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5 utilitarianism cognitivism and consequentialism
1. Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham-England (1748-1832): Utilitarian Principle
An action is right from an ethical point of view if the sum total of
utilities produced by that act is greater than the sum total of utilities
produced by any other act the person could have performed at that
situation
This principle assumes that positive and negative benefits can be
somehow measured
To do in a particular situation:
Determine possible alternative actions that are available/possible
Estimate the direct and indirect benefits
Choose the alternative that has greatest sum of utility
2. Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism matches with views of majority
Is an intuitive criteria employed by people when discussing
moral conduct
Governments use utilitarianism principles in their economic
and welfare policies (social cost-benefit analysis)
Problems of measurement:
Difficult to know whether the utility would be maximised by one
giving out or the other receiving it or trading or exchanging
Difficult to mesasure like value of life
Predictability of result from an action
What is to count as benefit and what as cost (funding pubs!)
3. Utilitarianism
Utilitarian reply to measurement objection:
Consequences to be sufficiently measured to help
comparison and impartially weighted against each other
Several common-sense criteria can be used
Weigh goods based on needs (basic) and wants
Measure in terms of monetary equivalents of similar
elements
Utilitarians argue that every one puts an implicit price for
his/her life while taking decisions affecting his life
4. Concept of a Right
Individual's entitlement to something
If the entitlement is derived from a legal system, it is called a legal right
Entitlements can also derive from a system of moral standards; such
rights are called moral rights or human rights
Rights are powerful devices, in the sence that it may authorise a
person to do whatever not specified in law or morality
Moral rights are tightly correlated with duties
Moral rights provide individuals with autonomy and equality in free
pursuit of their interests
Moral rights provide a basis for justifying one's action
5. Negative and Positive Rights
Negative rights is distinguished by its type like privacy,
which others can not interfere; includes the right to destroy
personal property by himself
Positive rights do more than impose negative rights. They
imply that some other agents have to provide them
Clean environment
Healthy food
Opportunity to education
6. Rights and Duties
Walmart and the 'pajamas'
Microsoft and China operations
UN Declaration of Human Rights:
Right to own property alone and with association of
others
Right to work, free choice of employment, favourable
conditions etc
Right to just and favourable remuneration
Right to form and join trade unions
Right to rest and leisure, limitation on working hours
7. Contractual Rights and Duties
Also called special rights and duties or special obligations
Come with limited rights and correlative duties
Attached to specific individuals; between particular individuals and
depends on a publicly accepted system of rules
Both parties entering into a contract have full knowledge of nature of
agreement
Neither party to a contract must intentionally misrepresent the facts of
the contract situation
Neither party to the contract must be forced to enter the contract under
duress or coercion
The contract must not bind the parties to an immoral act
8. Rights and Justice
Utilitarian principle implies that certain
actions are morally right but or unjust or
violate people's rights
Utilitarianism can go wrong in cases
involving social justice: majority of society
members want to enjoy cheap vegetables
denying those producing them a better
wages
9. Rights and Justice
Rule utilitarian: Do not suppose that a particular
action will produce the greatest amount of utility
An action is right from an ethical point of view if and only
if the action would be required by those moral rules that
are correct
A moral value is correct if and only if the sum of total
utilities produced if everyone were to follow that rule is
greater than the sum total utilites produced if everyone
were to follow some alternative rule
If a rule allows people to make an exception whenever
an exception will maximize utility
10. Rights and Justice
Rule utilitarian: Do not suppose that a particular
action will produce the greatest amount of utility
An action is right from an ethical point of view if and only
if the action would be required by those moral rules that
are correct
A moral value is correct if and only if the sum of total
utilities produced if everyone were to follow that rule is
greater than the sum total utilites produced if everyone
were to follow some alternative rule
If a rule allows people to make an exception whenever
an exception will maximize utility
11. Kant's Categorical Imperatives
Immanuel Kant – German (1724-1804)
Everyone should be treated as a free person equal to
everyone else
First Formulation of Categorical Imperative:
An action is morally right for a person in a certain situation if, and
only if, the person's reason for carrying out the action is a reason
that he or she would be willing to have every person act on,in any
similar situation
“Do unto others as you would have them to unto you”
12. Kant's Categorical Imperatives
Second Formulation of Categorical Imperative:
An action is morally right for a person if, and only if, in performing
the action, the person does not use others merely as a means for
advancing his or her own interests, but also both respects and
develops their capacity to choose freely for themselves
Kantian Rigths:
Have positive rights to work, food, clothing , housing and medical
care
Have negative rights freedom of speech, thought, association and
right to privacy
Have a contracual right to what they have been promised in
contracts
13. Limitations of Kantianism
Whether one would be willing to have everyone follow a
certain policy
Which right to be limited in favour of others? (noise
disturbing others)
'Reversability' – Racial discrimination
14. Kantianism vs Utilitarianism
In the system of utilitrianism, the end justifies the means
and actions are judged on the results not on the intentions
or motives
In Kantianism, the motive is important and not the end
results
Utilitarianism is one of the building blocks of democratic
system; Kantinism believes that democracy overlooks the
minorities and individuals
Kantianism argues that any action can not be moral unless
the motives are moral
15. Kantianism vs Utilitarianism
Kantianism Utilitarianism
Its motive Its consequences
Basic value Autonomy Pleasure/happiness
Ethical imperative Respect autonomy
Choices evaluated from Impersonal point of view
Test for ethical correctness Utility calculation
Ethically relevant feature of
an act
Promote
pleasure/happiness
Chooser's point of
view
Categorical
imperative