The history of Modern Architecture.

1. A R C H I T E C T U R E
MODERN/INTERNATIONAL

2. Modern architecture developed against a background
of 19th century imitations of earlier styles, ranging from
Italian Renaissance, Gothic, and baroque through the
neoclassical.
As a reaction against the artificiality of the
19th century, modern architects declared that form
should result from function.

3. With the breakdown of the old social order after the
Industrial Revolution, there arose a need for new types
of buildings. The suitable means of construction
changed during this period of time as well. With the
growth of cities, neighborhoods became densely
packed. Box-like tenement houses and apartment
buildings began to rise in height to accommodate the
rising population.

4. Steel frames with reinforced concrete came to be
used as materials. Huge warehouses were built to
store raw materials and machinery. Powerful
bridges and docks were constructed to bear the
weight of heavy transport. Factories were
designed so that all of the available space was put
to good use.

5. Pioneers of modern
architecture
appeared throughout
the 19th century in
Europe and America.
In England the Crystal
Palace, which was
designed by Joseph
Paxton, was the first
structure to be built
of standardized parts.

6. The Chicago school of Louis Sullivan struck a vital point
in modern construction. His department stores and
offices were admirably adapted to the uses of steel-
frame designs. In Paris, the Eiffel Tower made its mark
as the daring innovation in steel-frame construction.

7. Louis
Sullivan

8. Pioneers in the early years of the 20th century were Otto
Wagner and Joseph Hoffman in Austria, H.P. Berlage in
Holland, and Hans Poelzig and Peter Behrens in
Germany. Behren's turbo factory in Berlin, which was
built in 1909, has been called the first piece of modern
architecture.

9. The trends of modern architecture since 1918 indicate an
international style of construction. This development can be
identified with the figures of Walter Gropius and Le
Corbusier.
Gropius built Fagus works with Adolf Meyer, and with it
created the accepted prototype of modern architecture.

11. Curtain wall
A curtain wall system is an outer
covering of a building in which the
outer walls are non-structural, but
merely keep out the weather. As the
curtain wall is non-structural it can be
made of a lightweight material
reducing construction costs. When
glass is used as the curtain wall, a
great advantage is that natural light
can penetrate deeper within the
building.

12. The Bauhaus was an institute of design founded in 1919
by Walter Gropius. The Bauhaus buildings themselves
made manifest the modern emphasis on bare, clean-cut
forms, with each section designed according to its use.

14. European architects have been extremely
influential outside their own countries. Thus, Le
Corbusier, of French origin, dominated the
European scene for nearly a half-century.
He advocated that the structural frame
should be lifted on pillars so that the garden
might spread under it, the roofs should be
flat, capable of use as a garden, as pitched
roofs disturbed the cubic or rectilinear form,
that the interior accommodation should be
freely planned, each floor according to the
need, since all loading should be taken by the
structural frame.
“A house is
a machine to
live in.”

16. The German-born architect
Mies van der Rohe has
designed several buildings in
Chicago, both at the Illinois
Institute of Technology and in
imposing groups of apartment
buildings on Lake Shore Drive.

17. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

18. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

19. Apartment buildings, Lakeshore Drive

20. Mies van der Rohe, in a competition during 1919, designed
a glass-sheathed, twenty-story Berlin skyscraper. In 1920,
he designed a thirty-storeys high skyscraper designed as a
cluster of interpenetrating circularly planned elements
sustained by an inner skeleton supporting cantilevered
floors, the whole entirely glass-faced. Interior
accommodation is organized by a freely-disposed light
partitions, interwoven with the same precision as that for
building a machine.

22. Modern buildings were designed to display rather than to hide their
supporting structures. Facades were kept free of ornament, because of
the machine production of building parts. Walls were freely perforated
with windows to admit as much light as possible.
Modern architects sought beauty in the exact adjustment of parts to the total
design of a structure. Finished cement surfaces and grand proportions were
the essential attributes of aesthetic appeal. Steel, concrete, and plate glass
were used to emphasize the economy of the total architectural design.

23. There is no better way to
typify modern architecture
than to point to the
skyscraper. It these towering
structures, the steel-truss
framework and the long I-
beam construction carry the
weight of the building and
span wide spaces without the
use of pillars and massive
beams. The result is a
building with lightness and
strength, in which the
masonry wall is just a sheath.
Such a structure is the Empire
State Building in New York.

24. J.J.P. Oud was a representative of Holland.
He was a member of the important Dutch
‘De Stijl’ group of geometric – abstract.
Oud softened the jagged asperities of the
early architectural ventures of the group and
developes a clean, dignified style, markedly
horizontal in stress but with emphasis on
the shear wall, rather than upon the banded
windows.

25. De Stijl
Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement
founded in 1917. In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work
from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands. Its group’s theories were propagated by
Theo van Doesburg.
Proponents of De Stijl sought to express a new utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and
order. They advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials
of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal
directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white.
Architecturally, they rejected the rigid enclosure of buildings in their enveloping walls in
favour of the free interplay of spatial volumes.
J.J.P Oud

27. In the United States, Frank Lloyd Wright, the American-born
genius, has been the most important single influence on modern
architecture. Unlike the students of the Bauhaus, he designed
houses as though they arose organically from a particular setting.
Thus, horizontal planes are stressed in many of his works. His
controversial Guggenheim Museum in New York, which has been
described as an "upside-down popover" embodies his views of
how a museum out to be designed.

29. Erich Mendelsohn, a German
who left his country for England
in 1933, then spent five years in
Israel before settling in U.S.A. is
another considerable figure
among the pioneers. His
buildings have a dynamic,
sculptural quality and a marked
horizontal emphasis.

32. In the field of structure, “shell” vaulting offered the greatest opportunities for
architectural exploration. Enormous unobstructed spans were at length
achieved with the concrete to more than 60 mm. thick.
Steel is now used in
space-frame arrangements
and wood lamination,
gluing together of
overlapping layer of wood,
provided beams and arches
with calculable capacities
vastly beyond the range of
timber in its natural state.

33. Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp, Haute Saone ( Le Corbusier )

34. Einstein Tower :
Erich Mendelsohn

35. Johnson Wax
Corporation,
U.S.A

36. Kauffman House : Frank Lloyd Wright

37. Dulles International Airport Building,
Washington DC

38. Parliament Buildings, Brazil :
Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer

39. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE, AUSTRALIA

40. United States Pavilion at Expo
‘67

41. The Chrysler Building, New York

42. Lever House, New York

43. The Post Office Tower, London

44. University of the East Anglia

45. The Barbican Housing Project

46. SKYLIGHT SUSPENDED ROOF
CONCRETE
MAST
STEEL CABLES
ANCHOR PYLON
The Sports Halls, Tokyo : Kenzo Tange

47. The Palazetto dello Sport

48. The General Motors Technical Center

49. MODERN ASIA