The document discusses the history and development of open universities and distance education. It begins by describing the University of London in 1858 as the first university open to place and gender. The Open University was founded in 1969 in the UK as the first true open university, allowing adults access to higher education regardless of qualifications. Open universities have now spread worldwide, with over 60 existing today. Technological innovations like MOOCs, OERs, and online learning platforms are further opening up access to education on a global scale. The digital revolution has decentralized learning beyond physical campuses and led to new models of blended and flexible education.
Open universities and innovation in higher education
1. Open universities and innovation
in higher education
Alan Tait
Professor of Distance Education and
Development
The Open University UK
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2. University of London
• 1858: University of London External Studies:
first university to be open to place
• 1878: University of London: first university to
be open to women
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3. Open University: the term
• Where did the idea
come from?
• Michael Young, social
innovator
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4. The Open University
• Foundation 1969
• Prime Minister Harold
Wilson, walking back
from church
• Social and educational
context
• Political controversy
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5. It takes a woman!
• From the idea to reality
• Jenny Lee
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6. It takes another woman!
• Margaret Thatcher as
Secretary of State for
Education
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7. The conventions attacked
• Adults
• Lower or no qualifications
• Use of technology
• Citizenship and democracy
• Social justice and inclusion
• Lifelong learning/ continuing education/
éducation permanente
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8. The new student cohorts
• Social class
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Disability
• Changing the assumptions about who can go
to university
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9. Major arguments for
• Social justice: inclusion and social mobility
• Skills and knowledge
• Citizenship and personal fulfilment
• Framework of ideas: lifelong learning
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10. Teaching Adult students
• Focus for first time on teaching in higher education
• Open entry: no entry qualifications asked for
• Reversal of selection by institution
• Reversal of quality of input to quality of outcomes
• One third with less than minimum university entry
qualifications
• Flexibility: student centred systems
• Use of term pedagogy
• Innovation on curriculum
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11. The course team
• Open not private teaching
• Co-operative not individual
• Equality of academic status within course
team
• Peer review of academic work
• Capital intensive for high quality and
innovation
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12. New media
• Print for learning
• TV
• Radio
• Study centres
• Residential schools
• Innovation: existing resources in new
combinations
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13. Behaviourism v. constructivism
• Programmed
instruction
• Educational technology
• ‘perfect’ teaching
materials remove need
for student support
• Reality of student lives
• Student support
• Role of tutor as
mediator and scaffolder
of knowledge
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14. Innovation and curriculum
• Does mass higher education need same
curriculum as élite higher education?
• Curriculum for social mobility: cases of pre-
school workers; retail management; sports
studies
• Bachelors and Masters degrees as currency:
the case for intermediate qualifications
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15. Open universities worldwide
• Now more than 60
• Majority in Commonwealth
• Also Spain 1972 and 5 others in Europe
• Thailand
• Costa Rica
• China – Japan - Korea
• And new open universities still being created
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16. Scale and economics of distance
teaching
Instructor led
• Small scale
• Extension of current
model
• USA
• Low cost
Course led
• Writers and tutors
• Industrial model
• Otto Peters
• High capital cost
• Amortised over large
numbers and years
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17. Student drop-out
• Greater in part-time than full time
• Greater in distance than part-time
• Selection at entry
• Student educational histories
• Cambridge and Open Universities
• Different educational missions
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18. Student support
• Admissions and guidance
• Tutor
• Study counsellor
• Learner centred
• Intervention
• Assumptions about student skills and
confidence
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20. Student Success framework
• Learning design as framework
•Pre-study information, advice, guidance and
admission
•Curriculum or programme for student success
•Intervention at key points and in response to
student need
•Assessment
•Personalised support
•Information and logistical systems
•Managing for Student Success
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21. Other options to open universities
• No open university in
• USA
• Australia
• Brazil
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22. Dual mode
Strengths
• Range of modes available
to students
• Strong brand of
qualification from
conventional university
• Strong development at
Masters level
Challenges
• Real priority on distance
education
• Staff engagement
• Developed expertise
• Quality
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23. The transition to the digital world:
decentering learning from the campus
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24. What else is new?
• Ability to make learners responsible for
sourcing (some) material
• Capacity for peer and collaborative work
• Richness of learning with multi-media
• Ability to deliver near-constant updating of
learning materials
• OERs
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25. Digital learning on and off campus
• 20 years after start of digital revolution
• LMS on campus
• Learning off campus with LMS, tablet and wifi
• Blended models of technology supported
study
• End of separate worlds of distance and
‘conventional’ modes of study?
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26. • Opening up education from 1970’s with Open
Universities
• Open software from 1990’s
• Open publishing from 2000’s
• Open educational resources from 2000’s
• MOOCs from 2010’s
Open movement
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27. Oer’s and MOOCs
• Passion and demand for learning is huge
• Current model of HE is unsustainable
• Crisis of confidence re price and value
• Technology and on-line learning may offer
different solutions
• Interest in e-learning in research-led universities
on different scale
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28. Future Learn
• Open University MOOC platform
• Launched September 2013
• 1 million registered learners by April 2015
• MOOCs from 40 research led universities
• Designed for mobile
• Designed for social learning
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29. Open Learn Visitors since launch: 22 million
Visitors 2011/12: 5.4 million
I Tunes Visitors since start: 2.9 million
Visitors 2011/12: 63.3 million
You Tube Visitors since start: 16.8 million
video views
Visitors 2011/12: 2.7 million video
views
FutureLearn 750,000 registered learners by
September 2014
iTunes U
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30. 30
Journeys from informal to formal
learning through open media
30
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31. To conclude
• Digital revolution now well advanced on as well
as off campus
• Mobile learning now normalised and ubiquitous
• What is campus for?
• Learning design now dominant paradigm
• Capacity challenge now matched by funding
challenge
• How to manage scale – quality – affordability?
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32. 1 Individual demand
2 Combined with social and economic need
3 Plus digital revolution
4 Demands new response from Higher Education
as open universities did 45 years ago
What next?
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