The document classifies anaemia into three main categories: blood loss anaemia, impaired red blood cell production, and excessive red blood cell destruction (haemolytic anaemia). Blood loss anaemia includes overt blood loss from injuries or procedures and occult bleeding from the GI or GU tract. Impaired production is due to nutrient deficiencies like iron, B12, and folate or conditions that suppress red blood cell formation. Excessive destruction includes hereditary defects affecting red blood cell membranes or haemoglobin as well as acquired immune or non-immune causes.
2. DEFINITION OF ANAEMIA
“Anaemia is present when the
haemoglobin level in the blood is
below the lower extreme of the
normal range for the age and sex of
the individual.”
3. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
A. BLOOD LOSS ANAEMIA
1. OVERT BLOOD LOSS
SURGERY
ACCIDENT
EPISTAXIS
RECTAL BLEEDING
MENORRHAGIA
RECURRENT BLEEDING FROM ANY
OTHER SITE
2. OCCULT BLOOD LOSS
GI BLEEDING
GENTI-URINARY BLEEDING
4. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
B. IMPAIRED RED CELL PRODUCTION
1. INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS
ESSENTIAL FOR ERYTHROPOIESIS.
IRON DEFECIENCY
VITAMIN B-12 DEFECIENCY
FOLIC ACID DEFECIENCY
PROTEIN-CALORI MALNUTRITION
OTHER LESS COMMON DEFECIENCIES
6. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
5. ANAEMIA DUE TO REPLACEMENT OF
THE BONE MARROW BY
LEUKEMIA
LYMPHOMA
MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER
POLYCYTHEMIA
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
MYELOFIBROSIS
MYELOMA
MYELODYSPLASTIC DISORDERS
6. ANAEMIA DUE TO INHERITED
DISORDERS
THALASSAEMIA
7. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
C. EXESSIVE RED CELL DESTRUCTION
(HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA)
I. DUE TO INTRINSIC DEFECTS IN
RBCS
a. CONGENITAL
1. MEMBRANE DEFECTS
i. HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
ii. HEREDITARY ELLIPTOCYTOSIS
iii. HEREDITARY XEROCYTOSIS
iv. HEREDITARY HYDROCYTOSIS
2. HAEMOGLOBIN DEFECTS
i. HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
◊ SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
◊ OTHER HOMOZYGOUS DISORDERS
◊ Hb D HbC HbE
◊ UNSTABLE HAEMOGLOBIN DISEASE
8. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
ii. THALASAEMIA
◊ α THALASAEMIA
◊ β THALASAEMIA
iii. DOUBLE HETEROZYGOUS DISORDER
◊ SICKLE CELL β THALASAEMIA
3. ENZYME DEFECTS
i. NON SPHEROCYTIC CONGENITAL
HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
◊ PYRUVATE KINASE DEFECIENCY OR
OTHER ENZYMES OF EMBDEN MAYER HOF
PATHWAY
◊ DUE TO DEFECIENCY OF G6PD OR OTHER
ENZYMES OF PENTOSE PHOSPHATE
PATHWAY
ii. DRUG INDUCED HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
9. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
b. ACQUIRED
1. PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL
HAEMOGLOBINURIA
I. DUE TO EXTRINSIC DEFECTS
a. ACQUIRED
1. IMMUNE MECHANISMS
i. AUTOIMMUNE ACQURIED HAEMOLYTIC
ANAEMIA
◊ WARM ANTIBODY
◊ COLD ANTIBODY
ii. HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEW BORN
iii. DRUG INDUCED HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
10. CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
2. NON IMMUNE MECHANISMS
MECHANICAL HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
i. CARDIAC HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
ii. MICROANGIOPATHIC HAEMOLYTIC
ANAEMIA
iii. MARCH HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
3. MISCELLANEOUS
i. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA DUE TO DIRECT
ACTIONS OF CHEMICAL AND DRUGS
ii. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA DUE TO
INFECTION
iii. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA DUE TO BURNS
iv. LEAD POISINING