2. DEFINISI PSIKOLOGI
• Psikologi adalah kajian saintifik mengenai tingkah
laku dan proses kognitif
– Tingkah laku – overt/covert
– Proses kognitif – proses pemikiran/minda
termasuklah aktiviti menerima, memproses dan
mengeluarkan maklumat.
• Ahli psikologi berminat untuk mendapatkan
maklumat secara saintifik mengenai apa saja
yang manusia dan organisma hidupan lain fikir,
rasa dan lakukan
4. TOKOH-TOKOH PENTING
• WILHEM WUNDT (1832-1920)
• Orang pertama menemui makmal
psikologi yang pertama (1879)
• Psikologi harus fokus terhadap
pengalaman atas sedar (conscious
experience).
• Menganalisis deria, perasaan dan
imaginasi dari akar umbi untuk
mengetahui ciri sebenar minda
manusia melalui kaedah
INTROSPECTION – tanya individu
supaya menjelaskan apa yang ada
dalam pemikiran melalui tugasan
yang diberi.
5. • WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1950)
• Penulis awal buku psychology –
Principles of Psychology
• Tidak setuju dengan Wilhem
Wundt kerana:
– minda tidak statik dan selalu
berubah,
– tujuan utama psikologi adalah
untuk memahami bagaimana
minda berfungsi dalam kehidupan
seharian, bagaimana minda
menyesuaikan dengan persekitaran
yang kompleks.
6. • JOHN B. WATSON
(1878-1958)
• Mengubah psychology
daripada kajian
terhadap minda kepada
kajian terhadap tingkah
laku overt.
• Memperkenalkan
pendekatan
Behaviorisme
9. BEHAVIORISME
• Fokus terhadap tingkah laku overt.
• Hanya aspek tingkah laku yang boleh dilihat
sahaja yang boleh diukur secara saintifik.
• Ahli behaviorisme terkemuka:
– Ivan Pavlov
– B. F. Skinner
– Edward Thorndike
– John B. Watson
– Clark Hull
10. COGNITIVISM
• Mengkaji tingkah laku manusia melalui
bagaimana cara dia berfikir, menghasilkan
maklumat, membentuk konsep, menyimpan,
memprose dan mengeluarkan maklumat.
• Ahli cognitivism terkemuka:
– William James
– Jean Piaget
11. PSYCHODYNAMIC / PSYCHOANALYTIC
• Mengkaji tingkah laku manusia melalui analisis
tenaga dalaman yang mencetuskan konflik
tingkah laku.
• Kebanyakan aspek tingkah laku berasal
daripada tenaga dalaman yang terselindung di
senalik personaliti manusia.
• Ahli psychoanalysis terkemuka ialah Sigmund
Freud.
12. HUMANISTIC
• Mengkaji tingkah laku manusia melalui
kecenderungan motivasi ke arah mencapai
kesempurnaan kendiri.
• Kecenderungan manusia untuk menjadi insan
yang terbaik
• Ahli humanistic terkenal ialah Abraham
Maslow
13. PERSONEL DALAM PSIKOLOGI
• PSYCHIATRIST
– Seorang ahli fizik, selepas menamatkan pengajian dalam
bidang perubatan, beliau membuat pengkhususan pula
dalam bidang merawat masalah kecelaruan mental.
• PSYCHOLOGIST
– Mendapat latihan dan bergraduat dalam bidang Psikologi,
membuat Master dan seterusnya PHD dalam bidang yang
sama.
– Untuk membuat pengkhususan dalam bidang-bidang
tertentu dalam psikologi, seperti rawatan terhadap
kecelaruan mental, perlu melengkapkan sesi latihan di
hospital, klinik atau industri
14. PENGKHUSUSAN DALAM BIDANG
PSIKOLOGI
• CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Clinical psychologists assess and treat people with
psychological problems. They may act as therapists for people experiencing
normal psychological crises (e.g., grief) or for individuals suffering from chronic
psychiatric disorders. Some clinical psychologists are generalists who work with a
wide variety of populations, while others work with specific groups like children,
the elderly, or those with specific disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). They are trained
in universities or professional schools of psychology. They may be found working
in academic settings, hospitals, community health centers, or private practice. (See
also Counseling Psychology.)
• COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY: Counseling psychologists do many of the same things
that clinical psychologists do. However, counseling psychologists tend to focus
more on persons with adjustment problems rather than on persons suffering from
severe psychological disorders. They may be trained in Psychology Departments or
in Schools of Education. Counseling psychologists are employed in academic
settings, community mental health centers, and private practice. (See also Clinical
Psychology.)
15. • DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Developmental psychologists
study how we develop intellectually, socially, and emotionally over
the lifespan. Some focus on just one period of life (e.g., childhood
or adolescence). Developmental psychologists usually do research
and teach in academic settings, but many act as consultants to day
care centers, schools, or social service agencies.
• EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Educational psychologists are
concerned with the study of human learning. They attempt to
understand the basic aspects of learning and then develop
materials and strategies for enhancing the learning process. For
example, an educational psychologist might study reading and then
develop a new technique for teaching reading. They are typically
trained in Schools of Education and employed in academic settings.
(See also School Psychology.)
16. • EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: This area includes a diverse
group of psychologists who do research in the most basic
areas of psychology (e.g., learning, memory, cognition,
perception, motivation, and language). Their research may
be conducted with animals instead of humans. Most of
these psychologists work in academic settings.
• FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY: Forensic psychologists are
involved in analyzing crime evidence and aiding law
enforcement agencies in criminal investigations. See the
brochure from the Psychology and Law division of the
American Psychological Association, on this site, for useful
information.
17. • HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: Health psychologists are concerned with
psychology's contributions to the promotion and maintenance of
good health and the prevention and treatment of illness. They may
design and conduct programs to help individuals stop smoking, lose
weight, manage stress, and stay physically fit. They are employed in
hospitals, medical schools, rehabilitation centers, public health
agencies, academic settings, and private practice.
• HUMAN FACTORS PSYCHOLOGY: Human Factors researchers study
the human/machine interface. They may help make appliances such
as cameras user-friendly, or they may do studies of safety-related
issues in the design of machinary, airplane controls and instrument
layouts, or they may do basic research on human perceptual and
motor abilities as they relate to the operation of machines,
computers, and other mechanical devices.
18. • INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY:
Industrial/organizational psychologists are primarily concerned
with the relationships between people and their work
environments. They may develop new ways to increase productivity
or be involved in personnel selection. They are employed in
business, government agencies, and academic settings.
• PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Physiological psychologists study the
physiological correlates of behavior. They study both very basic
processes (e.g., how brain cells function) and more readily
observable phenomena (e.g., behavioral changes as a function of
drug use or the biological/genetic roots of psychiatric disorders).
Most are employed in academic settings.
19. • SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY: School psychologists are involved in
enhancing the development of children in educational settings.
They assess children's psychoeducational abilities and recommend
actions to facilitate student learning. They are typically trained in
Schools of Education and work in public school systems. They often
act as consultants to parents, teachers, and administrators to
optimize the learning environments of specific students. (See also
Educational Psychology.)
• SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Social psychologists study how our beliefs,
feelings, and behaviors are affected by other persons. Some topics
of interest to social psychologists are attitude formation and
change, aggression, prejudice, and interpersonal attraction. Most
social psychologists work in academic settings, but some work in
federal agencies and businesses doing applied research.
20. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIVISION IN AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)
1. Society for General Psychology
2. Society for the Teaching of Psychology
3. Experimental Psychology
5. Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics
6. Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative
Psychology
7. Developmental Psychology
8. Society for Personality and Social Psychology
9. Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
(SPSSI)
10. Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity
and the Arts
21. 12.Society of Clinical Psychology
13.Society of Consulting Psychology
14.Society for Industrial and Organizational
Psychology
15.Educational Psychology
16.School Psychology
17.Society of Counseling Psychology
18.Psychologists in Public Service
19.Society for Military Psychology
20.Adult Development and Aging
22. 21. Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychology
22. Rehabilitation Psychology
23. Society for Consumer Psychology
24. Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology
25. Behavior Analysis
26. Society for the History of Psychology
27. Society for Community Research and Action: Division
of Community Psychology
28. Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse
29. Psychotherapy
30. Society of Psychological Hypnosis
23. 31. State, Provincial and Territorial Psychological Association
Affairs
32. Society for Humanistic Psychology
33. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
34. Society for Environmental, Population and Conservation
Psychology
35. Society for the Psychology of Women
36. Society for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
37. Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice
38. Health Psychology
39. Psychoanalysis
40. Clinical Neuropsychology
24. 41. American Psychology-Law Society
42. Psychologists in Independent Practice
43. Society for Family Psychology
44. Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual and Transgender Issues
45. Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority
Issues
46. Society for Media Psychology and Technology
47. Exercise and Sport Psychology
48. Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence:
Peace Psychology Division
49. Society of Group Psychology and Group Psychotherapy
25. 50.Society of Addiction Psychology
51.Society for the Psychological Study of Men and
Masculinity
52.International Psychology
53.Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent
Psychology
54.Society of Pediatric Psychology
55.American Society for the Advancement of
Pharmacotherapy
56.Trauma Psychology
26. PENYELIDIKAN DALAM BIDANG
PSYCHOLOGY
• NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
– Pelbagai aspek tingkah laku diperhati secara teliti
dalam konteks semulajadi
• CASE STUDY
– Penyelidikan dibuat dengan mendapatkan
maklumat terperinci mengeni sesorang individu
bagi menghasilkan sesuatu prinsip umum tentang
tingkah laku
27. • SURVEY METHOD
– Penyelidikan melibatkan orang ramai menjawab
soal selidik mengenai konsep yang ingin dikaji
dalam tingkah laku.
• CORRELATIONAL METHOD
– Penyelidikan terhadap dua atau lebih pemboleh
ubah dan menentukan sama ada perubahan
sesuatu pemboleh ubah turut diikuti dengan
perubahan pemboleh ubah yang lain.
28. • EKSPERIMEN
– Melibatkan kajian tentang sesuatu rawatan /
intervensi sama ada memberi kesan ke atas
tingkah laku atau tidak
29. PERANAN TEORI DALAM PSIKOLOGI
• Teori mengandungi beberapa konsep asas,
dan mempunyai satu penyataan yang
menjelaskan tentang hubungkait konsep-
konsep tersebut.
• Teori digunakan dalam psikologi untuk
memerhati, menjelaskan dan membuat
kesimpulan tentang sesuatu fenomena
tingkah laku.
30. Teori tentang
sesuatu aspek
tingkah laku
Teori tentang
sesuatu aspek
tingkah laku
Jangkaan
dihasilkan melalui
teori (hipotesis)
Jangkaan
dihasilkan melalui
teori (hipotesis)
Penyelidikan
dibuat untuk
menguji teori atau
hipotesis
Penyelidikan
dibuat untuk
menguji teori atau
hipotesis
Keyakinan
ketepatan teori
meningkat
Keyakinan
ketepatan teori
meningkat
Jangkaan teori /
hipotesis disahkan
Jangkaan teori /
hipotesis disahkan
Jangkaan teori /
hipotesis tidak
disahkan
Jangkaan teori /
hipotesis tidak
disahkan
Keyakinan
ketepatan teori
menurun
Keyakinan
ketepatan teori
menurun
Teori / hipotesis
ditolak
Teori / hipotesis
ditolak
Teori / hipotesis
diubahsuai,
menghasilkan
jangkan yang baru
Teori / hipotesis
diubahsuai,
menghasilkan
jangkan yang baru
PERANAN TEORI DALAM
PENYELIDIKAN
31. ISU ETIKA DALAM PENYELIDIKAN
PSIKOLOGI
• Huraikan konsep etika yang berikut:
– Informed Consent
– Debriefing
– Protection of participant
– Deception
– Confidentiality
– Withdrawal from investigation
