2. Definition
Male hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome
caused by androgen deficiency which may
adversely affect multiple organ functions and
quality of life.
Sources:
Guidelines on Male Hypogonadism. European Association of Urology 2015.
Nieschlag E, et al. Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction. 3rd edn.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 ISBN 978-3-540-78354-1
13. Erectile dysfunction
• Small testis
• lack scrotal pigmentation
• Small penis (< 8 cm long in adults).
• Loss of pubic hair
• axillary hair
• terminal hair growth along the midline
towards the umbilicus.
14. Infertility related to low sperm count
Reduced libido and activity
Gynecomastia
• Bilateral enlargement of
male mamillary gland and fat
Depression
18. Hormonal Assays
1. Early morning serum testosterone levels
2. Early morning FSH and LH levels
3. Prolactin level, if increase suggesting more
investigations on pituitary gland
4. PSA assay
19. Prepubertal (either 1ry or 2ry)
Differentiate by measuring early morning LH and FSH
levels (8-10 AM)
1ry hypogonadism: low level of testosterone, high-normal
or high levels of LH and FSH
2ry hypogonadism: low level of testosterone, normal to low
levels of LH and FSH
*If both physical examination and serum chemistry tests
are normal, constitutional pubertal delay must be
considered
20. Postpubertal (S&S include loss of libido, erectile
dysfunction, depression, osteoporosis, regression 2ry
sexual characteristics)
1ry gonadal failure: low testosterone, increase FSH and
LH. FSH measurement important because of longer half
life & > sensitive than LH
Hypothalamic-pituitary disorders (2ry): low testosterone
and low to normal FSH and LH
28. GOAL THERAPY
The goal of hormone replacement therapy in
these men is to restore hormone levels to the
normal range and to alleviate symptoms
suggestive of hormone deficiency.
This can be accomplished in a variety of ways,
although most commonly testosterone
replacement therapy (TRT) is employed.
29. GOAL THERAPY
Restore Sexual Function, Libido, Well-Being, and Behavior
Produce and Maintain Virilization
Optimize Bone Density and Prevent Osteoporosis
Possibly Normalize Growth Hormone Levels in Elderly Men
Potentially Affect the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Restore Fertility in Cases of Hypogonadotropic
Hypogonadism
31. 1.Breast carcinoma (history or presence)
2.Prostate carcinoma (history or presence)
3. benign prostatic hyperplasia
4.Abnormal digital rectal examinations
5.Elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen
6.Age (no limit established; possibly older than 80 years)
7.Psychopathology
8.Sleep apnea (potential for worsening)
9.Hypercoagulable states
10.Polycythemia (hematocrit >51%)
Conditions that contraindicate of testosterone therapy:
32. Some other chronic diseases:
-Diabetes
-Heart Disease
-Liver or kidney disease
33. Drug interactions with testosterone
-Testosterone may interfere with the action of
certain drugs.
-Examples:
1.Warfarin (Coumadin) for thinning blood
2.Insulin or any oral drugs for diabetes
3.Propranolol (Inderal)
4.Oxyphenbutazone
5.Imipramine
6.Any kind of corticosteroid drug
7.Some herbal products
35. For hypogonadism caused by testicular failure, male
hormone replacement (testosterone replacement
therapy, or TRT) is used.
TRT can restore sexual function and muscle strength
and prevent bone loss.
In addition, men receiving TRT often experience an
increase in energy, sex drive and sense of well-being.
36. Testosterone therapy should provide physiologic range
of :
serum testosterone levels (generally between 280 and 800
ng/dL)
dihydrotestosterone and estradiol levels.
These would allow optimal virilization and normal sexual
function.
In late teenage male patients with delayed puberty,
testicular size should be monitored for evidence of onset
of puberty.
37. Types of testosterone replacement
therapy
Injections
IM injections
Are safe and effective
eg : Testosterone undecanoate
Androderm Patch
Applied each night to the back, abdomen, upper
arm or thigh
The site of application is rotated to lessen skin
reactions
Gel
Androgel, testim, axiron, fortesta
Avoid skin to skin contact before the gel is
completely dry.
38. Gum and cheek (buccal cavity)
Striant
Implantable pellets
Testopel : surgically implanted under the skin
Need to be replaced every 3 to 6 months
39.
40. SIDE EFFECTS OF TRT
• Stimulation of prostate tissue, with perhaps
some increased urination symptoms such as a
decreased stream or frequency
• Increased risk of developing prostate cancer
• Gynecomastia
• Increased risk of blood clots
• Worsening of sleep apnea
• Decreased testicular size
• Increased aggression and mood swings
• May increase risk of heart attack and stroke
43. Gonadotropin /GNRH therapy- only for
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Uses :
-to induce puberty in boys
-treat androgen defic in hypo. hypogonadism
-initiate& maintain spermatogenesis in hypogonadotropic
men who wants fertility
44. Gonadotropin therapy to induce
puberty
How? hCG binds to Leydig cell LH receptors and stimulates
the production of testosterone.
Peripubertal boys with hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism and delayed puberty can be treated with
hCG instead of testosterone to induce pubertal
development.
The initial regimen of hCG is usually 1,000 to 2,000 IU
administered intramuscularly 2-3 times a week
The clinical response is monitored, and testosterone levels
are measured about every 2 to 3 months.
45. The advantages of hCG over testosterone
-the stimulation of testicular growth,
-greater stability of testosterone levels and fewer
fluctuations in hypogonadal symptoms
-stimulating enough intratesticular testosterone to allow
the initiation of spermatogenesis.
The disadvantages of hCG : the need for more frequent
injections & the greater cost.
46. Gonadotropin therapy
Male patients with onset of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
before completion of pubertal development may have testes
generally smaller than 5 mL. These patients usually require
therapy with both hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (or
FSH) to induce spermatogenesis. Men with partial gonadotropin
deficiency or who have previously (peripubertally) been stimulated
with hCG may initiate and maintain production of sperm with hCG
therapy only. Men with postpubertal acquired hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism and who have previously had normal production of
sperm can also generally initiate and maintain spermatogenesis
with hCG treatment only . Fertility may be possible at sperm
counts much lower than what would otherwise be considered
fertile. Counts of less than 1 million/mL may be associated with
pregnancies under these circumstances.
47. Therapy with hCG is generally begun at 1,000 to 2,000
IU intramuscularly two to three times a week, and
testosterone levels should be monitored monthly
It may take 2 to 3 months to achieve normal levels of
testosterone.
When normal levels of testosterone are produced,
examinations should be conducted monthly to
determine whether any testicular growth has occurred.
Sperm counts should also be assessed monthly during
a 1-year period.
48. In general, the response to hCG can be predicted on
the basis of the initial testicular volume
If spermatogenesis has not been initiated by the end of
6 to 12 months of therapy with hCG or LH,
administration of an FSH-containing preparation is
initiated in a dosage of 75 IU intramuscularly three
times a week along with the hCG injections.
49. GnRH Therapy
In patients with an otherwise intact pituitary gland and hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism, synthetic GnRH can be given in a pulsatile fashion
subcutaneously through a pump every 2 hours.
GnRH therapy is monitored by measuring LH, FSH, and testosterone levels
every 2 weeks until levels are in the normal range, at which point monitoring
can be adjusted to every 2 months. GnRH can be used to initiate pubertal
development, maintain virilization and sexual function, and initiate and
maintain spermatogenesis.
In most patients, these effects may take from 3 to 15 months to achieve
sperm production . As with gonadotropin therapy, fertility can be achieved with
very low sperm counts—often in the range of 1 million/mL.
GnRH may be more effective than gonadotropin stimulation in increasing
testicular size and initiating spermatogenesis in many patients with
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism .