3. 1. WHAT IS A CIVILISATION?
History is the study of human civilisations that have existed in the past, such
as Ancient Egypt, Classical Greece or the Roman Empire.
A civilization is a human society that exists in a particular time and place,
with a complex organisation which includes political, economic andd social
and cultural elements. The specific nature of these elements and their
organisation make each civilisation unique.
Almudena Corrales Marbán
4. What are the elements of a civilisation?
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5. 2. CHRONOLOGY
The chronology of a civilisation refers to its location in time, shown in years,
decades, centuries or historical periods. To establish a chronology we need to
determine the order in which important events happened.
A timeline is a graphic representation of a chronology. Timelines can indicate
the major events of an entire civilisation, a specific historical period of a
perticular process.
Almudena Corrales Marbán
6. 2.1. Before and After Christ
In their chronologies, historiand often use the birth of Christ as an important
point of reference.
• Years before Christ’s birth are indicate by the letters B.C. (Before Christ)
or BCE (Before the Commion Era)
• Years after his birth are indicated by the letters A.D. (Anno Domini-’the
year of our Lord’ in Latin) or CE (Common Era)
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7. 2.2. Making a timeline
The beginning and end dates for the entire timeline
The major periods into which we can divide the timeline
The dates of important events, such as the start of a new government, a
battle or the approval of a new law.
The distance between the events on a timeline should be proportional to the
amount of time that passed between them..
Almudena Corrales Marbán
9. Make a timeline of the historical
periods from the first human
beings until nowadays
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10. 3. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
The geographical location of a civilisation refers to the regions or continents
where it develops. We can represent this development geographically with a
historical map that provides information about.
Politics
Economy
Society
Culture
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11. All maps should have a KEY that explains any symbols used, such as:
• Lines (border, roads, trade routes)
• Colours (to identify differnt regions)
• Dots or starts (for towns and cities)
• Arrows (for movements, such as migration)
• Swords or cannons (for battles)
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12. Almudena Corrales Marbán
THE RECONQUEST
http://research-islam.blogspot.com.es/2013/04/the-transmission-of-grco-arabic-science.html
13. 4. POLITICS
Politics refers to the government of a country or area, and especially the
relationship between groups that have power.
The state is a structure that exercises three types of power, usually though three
branches of government.
LESGISLATIVE
EXECUTIVE
JUDICIAL
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14. In many countries, government is divided into two parts.
• Central government controls activities that affect all the inhabitants of
the country
• Regional and local government control activities that affect people in
a specific region, province or municipality of the country.
Types of government
1. MONARCHY - a monarch (either a king or queen) controls a kingdom.
2. EMPIRE- in an empire, an emperor o empress controls a state or a group of
states.
3. REPUBLIC- Iin a republic, a president is the highest authority of the state.
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15. We can also classify governments into two groups, depending on the
distribution of the state’s powers.
• In a dictatorship, one person, known as a director, has all the power
• In a democracy, the power belongs to the citizens of the state, who
vote for political representatives in elections.
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16. 5. THE ECONOMY
The economy of a society refers to the management of its resources, production
and commercial activities. A country or region’s economic activities are normally
divided into three different sectors
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Oxford Education. History 4
17. Almudena Corrales Marbán
We can classify economies into different types. The two more general types
are:
1. CLOSED OR SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY
Population depends on resources, goods and services that are
provided by its own members. There is little or no trade. This type of
economy was typical in feudal societies.
1. OPEN ECONOMY
Population exchanges resources , goods and services with people
from other regions. Ancient Rome had a very open economy.
19. 7. CULTURE
Almudena Corrales Marbán
Culture refers to a society’s beliefs, customs and knowledge, as well as its
artistic, literacy, scientific and technological achievements.
As a result of this, culture refers a people’s way of life, attitudes and values. In
addition, it also demostrates how a society thinks about and explains the world
around it.
