2. • All body movements involve bones and muscles
found in the body
• The human movement system consists of the
skeleton and muscles
• The skeleton consists of bones
• Bones are the passive movement device, because
they cannot move without the help of the muscles.
• The muscles are called the active movement
device, because they can move the bones
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3. The skeleton function
1. Shape the body
2. Protect vital organs
3. Attach the muscles
4. Produce bone marrow
5. Erect the body
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4. BONES
• The types of bones are classified into two, namely cartilage and
hard bones.
1. Cartilage
During the embryo stage, the skeletons of humans and vertebrates
are mostly composed of cartilage
In their development, the cartilage will develop into bones (hard
bones)
However, some cartilage does not develop into bones.
The nose, earlobes, and larynx are some examples of cartilage
which does not develop into bones
Contains many adhesive substances, such as protein and less
calcium so the cartilages are more flexible
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5. There are 3 types of cartilage, namely ;
a. Hyaline cartilage;
is the cartilage that is composed of a similar
substances. It is found in the trachea
lining, the ends of the leg and arm
bones, joints, and between the ribs and
breastbone.
b. Elastic cartilage;
is flexible and found in the nose and earlobes
c. Fibrous cartilage;
is strong but less flexible compared to the
other types of cartilage. It is found in the disks
between the backbones.
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6. 2. HARD BONES
• The term “bones” is actually referring to the hard bones
• Bones are distinguished from the cartilage based on the
constituent substances.
• The bones develop from cartilage, the development process
of cartilage becoming bones is called ossification.
• Much of the intercellular space in the bone contains calcium
(calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate), some adhesive
substances, and protein.
• That’s why the bones are hard and not flexible.
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7. • The hardening process in the bones is affected by vitamin D
that increases the calcium absorption in the small intestine.
• That is the reason why people who lack vitamin D have
fragile bones.
• The bones tissue structure ;
the outer part of the bone is covered with pliant
connective tissues that called periosteum
layers of circles surround the haversian canal
inside the haversian canal there are blood vessels whose
function is to provide nutrients to the bone cells, and
nerves, in each layer
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9. There are 2 types of bones according to the
composing substance ;
1. Compact bones
possess compact composing substances,
ex. Long bones
2. Spongy bones
possess hollow composing substances,
ex. Short bones, flat bones, the ends of the
long bones
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11. • The outer layers are hard (compact bones)
and they surround the hollow space called
the marrow space.
• Thus, the bones are not closely arranged,
but they are hollow inside.
• If bones were not hollow inside, then our
body would be very heavy and would be
hard to move
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12. Based on their form, bones are classified into 3 categories;
1. Long bones
Long bones are long and round like a pipe, both ends of
these bones thicken like knobs and are composed of
spongy bones, and called epiphysis
Between the knobs is the compact bone that is
surrounded by the periosteum, and called diaphysis
The middle part of long bones contains yellow marrow
and fat
Ex. Upper arm, thigh, toes, fingertips
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14. 2. Flat bones
flat bones are flat, with spongy –like hollows
inside them
these bones contain red marrow as the
production place of red blood cells
ex. Ilium bones, rib bones, breastbone,
scapula, skull bones
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16. 3. Short bones
shorth bones are short, contain red marrow
ex. Vertebrae, carpus, tarsus
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17. Bone Marrow
• Bone marrow fills the space inside the bones
• There are 2 types of marrow ; red marrow and
yellow marrow
• Red marrow is where red blood cells are
produced
• Yellow marrow is found in the bones of adults, it
is composed of a mixture of connective tissues,
like fat tissues and red marrow
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18. Bone Growth
• Bones are living tissues that are able to grow and
repair themselves.
• During the formation of long bones, the cartilage
develops into bones, starting from the middle part
of the bones.
• The process begins by the appearance of blood
vessels in the cartilage and the bone cells
(osteoblast) production of the bone tissue.
• Ossification starts when the fetus is still inside the
womb.
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19. • Other types of bones develop from bone cells, the
bones grow bigger and longer.
• The increase in length of the bones takes place in the
growing are near the end of the bones, called the
epiphyseal disk Created by Alfie Msk_A Biology teacher of
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20. The Structure of Human Skeleton
• The human skeleton consists of 206 bones.
• The bones that contructing the skeleton
consist of 3 general categories;
1. the skull,
2. body skeleton,
3. limbs.
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21. Skull
The Cranial bones
1. Frontal bone :1
2. Parietal bones :2
3. Occipital bone :1
4. Temporal bones :2
5. Sphenoid bones :2
6. Ethmoid bones :2
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22. Skull
The facial bones
1. Maxilla :2
2. Mandible :2
3. Palatine bones :2
4. Nasal Bones :2
5. Zygomatic bones :2
6. Lacrimal bones :2
7. Vomer bone :1
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23. Body Skeleton
• The body skeleton is the group of bones that
forms the body.
• The body skeleton is further classified into
smaller groups that consist of the ;
1. Backbones
2. Sternum (breastbone)
3. Ribs
4. Shoulder girdle
5. Pelvic girdle
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24. 1. Backbone
1. Cervical vertebrae : 7
2. Thoracic vertebrae : 12
3. Lumbar vertebrae : 5
4. Sacral vertebrae :5
5. Coccygeal vertebrae : 4
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25. 2. Sternum (breastbone)
1. The upper part
(manubrium) :1
2. The body of the
sternum (gladiolus) : 1
3. The xiphoid process : 1
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26. 3. Ribs
1. True ribs : 7 sets
attached to backbone
and sternum
2. False ribs : 3 sets
the ends are attached to
the backbone, while the
front parts are attached
to the ribs above
3. Floating ribs : 2 sets
the ends are attached to
the backbone, while the
front part are floating
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27. 4. Shoulder girdle
• The shoulder girdle is
located on the left and the
right side of the body, each
consist of :
1. clavicles : 2
2. scapulas : 2
• the clavicles are located at
the front, and each
connects the girdle with
the sternum
• The scapulas are located at
the back and are attached
to the ribs
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28. 5. Pelvic girdle
1. The ilium :2
2. The pubis :2
3. The ischium :2
• The 3 bones join
into one
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29. The Limbs
• The limbs consist of the upper limbs (arms)
and the lower limbs (legs)
• The upper limbs are connected to the
shoulder girdle
• The lower limbs are connected to the pelvic
girdle
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30. The bones of the upper limb consist of ;
1. Humerus :2
(upper arms)
2. Radius :2
3. Ulna :2
(lower arms)
4. Carpals :2x8
5. Metacarpals :2x5
6. Phalanges : 2 x 14
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32. The bones of the lower limbs consist of ;
1. Femurs :2
2. Patellae :2
3. Tibias :2
4. Fibulas :2
5. Tarsal bones : 2 x 7
6. Metatarsal bones : 2 x 5
7. Phalanges : 2 x 14
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33. JOINTS
• The location where two or more bones are
connected is called a joint.
• Base on their movement ability, the joints are
classified into 3 types as follows ;
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis
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34. 1. Synarthrosis
• A synarthrosis is a joint
which permits no
movement.
• The connector in this joint
are connective fibers.
• Ex. Joints in the skull
(called sutures), in the
bone connection that
forms the pelvic girdle
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35. 2. Amphiarthrosis
• An amphiarthrosis is a
joint which permits slight
movement.
• The connector in this joint
is the cartilage tissue.
• Ex. The connection
between backbones ,
between the ribs and the
breastbone.
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36. 3. Diarthrosis
• A diarthrosis is a joint which permits free
movement.
• At both ends of the bones that are connected
to this joint, a space is formed containing
synovial fluid.
• There are 4 types of diarthrosis ;
a. hinge joints
b.pivot joints
c. saddle joints
d.ball and socket joint
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37. a. Hinge joints
• The hinge joints are the
joints which only allow
movement in one
direction.
• These joints are similar to
a door hinge which can
only open to one side
• Ex. The knee and the
elbow joints, the joints
between the phalanges
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38. b. Pivot joints
• The pivot joints are the
joints which allow
bone to rotate around
another bone.
• Ex. Between the atlas
and axis neckbone
which enables you to
turn your head.
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39. c. Saddle joints
• The saddle joints are
the joints which
resemble a saddle.
• Ex. The thumb,
between the
metacarpal and carpal
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40. d. Ball and socket joints
• The ball and socket joints
are the joints which enable
move in all direction.
• Loose joints often happen
in these types of joints.
• Ex. Between the humerus
and the shoulder
girdle, between the femur
and the pelvic girdle.
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41. MUSCLES
• Muscles bring about the body movement,
therefore the muscles are called the active
movement devices.
• Based on the shape and working procedures,
muscles are classified into 3 types ;
1. smooth muscle
2. striated muscle
3. cardiac muscle
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42. 1. Smooth muscles
• Smooth muscles are also called the visceral
muscles, because they are located in the visceral
tracts such as digestive tracts, blood vessels,
reproductory tracts, and the uterine wall.
• Smooth muscles are also called involuntary
muscles because they work involuntary, without
the coordination from the brain.
• These muscles are affected by the
autonomousnerves, namely the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves
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43. The characteristics of smooth muscles are ;
• The cell has one
nucleus.
• The cells are spindle-
like with sharp ends.
• The muscles work
involuntary, slowly,
regularly, and do not
wear out easily.
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44. 2. Striated muscles
• Striated muscles are also called the skeletal
muscles, because these muscles attach and cover
the bones that form the body skeleton.
• The striated or skeletal muscles are also called
meat.
• Skeletal muscle cells form muscle fibers.
• The muscle fibers form bundles of muscles.
• The bundles of muscles join to form the muscles
or meat. Created by Alfie Msk_A Biology teacher of
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45. • Muscle cells muscle fibers muscle
bundles muscle/meat
• At the end of the striated muscles are the
tendons.
• Tendons are the connective tissues that
connect the bones and muscles.
• Tendons that are attached to a moving bone
are called insertions, while a tendon that are
attach to a non-moving bone are called origos
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46. The characteristics of striated muscles are ;
• The cells have many nuclei.
• The cells are cylindrical or
tube-like with light and
dark areas (striated). The
cells are striated because
of the existence of muscle
proteins called actin and
myosin.
• Work voluntary or by the
coordination from the
brain.
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47. 3. Cardiac muscles
• The cardiac muscles are special.
• The cardiac muscles have astructure similar to the
striated muscles, but their working procedure is
similar to the smooth muscles.
• The cardiac muscles that construct the heart wall
work for a human lifetime.
• When we are working, taking a rest, sleeping, or
even when we pass out the cardiac muscles keep
on working
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48. The characteristics of cardiac muscles are ;
• The cells are striated
with many
branches, they have one
nuclei located in the
middle of the cells
• The cardiac muscles
work involuntary, but
are controlled by the
autonomous nerves
(sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves)
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49. How Muscles Work
• Muscles will contract if they receive stimuli from
the nerves.
• Contracted muscles will appear to be bigger,
shorter, and harder.
• If muscles contract, the bones where the muscles
are joined will be pulled by the muscles so the
joints move.
• In conclusion, body movement involves muscles,
bones, joints, and nerves.
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50. • To bend the lower arm and straighten it back, we
need 2 muscles, the muscle to bend and the muscle
to straighten it.
• The muscles that bend the joints are called the
flexors, while the muscles that straighten the joints
are called extensors.
• Muscles can not continuously contract, they also
need relaxation.
• When 2 or more muscles are involved in bone
movement, they can work antagonistically or
synergically.
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51. a. Antagonist Muscles
• Two or more muscles that work in opposition to one
another are saidnto be antagonist.
• ex. Biceps and triceps that found in the upper arms.
• We need 2 muscles to move the lower arms up and
down.
• If the biceps contract, the triceps will extend so the
lower arm is lifted.
• On the other hand, if the triceps contract, the biceps
will extend so the lower arm will extend.
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53. b. Synergist Muscles
• Two muscles that work in the same way,
namely to contract or extend together while
moving the bones, are called synergist muscles.
• Ex. Pronator muscles in the lower arms.
• The lower arm consists of 2 pronator muscles,
the pronator teres and the pronator
quadratus, that work synergistically to lift
palm up or down.
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55. BONE AND MUSCLE DISORDERS
1. BONE DISORDERS
a. Bone Fractures and Fissures
usually happen because of accident
If the broken bone is exposed through the skin, it is
called an open fracture.
If the broken bone is still inside the skin and muscles, it
is called a closed fracture.
Bone fractures and fissures in children are easier to
cure than in adults, because children’s bones are still
growing and their bones still contain much periosteum.
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57. b. Rickets
Rickets is the leg bones disorder, which leg bones
bend into an O or X shape.
This occurs due to vitamin D and calsium
deficiency in food which causes imperfect bone
growth and formation.
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58. c. Rheumatoid Arthritis
This disease can occur at any age.
It is marked by hardened connective tissue that
grows inside the joints.
As a consequence, the bones in the joints will join
so they can not be moved.
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59. d. Scoliosis, Lordosis, and Kyphosis
poor sitting posture can cause a bent backbone.
if the backbone is curved from side to side, it is
called scoliosis.
if the backbone is curved too much at the front is
called lordosis.
if the backbone is curved too much at the back is
called kyphosis.
in order to prevent backbone disorders, we must
sit with a correct body posture
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61. Posture Comparising
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62. 2. Muscle Disorders
a. Cramp
Cramps are caused by muscle contraction.
Cramps can occur in cold weather or because
the muscles are overused.
Cramps can also be a symptom of water and
ion imbalance in tje body.
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63. b. Muscle Pain
commonly among elder people.
this diseases may be caused by muscle swelling
in connective tissue.
the swollen tissue compreses nerve endings and
blood vessels.
as a consequence, the blood flow is blocked and
the pain appears.
muscle pain usually recurs during cold weather
and can be overcome by massaging the muscle
and self-warming.
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64. c. Polio
caused by viral infection in the nerves that
control the movement of the skeleton.
people with polio usually become paralyzed.
Polio can be prevented by polio immunization for
children under the age of 5.
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65. d. Sprain
sprains occur in the joints and ligaments.
muscles or tendons can be damaged due to a
strong and sudden pull.
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