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Discovering Psychology and Research Methods

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Alex Holub
Alex Holub

The focus in this area is on the Scientific Method, Psychological Research, and basic Critical Thinking.

EducationTechnologySpiritual
1 of 15
 
Chapter 1 Discovering Psychology & Research Methods
Psychology: Focus on Behavior ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Psychology: Seeking Empirical Evidence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What do Psychologists Seek to do? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Behavior
Pseudopsychologies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pseudopsychologies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pseudopsychologies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scientific Research: The Scientific Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Psychology Experiment: Variables & Groups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Psychology Experiment: Variables & Groups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Psychology Experiment: Variables & Groups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nonexperimental Research Methods: Naturalistic Observation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nonexperimental Research Methods: The Survey Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Psychology in action: Psychology in the Media: Separating Fact from Fiction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Discovering Psychology and Research Methods

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  • 2. Chapter 1 Discovering Psychology & Research Methods
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Editor's Notes

  1. Psychology (from the Greek) Psyche : Mind Logos : Knowledge or study Modern Definition: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes Behavior can come in many forms; broadly: Overt; i.e., can be directly observed (crying) Covert; i.e., cannot be directly observed (remembering); private, internal
  2. Scientific Observation: A systematic empirical investigation that is structured to answer questions about the world -- Empirical: gained from direct observation -- Systematic investigation: carefully planned -- Intersubjective: Confirmed by more than one observer Research Method: Systematic approach to answering scientific questions
  3. Phrenology: Personality traits revealed by shape of skull and bumps on your head Palmistry: Lines on your hands (palms) predict future and reveal personality Graphology: Personality traits are “revealed” by your handwriting Astrology: The positions of the stars and planets at the time of your birth determine your personality and affect your behavior Extremely popular today (“What’s your sign?”)
  4. Uncritical Acceptance: Tendency to believe positive or flattering descriptions of yourself Fallacy of Positive Instances: When we remember or notice things that confirm our expectations and forget the rest Barnum Effect: Always have a little something for everyone. Tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms
  5. Independent Variable: Condition(s) altered by the experimenter; experimenter sets their size, amount, or value. These are suspected causes for behavioral differences Dependent Variable: Measures the results of the experiment; Condition is affected by independent variable Extraneous variable: Conditions that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcomes of the experiment (e.g., number of hours slept before the experiment)
  6. Representative Sample: Small group that accurately reflects a larger population Population: Entire group of animals or people belonging to a particular category (e.g., all married women) Courtesy Bias: Problem in research; a tendency to give “polite” or socially desirable answers
  7. Be sure to distinguish between observation and inference (e.g., Robert is crying, but do we know why he is crying?)