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CONCRETE
Discussant: Pauline Abordo
SUB-TOPIC
1-1 Plain and Reinforced
Concrete
1-2 The Principles of concrete
mixing
1-3 The Unit of Measure
1-4 Concrete Proportion
1-1 Plain and Reinforced
concrete
Plain Concrete is an artificial stone
as a result of mixing cement, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates
and water.
Reinforced Concrete is a concrete
with reinforcement properly
embedded in such manner that the
two materials act together in
resisting forces.
The Different types of Concrete
Used in Construction:
 Ordinary Portland cement
 Rapid Hardening Portland cement -
 Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement
 Low Heat Portland Cement
 Portland Pozzolan Cement
 High Alumina Cement “aluminous
cement or cement fundu”
The Main Composition of
Cement:
1.6 to 65% Lime
18.0 – 25% Silica
3.0 – 8% Alumina
3.0 – 5% Iron oxide
2.0 – 5% Magnesia
1.0 – 5% Sulfur Oxide
AGGREGATES
 COARSE AGGREGATES
 such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel
with particles retained on 5mm sieve.
 FINE AGGREGATES –
 such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural
sand with particles passing on a 5 mm sieve.
Size of aggregates – for coarse aggregate
(gravel), the maximum nominal size varies from
40, 20, 14 or 10 mm diameter.
1-2 The Principles of Concrete
Mixing
1. Workability
2. Strength
3. Durability
4. Economy
 The proportion that will be finally adopted in
concrete mixing has to be established by actual
trial and adjustment processes to attain the
desired strength and quality of concrete required
under the ff. procedures:
1. The water cement ratio is first determined at
the very first hour of mixing to meet the
requirements of strength and durability.
2. The cement-aggregate ratio is then chosen and
established to satisfy the workability
requirements.
The ACI requirements
1. Fresh concrete shall be workable.
2. Hardened concrete shall be strong
enough to carry the design load
3. Hardened concrete could withstand the
condition to which it is expected to
perform.
4. Concrete should be economically
produced.
Concrete Mixture
a. Designed Mixture
 Where the contractor is responsible in
establishing proportion that will achieve required
strength and workability as specified in the plan
b. Prescribed Mixture
 Where the designing engineer specify the
mixture proportion.
1-3 THE UNIT OF MEASURE
Table 1-1 Conversion from inches to
meter
Number Accurate
value
Approxima
te value
Number Accurate
value
Approximat
e value
1 .0254 .025 10 .2540 .250
2 .0508 .050 11 .2794 .275
3 .0762 .075 12 .3048 .300
4 .1016 .100 13 .3302 .325
5 .1270 .125 14 .3556 .350
6 .1524 .150 15 .3810 .375
7 .1778 .175 16 .4064 .400
8 .2032 .200 17 .4318 .425
9 .2286 .225 18 .4572 .450
Number Accurat
e value
Approximat
e value
Number Accurate
value
Approximat
e value
19 .4826 .475 30 .7620 .750
20 .5080 .500 31 .7874 .775
21 .5334 .525 32 .8128 .800
22 .5588 .550 33 .8382 .825
23 .5842 .575 34 .8636 .850
24 .6096 .600 35 .8890 .875
25 .6350 .625 36 .9144 .900
26 .6604 .650 37 .9398 .925
27 .6858 .675 38 .9652 .950
28 .7112 .700 39 .9906 .975
29 .7366 .725 40 1.016 1.00
1-4 CONCRETE
PROPORTION
 Proportioning concrete mixture is done in
two different ways; by weight or by
volume method.
Mixture
Class
Proportion Cement in
Bag
Sand
cu. M.
Gravel
cu. m
40kg 50kg
AA 1 : 1 ½ : 3 12.0 9.5 .50 1.0
A 1 : 2 : 4 9.0 7.0 .50 1.0
B 1 : 2 ½ : 5 7.5 6.0 .50 1.0
C 1 : 3 : 6 6.0 5.0 .50 1.0
TABLE 1- 2 Concrete Proportion

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Concrete

  • 2. SUB-TOPIC 1-1 Plain and Reinforced Concrete 1-2 The Principles of concrete mixing 1-3 The Unit of Measure 1-4 Concrete Proportion
  • 3. 1-1 Plain and Reinforced concrete Plain Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. Reinforced Concrete is a concrete with reinforcement properly embedded in such manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
  • 4. The Different types of Concrete Used in Construction:  Ordinary Portland cement  Rapid Hardening Portland cement -  Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement  Low Heat Portland Cement  Portland Pozzolan Cement  High Alumina Cement “aluminous cement or cement fundu”
  • 5. The Main Composition of Cement: 1.6 to 65% Lime 18.0 – 25% Silica 3.0 – 8% Alumina 3.0 – 5% Iron oxide 2.0 – 5% Magnesia 1.0 – 5% Sulfur Oxide
  • 6. AGGREGATES  COARSE AGGREGATES  such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on 5mm sieve.  FINE AGGREGATES –  such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand with particles passing on a 5 mm sieve. Size of aggregates – for coarse aggregate (gravel), the maximum nominal size varies from 40, 20, 14 or 10 mm diameter.
  • 7. 1-2 The Principles of Concrete Mixing 1. Workability 2. Strength 3. Durability 4. Economy
  • 8.  The proportion that will be finally adopted in concrete mixing has to be established by actual trial and adjustment processes to attain the desired strength and quality of concrete required under the ff. procedures: 1. The water cement ratio is first determined at the very first hour of mixing to meet the requirements of strength and durability. 2. The cement-aggregate ratio is then chosen and established to satisfy the workability requirements.
  • 9. The ACI requirements 1. Fresh concrete shall be workable. 2. Hardened concrete shall be strong enough to carry the design load 3. Hardened concrete could withstand the condition to which it is expected to perform. 4. Concrete should be economically produced.
  • 10. Concrete Mixture a. Designed Mixture  Where the contractor is responsible in establishing proportion that will achieve required strength and workability as specified in the plan b. Prescribed Mixture  Where the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion.
  • 11. 1-3 THE UNIT OF MEASURE
  • 12. Table 1-1 Conversion from inches to meter Number Accurate value Approxima te value Number Accurate value Approximat e value 1 .0254 .025 10 .2540 .250 2 .0508 .050 11 .2794 .275 3 .0762 .075 12 .3048 .300 4 .1016 .100 13 .3302 .325 5 .1270 .125 14 .3556 .350 6 .1524 .150 15 .3810 .375 7 .1778 .175 16 .4064 .400 8 .2032 .200 17 .4318 .425 9 .2286 .225 18 .4572 .450
  • 13. Number Accurat e value Approximat e value Number Accurate value Approximat e value 19 .4826 .475 30 .7620 .750 20 .5080 .500 31 .7874 .775 21 .5334 .525 32 .8128 .800 22 .5588 .550 33 .8382 .825 23 .5842 .575 34 .8636 .850 24 .6096 .600 35 .8890 .875 25 .6350 .625 36 .9144 .900 26 .6604 .650 37 .9398 .925 27 .6858 .675 38 .9652 .950 28 .7112 .700 39 .9906 .975 29 .7366 .725 40 1.016 1.00
  • 14. 1-4 CONCRETE PROPORTION  Proportioning concrete mixture is done in two different ways; by weight or by volume method. Mixture Class Proportion Cement in Bag Sand cu. M. Gravel cu. m 40kg 50kg AA 1 : 1 ½ : 3 12.0 9.5 .50 1.0 A 1 : 2 : 4 9.0 7.0 .50 1.0 B 1 : 2 ½ : 5 7.5 6.0 .50 1.0 C 1 : 3 : 6 6.0 5.0 .50 1.0 TABLE 1- 2 Concrete Proportion