This document summarizes a conference on food in the Anthropocene era. It discusses how current diets and food systems are driving poor health outcomes and environmental degradation. Science-based targets are proposed to create a shared vision for low risk diets and sustainable land use. These targets include limits on nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, fresh water use, biodiversity loss and more. Achieving these targets will require changes across science, business and policy to transform food systems and make food a solution to environmental and health problems.
2. The Lancet, October 2017
Commissioners
Johan Rockstrom
Walter Willett
Tim Lang
David Tilman
Francesco Branca
Jessica Fanzo
Lindiwe Sibanda
Rina Augustina
Tara Garnett
Shenggen Fan
Corinna Hawkes
Rami Zurayk
Anna Lartey
Chris Murray
Ashkan Afshin
Sonja Vermeulen
Srinath Reddy
Sania Nishtar
Ann Thrupp
Juan Dommarco
Sunita Narain
Our food in the Anthropocene
11. Diet drives the global burden of diseaseDiet drives the global burden of disease
2500 calories diet
constructed based on the
GBD risk analysis.
Protective foods are those
that lower risk including
polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA).
Harmful are foods that
above a minimum allowed
cause harm.
12. Total calories: 2500 Total calories: 2881
Global DietMinimum Risk Diet
Food availability for rich and poor nations
High-incomeMiddle-income Low-income
Diet drives the global burden of diseaseDiet drives the global burden of disease
13. Food availability for rich and poor nations
High-income Middle-income Low-income
3744 Kcals
14. Potential savings of the low risk diet.
Disease
Actual
Expenditure
(2010 $US
million)
Predicted
expenditure
(2010 $US
million)
Savings
(2010 $US
million)
Percent
saved
Cardiovascular and circulatory
diseases
$134,712 $58,274 $76,438 -57%
Diabetes $116,327 $76,376 $39,952 -34%
Cancer $114,253 $101,743 $12,510 -11%
Musculoskeletal disorders $116,528 $115,916 $612 -1%
Following the GBD recommended diet would have reduced US
health expenditure in 2006-2010 by $130 billion per year โ a
6% reduction.
16. โThe change agent is deliciousness and hedonism.
In many ways I think thatโs why the good food
movement, or farm-to-table, has had such legs: itโs
rooted in hedonism.ย What movement can you speak
about where it asks you to be greedy? Look at the
environmental movement: give up everything.
โIn all of my research about healthfulness,
everything points to diversity. Because the amazing
thing is that we actually donโt know what makes us
healthy. Itโs probably because thereโs a million
different things โ there is no magic bullet. Thatโs the
great lesson of different cultures that look to their
region to developย this correspondence between
what the land is telling you it wants to grow
according to soil conditions, climate, and your diet.
To me, thatโs the ticket. You can never really
understand these things by single bullet solutionsโ
17. โDietary studies confirm what comparison of
the various diets of different cultures would
suggest, which is that there are many ways to
achieve a healthy, balanced diet and on the
extremes that overdose on meat, or avoid
animal protein all together tend to be
problematic. For diets between these extremes,
the biggest threat to dietary health is the very
modern one of consuming too many calories.โ
Jonathan Silverton
Dinner with Darwin
18. Steffen et al., 2016
Rockstrom et al., 2009
Todayโs food systems drive environmental harm
19. The Sixth Extinction:
An Unnatural History
Elizabeth Kolbert
โWe are deciding, without quite meaning to,
which evolutionary pathways will remain open
and which will forever be closed. No other
creature has ever managed this, and it will,
unfortunately, be our most enduring legacy.โ
Book Review by Al Gore, New York Times, Feb. 2014
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Low Risk Land Use
Protected Intact Cropland Pasture Urban/Infrastructure
20%
30%
18%
22%
10%
26. Low Risk Land Use Current Estimates
Protected Intact Cropland Pasture Urban/Infrastructure
20%
30%
18%
22%
10% 8%
15%
26%
18%
23%
42. 2ยฐ Climate
0 Biodiversity
loss
<2600 km3
yr-1
Fresh Water Use
ยฑ2500 Kcal per capita
12% PUFA
<2% Harmful
## Tg P yr-1
## Tg N yr-1
>50 protective
ingredients
Land
50-75%
Science based targets create a shared ambition
43. How can food get us to low risk diets and land?
Low Risk Diet
55. Biodiversity is the variety
of species, their genetic
make-up, and the natural
communities in which
they exist
56. Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Targets
By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored
and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services,
sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits
essential for all people.
58. Imagine a planet that has a basic atmosphere and climate. Which of the
earthโs millions of species would you take with you??
59. Image of rhizobacter, an other key players in soil processes:
Nitrogen fixation
Break down cellulose
Phosphorus cycle
Developing antibiotics
Converting carbon to stable states
We need species to provide each of these functions.
61. Version 2.8 B
Upgrade:
Now includes
Provisioning, Cultural,
Regulating and
Support Services
Free support from more than 10 million species*
Constantly Evolving!
OSยฎ
PhylogenyXP
experience the best of the biosphere
OSPhylogenyXP
Version2.8B
*number of species may be greater than 100 million
62.
63. Ecosystem Services
The conditions and processes through which
ecosystems, and the species that
make them up, sustain and fulfill human life.
This includes both goods, and functions.
Daily 1997
64. MEA 2006
Provisioning
Services
Regulating
Services
Cultural
Services
Supporting Services
Products obtained
From ecosystems
Benefits obtained from
Regulation of ecosystem
processes
Material and non-
Material benefits of
ecosystems
โขSpiritual and Inspirational
โขRecreational
โขAesthetic
โขEducational
โขHistorical
โขTraditional Livelihoods and
knowledge
โขClimate regulation
โขHydrological regimes
โขReduction of natural
hazards
โขPollution control
โขDetoxification processes
โขFood
โขFresh water
โขFuel
โขFiber
โขBiochemical Products
Services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services:
โขSoil Formation Nutrient Cycling Primary production
100. 114ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014
Why the
coffee berry
borer?
โข CBB is one if not the most damaging
pest known to affect coffee crops (Damon
2000; Bustillo 2006; Vega et al. 2009)
โข Native of central Africa. First record,
France in 1867 (Damon 2000; Jaramillo et al. 2011)
โข First detected in CR in 2000 now
nationwide (ICAFE 2011, Staver et al. 2001)
โข Controlled under prescription with
endosulfan. Highly toxic (Weber et al. 2010)
http://www.ars.usda.gov
106. Olivas, Avelino and DeClerck et al. 2010
0.01FemalesCapturedDay-1
0.01FemalesCapturedDay-1
1
2
3
4
0
2
4
6
8
0
Distance from Coffee Edge (m) Sugar
Cane
Pasture Forest
A
B
C
BC
BC
BC
Amada Olivas, Nicaragua
107. Fabrice DeClerck, Jacques Avelino, Amada Olivas, Cipriano
Jacques Avelino
France
Cipriano Ribera
Nicaragua
113. 127
โข CATIE farm: 1036 ha, 85 ha coffee
โข Pairwise experiment (Exclusions of
bird activity)
How to measure pest control ?
ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014
25 m
5m
50m
Exclude
d
Not
excluded
20m
Coffee
plot
Canopy
cover
10m
Brocapยฎ
trap
Cultivating conversation, curating envidence, and catalyzing action towards sustainabiltiy.
The new commission will, for the first time, scientifically assess whether a global transformation to a food system delivering healthy diets from sustainable food systems to a growing world population is possible, and what implications it might have for attaining the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement.โ
on how sustainable and healthy diets offer preventive and mitigation potential for malnutrition, NCDs, climate change and environmental degradation;
A global assessment of the role of healthy and sustainable diets as a fundamental opportunity for achieving the health and sustainability targets of the SDGs and remaining within a 1.5-2ยฐC climate future;
Furthermore, advance the state of knowledge on the potential for accurate economic metrics to quantify the broad cost savings that may result from a transformation of the food system.
) Based on the scientific synthesis, identify Barriers, levers of positive change and policy recommendations for a global transformation towards healthy and sustainable food systems for different regional and cultural settings;
Foley suggests 4 strategies for meeting the dual goals of agricultural productivity and environmental conservation: 1) Stop expanding agriculture, 2) close yield gaps, 3) increase agricultural resource efficiency and 4) shift diets and reduce waste.(maybe review so that some of the stats are fresher). We just hit a population of 7 billion in October, we are expecting 9 billion in 2050. we face one of the greatest challenges of the twenty- first century: meeting societyโs growing food needs while simultaneously reducing agricultureโs environmental harm.
Environmental pressures are allocated to the final food product, accounting for the use and impacts of primary products in the production of vegetable oils and refined sugar, and for feed requirements in animal products. Impacts are shown as percentages of present impacts, given a baseline projection to 2050 without dedicated mitigation measures for a middle-of-the-road socioeconomic development pathway (SSP2). Absolute impacts for all socioeconomic pathways are provided in the main text and the data referred to in the โData availabilityโ statement (see Methods).
GBD TMRED diet vs Total Available Globally According to FAO Food supply data for 2009
Proportions and total amounts differ
PUFA is included as a separate category of protective because itโs protective effects come from replacement of saturated fats with PUFA, not in its consumption per se.
Risk factors include diets low in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds, fiber, milk, calcium, omega-3 oils, and polyunsaturated fatty acids; and high in sodium, red meat, processed meat, sweetened beverages, and trans fats.
GBD TMRED diet vs Total Available Globally According to FAO Food supply data for 2009
Proportions and total amounts differ
PUFA is included as a separate category of protective because itโs protective effects come from replacement of saturated fats with PUFA, not in its consumption per se.
This savings is equivalent to ONE-THIRD the amount the US spent on agriculture, food, and beverages in 2010.
In 2010, the US spent $160 billion on agriculture and $230 billion on food and beverage industry (according to GDP estimates from BEA).
Disease-specific savings as a composition of total possible savings: Cardio (59%) | Diabetes (30.8%) | Cancer (9.7%) | Musculo (0.5%)
This shows that a GBD diet would help the US health system save the most on cardio expenditure, followed by diabetes expenditure.
The majority of the savings from cardiovascular comes from Ischemic heart disease ($57.9 billion in savings).
The majority of savings from cancer comes from Colorectal cancer ($7.5 billion in savings).
Musculoskeletal disorder savings all comes from risk reduction from osteoarthritis
If everyone in the world had the minimum risk diet, how does it compare to world food availability?
Following the GBD recommended diet would have reduced US health expenditure in 2006-2010 by $130 billion per year โ a 6% reduction.
This savings is equivalent to ONE-THIRD the amount the US spent on agriculture, food, and beverages in 2010.
In 2010, the US spent $160 billion on agriculture and $230 billion on food and beverage industry (according to GDP estimates from BEA).
Food crops are threatened not only by more pests and the disruption of long-predictable rainy season-dry season patterns, but also by the growing impact of heat stress itself on corn, wheat, rice and other staples.
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in an age of extinction. The phylogenetic tree of life, currently populated by about 10 million species, ranges from microscopic to enormous multicellular organisms, of which only a few representative phyla and divisions are shown as icons at the tips of the branches. Where species from the global phylogenetic pool are found is largely determined by environmental filters, represented here as a barrier with pores (dashed arch). Here we show only phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity, but biogeography, population processes, biotic interactions, meta- genomic and intragenomic variation, and functional traits contribute to different dimensions of biodiversity (Box 1) that characterize the biota of each ecosystem. Three representative ecosystems are illustrated: a forested
ecosystem (left arch), savanna ecosystem (center arch), and marine ecosys- tem (right arch). Microorganisms are represented by soils and sediments, illustrated as a dark band at the base of each arch. Each ecosystem contrib- utes to ecosystem functioning, shown here primarily as biogeochemical processes (chemical exchanges between the atmosphere and biosphere shown in the outermost arch). Widespread extinction attributable to anthropic drivers (human transformations of ecosystems going from left to right in each arch) lead to biotic impoverishment (reductions in local biodiversity) and biotic homogenization (increasing dominance by domestic species). For clarity, the complexity of biogeochemical pathways and interaction networks (Figs. 2 and 3) is not shown.
Environmental pressures are allocated to the final food product, accounting for the use and impacts of primary products in the production of vegetable oils and refined sugar, and for feed requirements in animal products. Impacts are shown as percentages of present impacts, given a baseline projection to 2050 without dedicated mitigation measures for a middle-of-the-road socioeconomic development pathway (SSP2). Absolute impacts for all socioeconomic pathways are provided in the main text and the data referred to in the โData availabilityโ statement (see Methods).
Lancet will propose five environmental targets drawing from the planetary boundaries concept. In this figure, the yellow indicates the boundary condition of the target, red indicates high risk regions, yellow the boundary condition, green the safe operating space.ย
Notes to make: (1) there is a science target (which will be fully articulated in the Lancet). (2) there are degrees of uncertainty around some of the targets (high for bluewater), low for climate and land, intermediate for N and P. (3) that there are multiple interventions types needed to bring us within the SOS, including from technology, diets, and reduced waste. SBT&apos;s from Industry can focus on one or more of these spaces, but must be additive for impact.ย
Lancet will propose five environmental targets drawing from the planetary boundaries concept. In this figure, the yellow indicates the boundary condition of the target, red indicates high risk regions, yellow the boundary condition, green the safe operating space.ย
Notes to make: (1) there is a science target (which will be fully articulated in the Lancet). (2) there are degrees of uncertainty around some of the targets (high for bluewater), low for climate and land, intermediate for N and P. (3) that there are multiple interventions types needed to bring us within the SOS, including from technology, diets, and reduced waste. SBT&apos;s from Industry can focus on one or more of these spaces, but must be additive for impact.ย
104 studies with 574 ecosystem service comparisons.
Add a title to this slide?
Thematic Opportunites and Challenges.
Biodiversity is more than species richness, but can be divided into a series of component parts. Before we begin it is important to understand the hierarchies are used. that EO Wilson says that of all the on-going disasters of the past century, none will compare to the great extinction caused by humans, this is a loss that will take millions of years to recover.
The US has signed but not ratified the treaty which originated in Rio. Bush did not sign at the time, but it was passed to Clinton who did sign and sent it to Congress for advice. A bipartisan committee voted 16/3 to ratify the resolution, however it has not been passed to the senate. Obama has not encouraged congress to sign it. This is now goal 7B of the MDGโs
(1) Fungi breakding down cellulose, (2) mycorhize, (3) Rhizobacter, (4) Streptomyces, (5) cilates, consume bacteria and release nitrogen (6)
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in an age of extinction. The phylogenetic tree of life, currently populated by about 10 million species, ranges from microscopic to enormous multicellular organisms, of which only a few representative phyla and divisions are shown as icons at the tips of the branches. Where species from the global phylogenetic pool are found is largely determined by environmental filters, represented here as a barrier with pores (dashed arch). Here we show only phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity, but biogeography, population processes, biotic interactions, meta- genomic and intragenomic variation, and functional traits contribute to different dimensions of biodiversity (Box 1) that characterize the biota of each ecosystem. Three representative ecosystems are illustrated: a forested
ecosystem (left arch), savanna ecosystem (center arch), and marine ecosys- tem (right arch). Microorganisms are represented by soils and sediments, illustrated as a dark band at the base of each arch. Each ecosystem contrib- utes to ecosystem functioning, shown here primarily as biogeochemical processes (chemical exchanges between the atmosphere and biosphere shown in the outermost arch). Widespread extinction attributable to anthropic drivers (human transformations of ecosystems going from left to right in each arch) lead to biotic impoverishment (reductions in local biodiversity) and biotic homogenization (increasing dominance by domestic species). For clarity, the complexity of biogeochemical pathways and interaction networks (Figs. 2 and 3) is not shown.
The goals are not the first thing that comes to mind WCS, WWF, TNC, or ecologists in general. We tend to view the world from the point of view of specie, and more specifically species losses. EO Wilson says that of all the on-going disasters of the past century, none will compare to the great extinction caused by humans, this is a loss that will take millions of years to recover.
Biodivrersity as the global operating system: An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software.
You would probably start with all the ones that provide you with direct needs such as food, fuel and fiber, those uses that as agroforesters we are all used to talking about. You can imagine the list getting large quickly. Now which species do you need simply to support the ones that you are taking? The pollinators? To start with, those that control the pesky catipillers that those pollinators start out as? We really have little to no ideas as to how many species we need. We could start rather by listing the services that we think we need.
The way that we currently produce food, it is a disservice.
These in contrast are the WLE metrics, some which need to be codeveloped with the AFS, though several that are uniquely measureable at the landscape scale because they are off-site impacts
These in contrast are the WLE metrics, some which need to be codeveloped with the AFS, though several that are uniquely measureable at the landscape scale because they are off-site impacts
These in contrast are the WLE metrics, some which need to be codeveloped with the AFS, though several that are uniquely measureable at the landscape scale because they are off-site impacts
These in contrast are the WLE metrics, some which need to be codeveloped with the AFS, though several that are uniquely measureable at the landscape scale because they are off-site impacts
Efforts to maximise crop yields are fuelling agricultural intensification, exacerbating the biodiversity crisis.
Low-intensity agricultural practices, however, may not sacrifice yields if they support biodiversity-driven
ecosystem services. We quantified the value native predators provide to farmers by consuming coffeeโs
most damaging insect pest, the coffee berry borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei). Our experiments in Costa Rica showed birds reduced infestation by
~50%, bats played a marginal role, and farmland forest coverincreased pest removal. We identified borer-consuming bird species by assaying faeces for borer DNA and found higher borer-predator abundances on more forested plantations. Our coarse estimate is that forest patches doubled pest control over 230 km 2
by providing habitat fo r~55 000 borer-consuming birds.
These pest-control services prevented US$75โUS$310 ha-year1
in damage, a benefit per plantation on par
with the average annual income of a Costa Rican citizen. Retaining forest and accounting for pest control
demonstrates a win
โ
win for biodiversity and coffee farmers.
Food crops are threatened not only by more pests and the disruption of long-predictable rainy season-dry season patterns, but also by the growing impact of heat stress itself on corn, wheat, rice and other staples.
โDiversified agricultural systems supported 600 million more years of evolutionary history than intensive monocultures but 300 million fewer years than forests. Compared with species with many extant relatives, evolutionarily distinct species were extirpated at higher rates in both diversified and intensive agricultural systems. Forests are therefore essential for maintaining diversity across the tree of life, but diversified agricultural systems may help buffer against extreme loss of phylogenetic diversity.โ
Bee visitation rates from the Rickletts study. Note the change in visitation with time, but also particularly note in the figure on the right that the principal pollinator in the 2001 sample is A mellifera, but that this decreases in 2002. In the more diverse system there is a greater deal of compensation. Whereas A mellifera accounted fro nearly half of the visits in 2002, and drops to 37%, there is only a 10% reduction in total visits which means that near the forest, native species may have been able to compensate for approximately 27% of the loss. At 800m this compensation did not occur.
Claire Kremen, a conservation biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, who&apos;s a co-author of the first study in Science, says one of the biggest problems for wild bees is the agricultural specialization that has produced huge fields of just one crop.
The almond groves of California, for example, are a sea of blossoms in February. It&apos;s a feast, as far as the eye can see, for honeybees that come here from all over the country.
&quot;But for the rest of the year, there&apos;s nothing blooming,&quot; she says.
That means there are no bees. &quot;In fact, in places where we have very large monocultures of almond, we don&apos;t find any native bees anymore,&quot; Kremen says.
33% of bee colonies did not make it through the wintern
Meeting the needs of poor people is fundamental.
People use, modify, and care for nature which provides material and immaterial benefits to their livelihoods.
Cross-scale and cross-level interactions of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes can be managed to positively impact development outcomes.
Governance mechanisms are vital tools for achieving equitable access to and provision of ecosystem services.
Building resilience is about enhancing the capacity of communities to sustainably develop in an uncertain world.
120 initiatives
As Daniel Press will tell you, soil is a pollutant.
Land uses following a management intensity gradient from forests to sugar cane plantations
MMS = Metrical Multidimensional Scaling (InfoStat). Como el anรกlisis de componentes principales intenta explicar en un mรกximo de dos ejes la mayor variabilidad explicada (65.5%). La distancia utilizada fue la de Bray-Curtis. El hรกbitat BOSQ estรก mรกs cercano en tรฉrminos de composiciรณn de especies con CAOR. CAAB y CAPO son los hรกbitats mรกs cercanos y similares al igual que CAAZ y ESCV. El BOSQ es el hรกbitat que muestra la menor similitud en composiciรณn de especies con el resto de sitios muestreados.
Complete life cycle takes from 28 to 34 days (4 (egg), 15 (larva), 7 (pupa)) (Damon 2000, Vega et al. 2009)
Females may lay between 31 to 119 eggs in a single suitable coffee berry. The complete life cycle may take up to 28 to 34 days. Males may live 20-87 days and females may live on average 157 days (Barrera 1994 cited by Damon 2000).
Where coffee is present all year round (Uganda / Turrialba), H. hampei may exceed eight generations a year (Hargreaes 1926 cited by Damon 2000).
Only females fly and wing muscles seem to degenerate when egg laying starts preventing them to colonize other berries (Ticheler 1991 cited by Damon 2000).
cbb feeds on and reproduces in the endosperm of the coffee seed. Drilling of a berry in optimum conditions may take up to 8 hours. During this time is vulnerable to pest control agents.
The coffee berry borer will eat the endosperm of the coffee berry, lay eggs and stayed there until an environmental stimuli drives them to find new available berries to colonize.
Slide 11
Esquemรกticamente, esta serรญa la representaciรณn de la distribuciรณn de las trampas a lo largo de 6 transectos en una localidad con una combinaciรณn cafรฉ-bosque-caรฑa.
El trabajo se llevรณ por 120 dรญas en la รฉpoca de vuelo de la broca, concretamente cuando escasean los frutos, es decir despuรฉs de cosecha.
Slide 12
Nuestros resultados demuestran primero que la broca se dispersa poco fuera del cafetal, ya que mรกs del 96% de las brocas se capturaron en las trampas dentro del cafรฉ, y apenas el 4 % fuera del cafetal. Lo que ayuda a entender los resultados del estudio anterior. A la broca no le parece gustar la fragmentaciรณn de los cafetales.
A pesar de esta poca dispersiรณn fuera del cafรฉ, sรญ se logrรณ capturar algunos individuos a las distancias mรกs alejadas del cafetal (140 m), como se puede apreciar en esta figura, lo cual tambiรฉn parece coincidir con los resultados del estudio anterior: es muy probable que haya muy pocos individuos capaces de extenderse a mรกs de 150 m.
A pesar de esta poca dispersiรณn, logramos evidenciar diferencias de fricciones entre los diferentes usos. Capturamos menos broca en los bosques que en el pasto, y menos en pasto que en la caรฑa. Esto permite pensar que el bosque es el uso que rompe mรกs la conectividad para la broca.
Slide 14
Pueden ver o adivinar en esta foto algunas trampas ubicadas en un parche de pasto.
Slide 15
Recuerden donde estรกn los usos de suelo.
La superficie de los discos es proporcional a la cantidad de brocas capturadas en el transcurso del estudio. Este superficie corresponde a 100 brocas.
Hay trampas que capturan mucha broca que son las trampas que estรกn en el cafรฉ, y otras trampas que no capturan casi nada que son las que estรกn en las zonas boscosas, las cuales establecen posiblemente barreras al movimiento de la broca.
En cambio hay zonas de aparente conectividad constituidas por supuesto por el cafรฉ pero tambiรฉn por las zonas de caรฑa y pasto.
Estos resultados confirman lo obtenido en el estudio anterior.
All movement of this species is within the same landuse, that is they say in the forest or in the CAAB, but do not venture much into other landuses, particularly CAOR which is right next door.
This is an opportunity to talk about the importance of doing on-farm work.
118 bird species detected
- 100 (85%) species include invertebrates as part of their diet
- 29 (25%) species exclusively insectivores
- Only 18 (15%) do not include invertebrates as part of their diet
25 (21%) species of Neotropical migrants
- 11 exclusively insectivore
- 23 include invertebrates as part of their diet.
Our coarse estimate is that forest patches doubled pest control over 230 km2 by providing habitat for ~ 55 000 borer-consuming birds. These pest-control services prevented US$75โUS$310 ha-year!1 in damage, a benefit per plantation on par with the average annual income of a Costa Rican citizen.
Efforts to maximise crop yields are fuelling agricultural intensification, exacerbating the biodiversity crisis.
Low-intensity agricultural practices, however, may not sacrifice yields if they support biodiversity-driven
ecosystem services. We quantified the value native predators provide to farmers by consuming coffeeโs
most damaging insect pest, the coffee berry borer beetle (Hypothenemus hampei). Our experiments in Costa Rica showed birds reduced infestation by
~50%, bats played a marginal role, and farmland forest coverincreased pest removal. We identified borer-consuming bird species by assaying faeces for borer DNA and found higher borer-predator abundances on more forested plantations. Our coarse estimate is that forest patches doubled pest control over 230 km 2
by providing habitat fo r~55 000 borer-consuming birds.
These pest-control services prevented US$75โUS$310 ha-year1
in damage, a benefit per plantation on par
with the average annual income of a Costa Rican citizen. Retaining forest and accounting for pest control
demonstrates a win
โ
win for biodiversity and coffee farmers.
The inclusion of the live fences affects less than 5% of the total farm area.
El รกrea de estudio es el CBVCT el cual tiene 114.617 ha. Este corredor esta conectando 9 รกreas protegidas y una reserva indรญgena