Anatomy of perineum
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Anatomy of perineum
- 2. MOB TCD Perineum Professor Emeritus Moira O’Brien FRCPI, FFSEM, FFSEM (UK), FTCD Trinity College Dublin
- 3. MOB TCD Perineum • • • • • • Area below the levator ani Boundaries Pubic arch Ischial tuberosities Sacrotuberous ligament Coccyx
- 5. MOB TCD Perineum • • • • Divided into two triangles Urogenital triangle Anal triangle Perineal body central point of perineum
- 6. MOB TCD Urogenital Triangle • Deep pouch • Superficial pouch • Perineal membrane separates the two • Deep is superior to perineal membrane • Roof is pelvic fascia
- 7. MOB TCD Deep Pouch in Male Membranous portion of the urethra • Sphincter urethra or external sphincter of bladder • Perineal nerve • Deep transverse perineal muscle •
- 8. MOB TCD Deep Pouch in Male • Bulbourethreal glands • Internal pudendal artery and branches • Artery to bulb • Dorsal nerve of penis • Branches of perineal nerve
- 9. MOB TCD Deep Pouch in Female • • • • • • • • Vagina Urethra Sphincter urethra or external sphincter of bladder Perineal nerve Deep transverse perineal muscle Internal pudendal artery Artery to bulb Dorsal nerve of clitoris
- 10. MOB TCD Sphincter Urethrae (Female) • Sphincter urethrae in the deep pouch • Also called external sphincter of bladder • Perineal branch of pudendal S 2,3
- 11. MOB TCD Perineal Membrane (Male) • • • • • • Piercing membrane Spongy urethrae Ducts of bulbourethral glands Artery to bulb Internal pudendal artery Deep and dorsal arteries of penis • Dorsal nerve of penis • Deep dorsal vein passes above membrane • Enters prostatic venous plexus
- 12. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Male)
- 13. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Male)
- 14. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Male)
- 15. MOB TCD Colles’ Fascia • Attached posteriorly to perineal membrane • Sides of pubic arch laterally • Deep fascia of thigh along a line drawn from pubic tubercle • Anterior floor of pouch • Layer of scrotum • Surrounds penis as far as glans • Passes up on to anterior abdominal wall
- 16. Membranous Layer of Superficial or Colles’ Fascia • Posterior attached to posterior border of perineal membrane • Anterior it forms floor of superficial pouch and forms layer of the scrotum • Surrounds penis as far as glans • Then on to anterior abdominal wall • Attached to fascia lata from a horizontal line from pubic tubercle • Rupture of spongy urethra is limited by the attachment of Colles’ fascia MOB TCD
- 17. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Male) • • • • Roof Perineal membrane Floor Colles’ or membranous layer of superficial fascia • Ruptured urethra in male • Urine limited by the attachments of Colles’ fascia in superficial pouch
- 18. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Male) • • • • • • • • • • Penis corpus spongiosum Corpora cavernosa Spongy urethra Bulbospongiosus muscle Ischiocavernosus muscle Superficial transverse perinei muscle Internal pudendal artery Deep and dorsal arteries of penis Dorsal nerves of penis Scrotal vessels and nerves
- 19. MOB TCD Contents Superficial Pouch (Male) • • • • • Root of penis Corpus spongiosum Bulb, body and glans Spongy portion of urethrae Crura and corpora cavernosa
- 20. MOB TCD Penis
- 21. MOB TCD Penis
- 22. MOB TCD Penis • Corpus spongiosum • Corpora cavernosa • Consists of erectile cavernous tissue • Each enclosed in a fibrous membrane, tunica albuginea • Surrounded by Colles’ Fascia
- 23. MOB TCD Penis • Deep artery enters crura of corpora cavernosa • Dorsal nerve of penis • Dorsal artery of penis • Deep dorsal vein lies on dorsum between Colles’s fascia and tunica albuginea • Passes above perineal membrane • Enters prostatic venous plexus
- 24. MOB TCD Penis • Erectile tissue • Helicine arteries • Fibrous saccules arterioles enter directly • Dorsal vein open • Parasympathetic causes erection L2,3,4 • Ejaculation is via the sympathetic impulses from L1-L2
- 25. MOB TCD Corpus Spongiosum • • • • • • • • • Bulb posterior dilatation Body (horizontal) Glans dilated anteriorly Spongy urethra Dilated posteriorly in the bulb Uniform in body Dilated in the glans Fossa navicularis Meatus vertical slit
- 27. MOB TCD Spongy Urethra • • • • • Urethra unprotected Before it enters bulb Ducts of bulbo-urethral glands Enter intrabulbar fossa Littre’ glands end in navicular fossa
- 28. MOB TCD Muscles in Superficial Pouch (Male) • Bulbospongiosus muscle • Ischiocavernosus muscle • Superficial transverse perinei muscle • Supplied by perineal branches of pudendal nerve • Enter pouch by piercing Colles’ fascia
- 29. MOB TCD Vessels and Nerves • Deep and dorsal arteries of penis • Deep dorsal vein • Scrotal nerves • Perineal nerve • Dorsal nerve of penis
- 30. MOB TCD Lymphatics • Skin of scrotum to medial superficial inguinal glands • Testes to para aortic glands at L2
- 31. MOB TCD Nerve Supply • Preganglionic of sympathetic from L1 and L2 cause ejaculation • Parasympathetic preganglionic from S2,3,4 cause erection
- 32. MOB TCD Female Pelvis and Perineum
- 33. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Female) • • • • • • Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Dorsal prepuce Frenulum of glans Vestibule
- 34. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Female)
- 35. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Female) • • • • • • Urethra Vagina Clitoris Crura of clitoris Ischiocavernosa Bulbs of vestibule join, pass to glans • Bulbospongiosus • Bartholin’s or vestibular glands
- 36. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Female) • Crura and glans of clitoris • Covered by ischiocavernosus muscle • Bulbs of vestibule • Inferior greater vestibular or Bartholin’s glands beside vagina • Covered by bulbospongiosus muscle
- 37. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Female)
- 38. MOB TCD Superficial Pouch (Female) • Cutaneous anteriorly • Ilioinguinal nerve • Labial vessels and nerve posteriorly • Motor • Perineal branches of pudendal
- 39. MOB TCD Structure of Female Urethra • • • • • • Muscular layer continuous with bladder Spongy erectile tissue Plexus of veins Mucous membrane transitional Distal non-keratinising stratified squamous No fascia between lower two thirds of urethra and vagina
- 40. MOB TCD Vagina • Fornices, gutters which surround the cervix • Anterior shallow • Posterior deeper • Superior covered with peritoneum of the pouch of Douglas • Lateral: uterine artery above ureter
- 41. MOB TCD Vagina • Upper portion of the vagina is clasped • By the pubovaginalis portion of the levator ani • Bulbospongiosus muscles surrounds outlet • Hymen
- 42. MOB TCD Vagina • • • • Erectile tissue Muscular wall Pelvic fascia Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium • Urethra lower third anterior wall • No fascia between lower two thirds of urethra and vagina
- 43. MOB TCD Anal Triangle • Anal canal • Ischiorectal fossa
- 44. MOB TCD Anal Canal • Anorectal junction: below ampulla of rectum • Anus: 4 cm • Anterior: perineal body • Posterior: anococcygeal body • Lateral: ischiorectal fossae
- 45. MOB TCD Anal Canal • Upper two thirds • Columnar epithelium • Anal columns contain radicles of superior rectal artery and veins • 4, 7, 11 o’clock position • Anal valves along pectinate line • Anal sinus, Hilton white line; internal sphincter • Subcutaneous deep • Lower third skin
- 46. MOB TCD Muscles of Anal Canal • • • • • • • • • • Anorectal ring Internal sphincter Puborectalis Puborectal fascia External sphincter Deep; true sphincter Inferior rectal nerve Superficial S4 Subcutaneous; true sphincter Inferior rectal nerve
- 47. MOB TCD Muscles of Anal Canal • • • • • Anorectal ring Puborectalis Internal sphincter Upper two thirds Perianal fascia is medial to deep and superficial sphincter • Passes to lateral wall forms pudendal canal • Above subcutaneous sphincter
- 48. MOB TCD Blood and Nerve Supply • • • • • • Mucosa upper two thirds Superior rectal artery Autonomic nerves Lower third Inferior rectal Somatic nerves
- 49. MOB TCD Venous Drainage • • • • • • • Mucosa upper two thirds Superior rectal vein Portal system Lower third Inferior rectal vein Vein into systemic system Portal systemic anastomosis 4,7,11 o’clock
- 50. MOB TCD Lymphatic Drainage • Upper third • Pre-aortic inferior mesenteric • Waldeyer’s fascia passes from sacrum to the ampulla of rectum • Encloses superior rectal vessels and lymphatics • Internal iliac • Lower third • Inferior rectal cross ischiorectal fossa • Medial superficial inguinal glands
- 51. MOB TCD Embryology of Anal Canal • • • • Upper two thirds Cloaca Lower third Proctodeum
- 52. MOB TCD Ischiorectal Fossa • Wedge shaped fossa • Apex: origin of levator ani from obturator internus • Lunate fascia • Base: perianal fascia and subcutaneous fat • Medial: levator ani • External anal sphincters MOB TCD
- 53. MOB TCD Ischiorectal Fossa (Female) • Anterior: posterior border perineal membrane • Posterior: sacrotuberous ligament, gluteus maximus
- 54. MOB TCD Ischiorectal Fossa (Male) • Lateral: fascia on medial aspect of obturator internus ani • Pudendal canal • Ischial tuberosity
- 55. MOB TCD Ischiorectal Fossa • Soft ischiorectal fat • Lunate fascia above the fat • Inferior rectal vessels pass above the fat to reach medial wall • Perineal branch of S4 Ischiorectal fossa
- 56. MOB TCD Pudendal Canal • • • • • • • Runs posterior to anterior Contents Pudendal nerve Inferior rectal nerve Dorsal nerve of penis or clitoris Perineal nerve Scrotal or labial nerves
- 59. “BMJ Publishing Group Limited (“BMJ Group”) 2012. All rights reserved.”
Editor's Notes
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