1. NOOR FAZRIEYANA BINTI HAMIDON 152268
SITI ZAHARAH BINTI SYED RAMLI 152197
AHMAD SAFAWI BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN 151704
NORAZIZAH BINTI OTHMAN 153866
MOHAMAD RAAFI BIN AHMAD TAIB 152036
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PRESENTATION
ESPEK Research and Advisory Services
(ERAS)

2. Introduction
ESPEK conduct agronomic advice and laboratory analysis through Espek Research and
Advisory Services(ERAS)
Services offered by the laboratory analysis:
 Analysis of fertilizers
 Analysis of composts
 Analysis of leaves
 Analysis of soils
Laboratory equipment used by ERAS for the analysis:
 Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP-OES)
 Elementar Analyzer
 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS)
 Spectrophotometer UV-VIS
 Continuous Flow Analyzer(CFA)

3. ANALYSIS OF
SOIL

4. There are 13 element that we analyze in the soil laboratory. All those elements are:
1) Nitrogen(N)
2) Carbon(C)
3) Sulphur (S)
4) Total Phosphorus(TP)
5) Available Phosphorus(AP)
6) Potassium(K)
7) Magnesium(Mg)
8) Calcium(Ca)
9) Sodium(Na)
10) Moistures
11) pH
12) Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
13) Mechanical Analysis
INTRODUCTION OF SOIL

5. 1. Sampling/preparing
2. Determine the pH
3. Determine the moisture sample
4. Leaching & Cation Exchange Capacity(CEC)
5. Total Phosphorus
6. Available Phosphorus
7. Total Nitrogen, Organic Carbon & Sulphur
8. Mechanical Analysis
Analysis of Soil

6. DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN
SOIL
(MS 678:Pt I to V : 1980, Part IV, Clause 2)
• Leaching process
- to identify nutrient content in soil
• Reagents :
i) ammonium acetate, pH 7
ii) methylated spirit
iii) potassium sulphate

7. 100 ml
ammonium
acetate, pH7
cation (K+ ,
Ca2+, Mg2+,
Na+)
filter funnel
100ml
volumetric flask
leaching funnel
Step 1
10g soil sample

8. NH4
+
Soil
NH4
+
Soil
(K+ , Ca2+,
Mg2+, Na+)
cation (K+ , Ca2+,
Mg2+, Na+)
PROCESS
Make up with
ammonium acetate
Take reading using
ICP-OES

9. Step 2
100ml methylated
spirit
unwanted NH4
+
at the surface of
soil
10g soil sample

10. PROCESS
Soil
NH4
+
methylated spirit
unwanted NH4
+
at the surface of soil

11. Step 3
100ml potassium
sulphate
10g soil sample
NH4
+ solution

12. PROCESS
Soil
NH4
+
K2SO4
Soil
K+
NH4
+ solution
Make up with potassium
sulphate
BUCHI machine

13. DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN
Pipette 50ml of sample into vessel
Transfer 25ml boric acid + 5 drops indicator into conical flask
(colorless purple)
Distillation process using BUCHI for 5 min
Add NaOH + H2O
(purple green)

14. Titrate the distillate against HCl
Stop the titration until the color change from green
purple
Record volume of HCl use