This document provides an overview of world history from prehistory through the Middle Ages. It covers the Stone Age and development of tools/art. The Metal Ages brought new technologies. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome are examined. The Middle Ages saw three major civilizations: the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic Caliphate, and Christian Europe. Key developments include the rise of cities, trade routes, and artistic styles like Romanesque and Gothic architecture.

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Marbán

2. VOCABULARY
DISCOVERY
REVOLUTION
NOMADIC
SEDENTARY
REALISTIC
ABSTRACT
SURPLUS
WEALTHY
AUTHORITY
MOSQUE
GUILD
CATHEDRAL
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FIND THE
SPANISH
WORD !

3. 1. PREHISTORY
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4. 1.1. The Stone Age
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Piece of research (10-15 lines) about Homo antecessor

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1.1. The Stone Age
(5 000 000 B.C. – 5000 B.C.)
The Stone Age is made up of two different periods.
1. The Paleolithic period: a group of hominids slowly evolved
into human beings. They became more intelligent, starting
using language and began walking upright.
People were nomadic. They lived in caves or huts and
survive hunting, fishing and gathering food.
The most important technological advances were the
use of FIRE and the production of tools from stone and
bone.

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2. The Neolithic period: agriculture appeared as human beings began
farming and keeping livestock. People became more sedentary and started
living in small villages.
They invented techniques for making stone tools (mills),
textiles, ceramic cups and bowls.
During the Stone Age, humans (homo sapiens) produced the first examples
of artistic expression.
• Cave paintings
• Sculptures made of stone and bones

8. 1.2. The Metal Ages
(5000 B.C.- 3000 B.C.)
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People began using metals (bronce, then copper, and finally iron) to make
tools and weapons. This new objects became symbols of social status in
many cultures. At the same time, societies became more agressive and war-
like, and built fortifications to defend themselves from attacks. After the
invention of vehicles with wheels , trade also became more common because
it was easier to transport goods such as food.

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10. 2. ANTIQUITY
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Fertile
Crescent
Mesopotamia Egypt
Classical
civilisations
Greece Rome

11. 2.1. Fertile Crescent
(3000 B.C.- 30 B.C.)
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Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt were
urban civilisations that emerged
along the banks of rivers. In the case
of Mesopotamia along the banks of the
Tigris and Euphrates and in the case of
Egypt along the banks of the Nile.
They built the first cities.
Writing was invented:
• Clay tablets
• Papyrus

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13. 2.2. Classical civilisations
(2000 B.C.-476 B.C.)
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Ancient Greece and Rome developed
around the Mediterranean Sea. These
civilisations have been the classical
models for Western cultures, especially
in the areas of:
 Politics
 Law
 Languages (Latin, Greek)
 Art
The first participative governments
appeared in these civilisations:
Athens was a democracy and Rome
was a republic.
Both Greeks and the Romans
established colonies around the
Mediterranean Sea, which increased
the volume trade

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16. 3. THE MIDDLE AGES
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Three great civilisations co-existed in western Asia, North Africa and Europe.
3.1. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (476 A.D. – 1453 A.D.)
This empire emerged in the former Eastern Roman Empire, which
had resisted the invasions of Germanic tribes. The name of the empire came
from the name of its capital city -Byzantium- which was later renamed
Constantinople, and finally Istambul.

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Emperor Justinian (527 -565). Mosaics of Ravena (Italy)
Hagia Sophia (Istambul)

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3.2. ISLAMIC CIVILISATION(622 A.D. – 1492 A.D.)
Islamic civilisation began on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th
century A.D. and then expanded towards India, North Africa and the Iberian
Peninsula.
The word “Islamic” comes from Islam, the name of the civilisation’s
religion. Islam was founded by the prophet Mohammed, and its followers are
called Muslims.
Piece of research (10-15 lines) about Mohammed.

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3.3. CHRISTIAN EUROPE (476 A.D. – 1492 A.D.)
During the Middle Ages, Christian civilisation developed in the former
Western Roman Empire, which had collapsed after invasions by Germanic
tribes. It was a Christian civilisation because the church played a decisive role in
politics, society and culture.
The three stages in the development of Christian Europe were:
1. the rise of feudalism
2. its decline (medieval cities development) and
3. the period of economic crisis (Back Dead)

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIEVAL CITIES
AND TRADE ROUTES

22. European art in the Middle Ages
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Romanesque style. Early Middle Ages
(10th-12th centuries)
Gothic style. Late Middle Ages
(12th-15th centuries)
Semicircular
arches
Barrel vaults