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News values, gatekeeping, framing, agenda-setting and peace journalism
- 1. Journalists as selectors: Gatekeeping, news values, framing, sourcing, peace journalism JN2042 Journalism Theory Week 4, 15/18 Oct 2013
- 3. Q: How do you know which stuff is news? A: Don’t know. It’s just instinct.
- 4. Q: How do journalists know which stuff is news? A: They learn from other journalists A: They follow the unwritten rules of news values
- 5. Gatekeeping How decide: • This is news -- allowed through the gate • That is not news -- not allowed through the gate? News values (Galtung & Ruge; O’Neill & Harcup)
- 6. News values • • • • • • • • • • The Power Elite: Stories about powerful individuals, organisations or institutions. Celebrity: Stories concerning people who are already famous. Entertainment: Stories about sex, showbiz, human interest, animals, an unfolding drama, or offering opportunities for humorous treatment, entertaining photos or witty headlines. Surprise: Stories that have an element of surprise and/or contrast. Bad News: Stories with particularly negative overtones, such as conflict or tragedy. Good News: Stories with particularly positive overtones such as rescues and cures. Magnitude: Stories that are perceived as suffi ciently signifi cant either in the numbers of people involved or in the potential impact. Relevance: Stories about issues, groups and nations perceived to be relevant to the audience. Follow-up: Stories about subjects already in the news. Newspaper Agenda: Stories that set or fit the news organization’s own agenda. Harcup & O’Neill (2001)
- 7. Other factors affecting story selection • A topic that won’t get the journalist arrested • A topic that can be covered cheaply • A topic supporting the national interest
- 8. Are news values … • Neutral, objective? • Biased to the status quo and the powerful?
- 9. ‘Accidental bias’ caused by working methods (Tuchman) e.g. News Frames (journalists call them ‘angles’) 2 Israeli frames for Israel-Palestine conflict: • Peace process • Security/terrorism Both are true – which one do journalists emphasise?
- 11. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshipers Dead Indian devotees fall into a river and drown after panic spreads at a spot where 500,000 people had gathered for a Hindu festival. Possible frames: • Tragic accident • Police stupidity kills worshippers • Chaotic organisation leads to temple deaths • Deadly stampedes keep happening, no one stops them
- 12. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshipers Dead Indian devotees fall into a river and drown after panic spreads at a spot where 500,000 people had gathered for a Hindu festival. Possible frames: • Tragic accident • Police stupidity kills worshippers • Chaotic organisation leads to temple deaths • Deadly stampedes keep happening, no one stops them
- 14. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Possible frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Politicians distracted by electioneering More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes Tragic accident Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness
- 15. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Possible frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Politicians distracted by electioneering More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes TRAGIC ACCIDENT Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness
- 16. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Possible frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Politicians distracted by electioneering More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes TRAGIC ACCIDENT Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness
- 17. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Possible frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Politicians distracted by electioneering More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes TRAGIC ACCIDENT Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness
- 18. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Possible frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Politicians distracted by electioneering More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes TRAGIC ACCIDENT Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness
- 19. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Possible frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Politicians distracted by electioneering More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes TRAGIC ACCIDENT Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness
- 20. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Possible frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Politicians distracted by electioneering More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes TRAGIC ACCIDENT Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness
- 21. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Possible frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Politicians distracted by electioneering More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes TRAGIC ACCIDENT Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness
- 22. ‘Accidental bias’ caused by working methods (Tuchman) e.g. News Sources
- 23. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Sources for frames Too few police Innocent worshippers Rumours caused panic Poor crowd control 2nd deadly stampede in 7 years Corruption Politicians distracted by elections Proof there is no god Police to blame Greedy, careless temple authorities Source: Survivor distracted by electioneering government Politicians Source: State More than 100 dead Judicial inquiry launched Grief Bridge rebuilt after 2007 stampede Previous deadly stampedes TRAGIC ACCIDENT Worshippers to blame Prime Minister’s sadness Source: Police Source: Prime Minister
- 24. Temple Stampede: At Least 109 Worshippers Dead Sources for frames • Mainly official, powerful people • Easy to contact • Their version is usually the first version – ‘primary definers’ • Journalists more likely to trust official sources Source: Survivor Source: Police Source: State government Source: Prime Minister
- 25. All sources are not equal Journalists distinguish between … ‘Arbiter’ sources, who set terms of debate and are seen as disinterested or authoritative ‘Advocates', associated with a particular position (Deacon & Golding 1994)
- 26. Journalism for war or peace? Unintended consequences of journalistic work habits Journalists need … Peacemakers need …
- 27. Journalism for war or peace? Unintended consequences of journalistic work habits Journalists need … Peacemakers need … Immediacy Patience
- 28. Journalism for war or peace? Unintended consequences of journalistic work habits Journalists need … Peacemakers need … Immediacy Drama, threats, violence Patience Calm environment
- 29. Journalism for war or peace? Unintended consequences of journalistic work habits Journalists need … Peacemakers need … Immediacy Drama, threats, violence Patience Calm environment Simple events Understanding of complexity
- 30. Journalism for war or peace? Unintended consequences of journalistic work habits Journalists need … Peacemakers need … Immediacy Drama, threats, violence Patience Calm environment Simple events Understanding of complexity Goodies vs. baddies, ‘us’ and ‘them’ Understanding of the other point of view
- 31. Journalism for war or peace? Unintended consequences of journalistic work habits Journalists need … Peacemakers need … Immediacy Drama, threats, violence Patience Calm environment Simple events Understanding of complexity Goodies vs. baddies, ‘us’ and ‘them’ Understanding of the other point of view Journalist’s choice: To frame the story as conflict, or a search for peace (Wolfsfeld 2001)
- 32. Factors in media impact on peacemaking (1) amount of consensus among political elites in support of peace (2) number and intensity of crises associated with the process (3) shared media, used by both sides of the conflict (4) level of sensationalism in media ecology (Wolfsfeld 2001)
- 33. Israel/Palestine vs. Northern Ireland Factor Israel/ Palestine Northern Ireland Consensus for peace among political elites No./intensity of crises No Yes Many Few Shared media Sensationalism No Yes Yes No (Wolfsfeld 2001)
- 34. Powerful sources affect news frames Elite consensus 1 news frame Elite conflict Competing news frames
- 35. Journalist as selector Gatekeeper Selecting bits of reality, making them news But … The best journalists seek out less powerful sources, so the stories of the less powerful are heard. News values This is news, that is not – creating a news agenda (agenda setting) Q: Whose story is told first and loudest? A: The story told by people in power. Selecting story elements/ frames/angles Easy availability of sources dictates availability of frames
Editor's Notes
- News values – research based on Western journalism
- Frames used in Sky video
- Frames used in Sky video
- Frames used in Sky video
- Frames used in Sky video
- Frames used in Sky video
- Frames used in Sky video
- Frames used in Sky videoOrdering/sequencing of frames important – gives message about relative importance
- Frames used in Sky videoHow much is missed out
- What’s the source for grief? – reporter’s observation/interpretation?
- 3 out of 4 sources are official, powerfulHigh-status sources give the first version of a story -- Hall et al (1978): 'primary definers' of realityWolfsfeld: ‘The news media’s almost exclusive dependence on institutional sources severely limits the range of public debate and marginalizes public opinion.’
- What journalists need … they would say it’s also what audiences need. Is that true?
- What journalists need … they would say it’s also what audiences need. Is that true?
- What journalists need … they would say it’s also what audiences need. Is that true?
- What journalists need … they would say it’s also what audiences need. Is that true?
- What journalists need … they would say it’s also what audiences need. Is that true?
- What journalists need … they would say it’s also what audiences need. Is that true?
- Should journalists have a commitment to peace, or a commitment to their national interests?
- Wolfsfeld12 ‘When a wide level of elite consensus exists , one frame tends to dominate media discourse , and few questions are raised about its validity. As the level of opposition grows, alternative frames emerge, and this competition is reflected in changing media coverage.’Vietnam: started with Cold War frame – anti-war frames ignored or labelled deviant