This document discusses biodiversity and ecosystem services. It begins by defining biodiversity as the variety of species, their genetic makeup, and the natural communities they exist in. It then discusses the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Targets to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity. The document notes that ecosystem services include provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services that ecosystems provide to sustain human life. It provides examples of these different types of services and emphasizes the interdependence between biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

1. Photo
Ecosytem Services for
Food and Nutritional Security
Fabrice DeClerck
Photo by Carl Warner http://www.carlwarner.com

2. Biodiversity
the evolution of the conservation paradigm

3. 3
Rockstrom et al. (2009) Nature 461:472-475
Challenges

4. What is
Biodiversity?
Fotos: M. Gomez

5. Biodiversity is the variety
of species, their genetic
make-up, and the natural
communities in which
they exist

6. Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Targets
By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored
and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services,
sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits
essential for all people.

7. Butchartetal.Science(2010)

8. Imagine a planet that has a basic atmosphere and climate. Which of the
earth’s millions of species would you take with you??

9. Image of rhizobacter, an other key players in soil processes:
Nitrogen fixation
Break down cellulose
Phosphorus cycle
Developing antibiotics
Converting carbon to stable states
We need species to provide each of these functions.

10. 10

11. Take you pick, there is one important
difference
Species Richness: 0
Ecosystem Services: 0
Chance of Survival: 0
Species Richness: >1,000,000,000
Ecosystem Services:> $ 3,000,000,000 year-1
Chance of Survival: 50:50

12. What is BIODIVERSITY
•Species: number of species in a system
•Genetic: variability of genetic information in the system
•Vertical: distinct horizontal layers or levels
•Horizontal: pattern of spatial distribution
•Structural: number of (niches)
•Functional: number of species which serve different
roles.
•Temporal: Degree of heterogeneity of cyclical changes
(daily, seasonal) in the system.
The sum of these diversities equals ecological diversity

13. Version 2.8 B
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14. Tallis et al. 2012

16. Ecosystem Services
The conditions and processes through which
ecosystems, and the species that
make them up, sustain and fulfill human life.
This includes both goods, and functions.
Daily 1997

17. MEA 2006
Provisioning
Services
Regulating
Services
Cultural
Services
Supporting Services
Products obtained
From ecosystems
Benefits obtained from
Regulation of ecosystem
processes
Material and non-
Material benefits of
ecosystems
•Spiritual and Inspirational
•Recreational
•Aesthetic
•Educational
•Historical
•Traditional Livelihoods and
knowledge
•Climate regulation
•Hydrological regimes
•Reduction of natural
hazards
•Pollution control
•Detoxification processes
•Food
•Fresh water
•Fuel
•Fiber
•Biochemical Products
Services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services:
•Soil Formation Nutrient Cycling Primary production

18. 18
Ecosystem Service Environmental Footprint Panetary Boundaries

19. Georgina Mace

20. Dual Challenges for
Agriculture

21. TEEBAgFood,2015

22. TEEBAgFood,2015

23. TEEBAgFood,2015

24. TEEBAgFood,2015

25. AgroEcosystem
Services: Functional
Diversity

27. Diaz and Cabido (2001)

28. 28
Pest Control
Perfecto et al. 2004
Pollination
Ricketts et al. 2004
Pollination
Steffan-Dewenter et al. 2002
Evidence for a biodiversity and function relationship
Distance from forestAgroforest stucture Seminatural habitat (%)

30. AgroEcosystem
Services: Genetic
Diversity

32. The Sixth Extinction:
An Unnatural History
Elizabeth Kolbert
“We are deciding, without quite meaning to,
which evolutionary pathways will remain open
and which will forever be closed. No other
creature has ever managed this, and it will,
unfortunately, be our most enduring legacy.”
Book Review by Al Gore, New York Times, Feb. 2014

33. 526,000 Crop Varieties (May 2010)
US$ 9 million to build
US$150,000 year-1 maintenance

34. 34

35. Pollinization in Coffee Systems
Ricketts al 2004

41. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/05/africa/african-honey-bees-conversation/index.html

43. Ecological
Interactions

44. H
C
O
O
O
O
H
H
H H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

45. H
C
O
O
O
O
H
H
H H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

47. Phytophthora capsici L

48. Porque los frijoles
tienen tanta
proteina?

50. Landscape
Approaches in
Costa Rica

51. Ecosystem Services and Resilience in Agriculture

53. 53Mapa: Pablo Imbach

54. 54Mapa: Pablo Imbach

56. 56DeClerck
Biodiversity ($375 ha-1)
Scenic Value
Water
Carbon ($320 ha-1)

57. 57
2400 GWh of the 9400 consumed in Costa Rica (25%)
4500 GWh in 2014 or 37%

59. 59
(a) Forest fragment, (b) multi strata agroforestry coffee, (c) multi strata
agroforestry cacao, (d) teak plantation, (e) mixed species plantation, (f)
simplified agroforestry coffee, (g) live fences and (h) sugar cane
plantation.

60. 60
-0,20 -0,09 0,01 0,11 0,21
Axis 1 (35,7%)
-0,16
-0,06
0,04
0,14
0,24
Axis2(29,8%)
BOSQ
CAAB
CAOR
CAPO
ESCV
CAAZ
BOSQ
CAAB
CAOR
CAPO
ESCV
CAAZ
HENLEU
MIOOLE
GEOMON
HABFUS
MICLUS
MANCAN
THRATR
RAMMEL
VERCHR
SEIAUR
TURGRA
DENPEN
THRPAL LEPAFF
WILCAN
POLsp.
TROAED
LEPSOU
MYISIM
DENPET
ELAFLA
GEOPOL
GEOSEM
TIAOLI
ORYFUN
MELBIA
VOLJAC
STESER
COLTAL
CATAUR
BOSQUE
CAFÉ
Multiestrato
CAFÉ
Poro
CACAO
PASTURA
CANA

61. 61
EstradaadDeClerck(2011)

62. 62ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014
Why the coffee
berry borer?
• CBB is one if not the most damaging pest
known to affect coffee crops (Damon 2000; Bustillo 2006;
Vega et al. 2009)
• Native of central Africa. First record, France in
1867 (Damon 2000; Jaramillo et al. 2011)
• First detected in CR in 2000 now nationwide
(ICAFE 2011, Staver et al. 2001)
• Controlled under prescription with endosulfan.
Highly toxic (Weber et al. 2010)
http://www.ars.usda.gov

63. 63ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014

65. 65
Avelinoetal.2012

66. Coffee
Pasture
Forest
Plantation
Cane
Dispersal Threshold
Dispersal
Barrier
Hypothetical Distance Weighted Dispersal Effects of Heterogenous Landuses
Based on work by F. DeClerck, Olivas, and J. Avelino

67. Micro-landscape effects on Coffee
Berry Borer dispersal
Amada Olivas, 2010

68. Olivas, Avelino and DeClerck et al. 2010
0.01FemalesCapturedDay-1
0.01FemalesCapturedDay-1
1
2
3
4
0
2
4
6
8
0
Distance from Coffee Edge (m) Sugar
Cane
Pasture Forest
A
B
C
BC
BC
BC
Amada Olivas, Nicaragua

69. Fabrice DeClerck, Jacques Avelino, Amada Olivas, Cipriano Rivera
Jacques Avelino
France
Cipriano Ribera
Nicaragua

71. DeClerck, Avelino, Olivas
Coffee
Pasture
Sugar Cane
Forest

72. 72

73. Corapipo altera (4 indiv.)
02/05/2010
juvenile
02/11/2008
09/02/2009
27/02/2008
2
0
2
0
2
0

74. Ochre Bellied Flycatcher
Coffee Boring Beetle
Estrada, Martinez y DeClerck
CATIE Farm
1000 ha

75. 75
• CATIE farm: 1036 ha, 85 ha coffee
• Pairwise experiment (Exclusions of bird
activity)
How to measure pest control ?
ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014
25 m
5m
50m
Excluded
Not
excluded
20m
Coffee plot
Canopy cover
10m
Brocap® trap

76. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Excluded
Control
Beetles(#)

78. 78

79. 79

80. DeClerck, Estrada-Carmona, Garbach and Martinez-Salinas
1 2
3 4

81. DeClerck, Estrada-Carmona, Garbach and Martinez-Salinas
1 2
3 4

82. 82
Reventazon
Angostura
Cachi

83. 83
Ideal cropping systems that can minimize soil erosion
Mulching or
cover crops
Hedgerows
Agroforestry

84. 84
EstradaadDeClerck(2011)

85. 85
EstradaadDeClerck(2011)

86. Timelag:Yearsbetweenserviceproducedandreceived
Local
102
103
101
100
GlobalWatershed Intra-watershed
CARBON
SEQUESTRATION
Spatial lag: Proximity between producer and consumer (km)
Riparian specific
ecosystem services
Direct services
Ecological benefit/
facilitator
CONNECTIVITY:
CLIMATE RESPONSE
FLOOD
BUFFERING
CONNECTIVITY:
REPRODUCTION
SEDIMENT REDUCTION,
CHANNEL FILTRATION
SCENIC BEAUTY
CONNECTIVITY:
FORAGE
POLLINATION
PREDATION
Increasing importance of payment
or management of ecosystem services
Fremier and DeClerck (2012)

87. Thanks!