Oracle Database 12c includes over 500 new features designed for cloud computing, big data, security, and availability. Key features include Multitenant architecture which allows multiple databases to share a single database instance, In-Memory which stores frequently accessed data in memory for faster queries, and new security features like data redaction and encryption. Additional features improve performance, manageability, and flexibility of the database like JSON support, heat map statistics, and identity columns.

1. Oracle Database 12c
New Features for Developers and
DBAs
Presented by:
Alex Zaballa, Oracle DBA

2. Alex Zaballa
http://alexzaballa.blogspot.com/
@alexzaballa
145 and counting…

3. Worked 8 years for the Ministry of Finance
March - 2007 until March - 2015

6. ORACLE ACE PROGRAM
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/community/oracle-ace/index.html

7. Oracle Database 12c
New Features for Developers and DBAs

8. Oracle Official Documentation
12.1.0.2
• http://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NEWFT
/chapter12102.htm

9. Articles about 12c
• https://oracle-base.com/articles/12c/articles-
12c
• http://www.oraclealchemist.com/news/install
-oracle-12c-12-1/
• http://www.profissionaloracle.com.br/

10. “With more than 500 new features, Oracle
Database 12c is designed to give Oracle
customers exactly what they’ve told us they
need for cloud computing, big data, security,
and availability.”

11. Multitenant
OTN – Article – Spanish
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/es/articles
/database-performance/oracle-multitenant-
parte1-2065486-esa.html

12. Multitenant
Source: Oracle Documentation

13. Source: Oracle Documentation

14. Multitenant
Source: https://blogs.oracle.com/UPGRADE/entry/non_cdb_architecture_of_oracle

15. Multitenant
Source: https://blogs.oracle.com/UPGRADE/entry/non_cdb_architecture_of_oracle

16. Multitenant
Source: https://blogs.oracle.com/UPGRADE/entry/non_cdb_architecture_of_oracle

17. In-Memory
OTN – Article - Spanish
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/es/articles
/database-performance/oracle-database-12c-in-
memory-2595521-esa.html

18. In-Memory
Source: Oracle Documentation

19. In-Memory
SIMD Vector Processing
Source: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/in-memory/overview/twp-
oracle-database-in-memory-2245633.html

20. In-Memory
In-Memory Area – a static pool in SGA

21. In-Memory
Source: OracleBase.com

22. In-Memory
Alter table hr.EMPLOYEES inmemory;
ALTER TABLE sales MODIFY PARTITION SALES_Q1_1998
NO INMEMORY;
ALTER TABLE sales INMEMORY NO INMEMORY(prod_id);
CREATE TABLESPACE tbs_test
DATAFILE '+DG01 SIZE 100M
DEFAULT INMEMORY;

23. In-Memory
Source: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/in-memory/overview/twp-
oracle-database-in-memory-2245633.html

24. JSON
OTN Article in Portuguese by Alex Zaballa
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/pt/articles
/sql/json-oracle-database-12c-2378776-
ptb.html

25. JSON
• Oracle Database 12.1.0.2 has now native
support for JSON.
• “JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a
lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy
for humans to read and write. It is easy for
machines to parse and generate.”
Source: http://json.org/

26. JSON

27. JSON

28. Data Redaction
OTN Article in English by Alex Zaballa
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/d
atabase/data-redaction-odb12c-2331480.html

29. Data Redaction
• One of the new features introduced in Oracle
Database 12c
• Part of the Advanced Security option
• Enables the protection of data shown to the
user in real time, without requiring changes to
the application

30. Data Redaction

31. Data Redaction

32. SQL Query Row Limits and Offsets

33. SQL Query Row Limits and Offsets
create table tabela_teste (codigo number, nome varchar2(20), salario
number);
insert into tabela_teste values (1,'Alex' ,100);
insert into tabela_teste values (2,'Joao' ,200);
insert into tabela_teste values (3,'Maria' ,300);
insert into tabela_teste values (4,'Pedro',400);
insert into tabela_teste values (5,'Paulo',500);
insert into tabela_teste values (6,'Fernando',600);
insert into tabela_teste values (7,'Rafael',700);
insert into tabela_teste values (8,'Samuel',700);
insert into tabela_teste values (9,'Daniel',800);
insert into tabela_teste values (10,'Luciano',1000);

34. SQL Query Row Limits and Offsets
Top-N Queries – Pré 12c
select * from ( select codigo, nome, salario
from tabela_teste
order by salario desc)
where rownum <= 5

35. SQL Query Row Limits and Offsets
select codigo, nome, salario
from tabela_teste
order by salario desc
FETCH FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY

36. SQL Query Row Limits and Offsets
select codigo, nome, salario
from tabela_teste
order by salario
FETCH FIRST 30 PERCENT ROWS ONLY

37. SQL Query Row Limits and Offsets
select codigo, nome, salario
from tabela_teste
order by salario desc
OFFSET 2 ROWS FETCH NEXT 2 ROWS ONLY;

38. Invisible Columns
CREATE TABLE tabela_teste
(
coluna1 NUMBER,
coluna2 NUMBER,
coluna3 NUMBER INVISIBLE,
coluna4 NUMBER
);
SQL> desc tabela_teste
Name
-----------------------------------------
COLUNA1 NUMBER
COLUNA2 NUMBER
COLUNA4 NUMBER

39. Invisible Columns
INSERT INTO tabela_teste
(coluna1,coluna2,coluna3,coluna4) VALUES
(1,2,3,4);
INSERT INTO tabela_teste VALUES (1,2,4);

40. Invisible Columns
SET COLINVISIBLE ON
SQL> desc tabela_teste
Name
-----------------------------------------
COLUNA1 NUMBER
COLUNA2 NUMBER
COLUNA4 NUMBER
COLUNA3 (INVISIBLE) NUMBER

41. Invisible Columns
ALTER TABLE tabela_teste MODIFY coluna3 VISIBLE;

42. Approximate Count Distinct
This function provides an alternative to the COUNT (DISTINCT
expr)

43. SQL Text Expansion
SQL> variable retorno clob
SQL> begin
dbms_utility.expand_sql_text( input_sql_text
=> 'select * from emp', output_sql_text=>
:retorno );
end;

44. SQL Text Expansion
• Views
• VPDs

45. PL/SQL From SQL
with
function Is_Number
(x in varchar2) return varchar2 is
Plsql_Num_Error exception;
pragma exception_init(Plsql_Num_Error, -06502);
begin
if (To_Number(x) is NOT null) then
return 'Y';
else
return '';
end if;
exception
when Plsql_Num_Error then
return 'N';
end Is_Number;
select rownum, x, is_number(x) is_num from t;

46. Session Level Sequences
Session level sequences are used to produce
unique values in a session. Once the session
ends, the sequence is reset.
Generating Primary Keys for a Global Temporary
Table would be a field where those kinds of
sequences could be used.

47. Session Level Sequences
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_teste
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
SESSION
/

48. Session Level Sequences
ALTER SEQUENCE sequence_teste
SESSION;
ALTER SEQUENCE sequence_teste
GLOBAL;

49. Extended Data Types
SQL> create table tabela_teste(campo01
varchar2(4001));
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00910: specified length too long for its
datatype

50. Extended Data Types
- VARCHAR2 : 32767 bytes
- NVARCHAR2 : 32767 bytes
- RAW : 32767 bytes

51. Extended Data Types
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
STARTUP UPGRADE;
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_string_size=extended;
@?/rdbms/admin/utl32k.sql
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
STARTUP;
**Once you switch to extended data types you can't switch back

52. Session private statistics for Global
Temporary Tables
Pre 12c, statistics gathered for global temporary
tables (GTTs) were common to all sessions.

53. Session private statistics for Global
Temporary Tables
SELECT
DBMS_STATS.get_prefs('GLOBAL_TEMP_TABLE_STATS')
Stats FROM dual;
STATS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SESSION

54. Session private statistics for Global
Temporary Tables
BEGIN
DBMS_STATS.set_global_prefs (
pname => 'GLOBAL_TEMP_TABLE_STATS',
pvalue => 'SHARED');
END;
/
BEGIN
DBMS_STATS.set_global_prefs (
pname => 'GLOBAL_TEMP_TABLE_STATS',
pvalue => 'SESSION');
END;
/

55. Session private statistics for Global
Temporary Tables
BEGIN
dbms_stats.set_table_prefs('SCOTT','GTT_TESTE','G
LOBAL_TEMP_TABLE_STATS','SHARED');
END;
BEGIN
dbms_stats.set_table_prefs('SCOTT','GTT_TESTE','G
LOBAL_TEMP_TABLE_STATS','SESSION');
END;

56. Temporary Undo
Global Temporary Tables (GTT) hold the data in a
temporary tablespace. The data in GTTs are either
deleted after commit or kept until the session is
connected depending of the definition of the
GTT.(ON COMMIT PRESERVE OR DELETE ROWS ).
DMLs in a Global Temporary Tables do not generate
REDO, but generate UNDO and this will result in
REDO generating.

57. Temporary Undo
alter session set temp_undo_enabled=true;
**you can change for the session or for the database.

58. Multiple Indexes on the same set of
Columns
Pre 12c:
ORA-01408: such column list already indexed
error.

59. Multiple Indexes on the same set of
Columns
Is the ability to create more than one index on
the same set of columns in 12c.
**Only one of these indexes can be visible at a
time

60. Multiple Indexes on the same set of
Columns
Why would you want to do that?
• Unique versus nonunique
• B-tree versus bitmap
• Different partitioning strategies

61. READ Object Privilege and READ ANY
TABLE System Privilege
What is the difference to SELECT and SELECT
ANY TABLE?

62. READ Object Privilege and READ ANY
TABLE System Privilege
SELECT and SELECT ANY TABLE provides the
ability to lock rows:
LOCK TABLE table_name IN EXCLUSIVE MODE;
SELECT ... FROM table_name FOR UPDATE;

63. READ Object Privilege and READ ANY
TABLE System Privilege
SQL> grant select on scott.emp to teste;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> lock table scott.emp in exclusive mode;
Table(s) Locked.

64. READ Object Privilege and READ ANY
TABLE System Privilege
SQL> grant read on scott.emp to teste;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> lock table scott.emp in exclusive mode;
lock table scott.emp in exclusive mode
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

65. Truncate Cascade
SQL> truncate table scott.dept;
truncate table scott.dept
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02266: unique/primary keys in table
referenced by enabled foreign keys

66. Truncate Cascade
SQL> truncate table scott.dept cascade;
Table truncated.
The constraint should be ON DELETE CASCADE.

67. SQL*Loader Express
• You don't need to to write and test a
SQL*Loader control file.
• The benefit main is the savings for time and
effort.

68. SQL*Loader Express
[oracle@oracle01 tmp]$ cat EMPRESA.dat
1,Empresa 1
2,Empresa 2
3,Empresa 3
4,Empresa 4
5,Empresa 5
6,Empresa 6
7,Empresa 7
8,Empresa 8
9,Empresa 9

69. SQL*Loader Express
[oracle@oracle01 tmp]$ sqlldr teste/teste TABLE=EMPRESA
SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.1.0 - Production on Sat Jan 11 12:16:28 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Express Mode Load, Table: EMPRESA
Path used: External Table, DEGREE_OF_PARALLELISM=AUTO
Table EMPRESA:
9 Rows successfully loaded.
Check the log files:
EMPRESA.log
EMPRESA_%p.log_xt
for more information about the load.

70. Limit the PGA
SQL> show parameter pga
NAME TYPE VALUE
-------------------------- ------------- ----------------------
pga_aggregate_limit big integer 2G

71. Limit the PGA
PGA_AGGREGATE_LIMIT is set to the greater of:
- 2 GB (default value)
- 200% of PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET
- 3 MB times the PROCESSES parameter

72. Statistics During Loads
The ability to gather statistics automatically
during bulk loads:
- CREATE TABLE AS SELECT
- INSERT INTO ... SELECT into an empty table
using a direct path insert

73. Partial Indexes for Partitioned Table
• You can create local and global indexes on a
subset of the partitions of a table, enabling
more flexibility in index creation.
• This feature is not supported for unique
indexes, or for indexes used for enforcing
unique constraints.

74. Partial Indexes for Partitioned Table

75. Full Database Caching
Can be used to cache the entire database in
memory. It should be used when the buffer
cache size of the database instance is greater
than the whole database size.

76. RMAN Table Recovery in 12c
RMAN enables you to recover one or more
tables or table partitions to a specified point in
time.

77. RMAN Table Recovery in 12c
RMAN> RECOVER TABLE HR.REGIONS
UNTIL TIME "TO_DATE('01/10/2013
09:33:39','DD/MM/RRRR HH24:MI:SS')"
AUXILIARY DESTINATION '/tmp/backups'

78. Identity Columns
CREATE TABLE tabela_teste (
id NUMBER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
coluna1 VARCHAR2(30)
);

79. Identity Columns
CREATE TABLE tabela_teste (
id NUMBER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY,
coluna1 VARCHAR2(30)
);

80. Identity Columns
CREATE TABLE tabela_teste (
id NUMBER GENERATED BY DEFAULT ON NULL AS
IDENTITY,
coluna1 VARCHAR2(30)
);

81. In-Database Archiving
SQL> create table tabela_teste(coluna1 number)
row archival;
insert into tabela_teste values(1);
insert into tabela_teste values(2);
insert into tabela_teste values(3);

82. In-Database Archiving

83. In-Database Archiving
update tabela_teste
set ora_archive_state=DBMS_ILM.ARCHIVESTATENAME(1)
where coluna1=3;

84. In-Database Archiving
alter session set row archival visibility=all;

85. Heat Map, Automatic Data
Optimization and ILM
OTN Article in Portuguese by Daniel Da Meda and Alex Zaballa
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/pt/articles
/database-performance/ilm-e-automatic-data-
optimization-2601873-ptb.html

86. Heat Map, Automatic Data
Optimization and ILM
• Heat Map: Oracle Database 12c feature that stores system-
generated data usage statistics at the block and segment
levels. Automatically tracks modification and query
timestamps at the row and segment levels.
• Automatic Data Optimization (ADO): automatically moves
and compresses data according to user-defined policies
based on the information collected by Heat Map
• ILM: Heat Map and Automatic Data Optimization make
Oracle Database 12c ideal for implementing ILM

87. Heat Map, Automatic Data
Optimization and ILM
Enabling Heat Map
SQL> alter system set heat_map = on;

88. Heat Map, Automatic Data
Optimization and ILM
Heat Map statistics can be viewed graphically
through EM Cloud Control:

89. Heat Map, Automatic Data
Optimization and ILM
Creating ADO policies
Compress the tablespace USER_DATA and all its residing
segments at OLTP level after 30 days of low access:
ALTER TABLESPACE USER_DATA ILM ADD POLICY
ROW STORE COMPRESS ADVANCED
SEGMENT AFTER 30 DAYS OF LOW ACCESS;

90. Heat Map, Automatic Data
Optimization and ILM
Creating ADO policies
Compress the table ORDER_ITEMS including any
SecureFile LOBs at OLTP level after 90 days of no
modification:
ALTER TABLE ORDER_ITEMS ILM ADD POLICY
ROW STORE COMPRESS ADVANCED
GROUP AFTER 90 DAYS OF NO MODIFICATION;

91. DDL LOGGING

92. DDL LOGGING
/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/log/ddl/log.xml

93. Direct SQL statement execution in
RMAN
Pre - 12c:
RMAN> SQL ‘SELECT sysdate FROM dual’;
12c:
RMAN> SELECT sysdate FROM dual;

94. SQLcl

96. Thank You