-cosina

80. 2008
Nikon D90,
captures
video at
1280x720 (HD)
resolution at
24 frame/s.

81. 2008
Panasonic
LumixG1,
First camera
with
electronic
viewfinder

82. 2012
Lytro
Thefirstconsumer
camerathatrecords
theentirelightfield-all
theraysoflight
travelinginevery
directionthrougha
scene-insteadofaflat
2Dimage.Shootfirst,
focuslaterBy
capturingthelight
field,youcando
incrediblethings.Like
refocuspicturesafter
youtakethem.

83. 2012
Sony RX1,
First full
frame
compact
camera

84. 2012
Nikon 800 e,
First DSLR
without AA
filter.
For razor
sharp image.

85. 2014
Nikon 810,
First DSLR
with
‘Highlight
weighted
TTL meter’

86. 2016
LightL16
thefirstmulti-
aperture
computational
camera.The
imagingengine
combinesupto10
imageswithupto
130megapixelsof
datainorderto
rendereach
photograph.
Adjustments to
depthoffield,focus
andexposurecanbe
madeaftertheshot
iscaptured.

87. 2016
First
Dual Pixel
Sensor
Camera
Canon 70D