2. INTRODUCTION
The first public offering of equity shares or convertible securities by
a company, which is followed by the listing of a company’s shares on
a stock exchange, is known as an ‘Initial Public Offering’. In other
words, it refers to the first sale of a company’s common shares to
investors on a public stock exchange, with an intention to raise new
capital. The most important objective of an IPO is to raise capital for
the company. It helps a company to tap a wide range of investors
who would provide large volumes of capital to the company for
future growth and development. A company going for an IPO stands
to make a lot of money from the sale of its shares which it tries to
anticipate how to use for further expansion and development. The
company is not required to repay the capital and the new
shareholders get a right to future profits distributed by the company.
3. There are mainly any of the two purposes behind an IPO
1. ESTABLISHING NEW BUSINESS
2. EXPANSION OF EXISTING BUSINESS
Companies, new as well as old, can offer shares to the
investors in the primary market. This kind of tapping the
savings is called an IPO (Initial Public Offering). SEBI
regulates the way in which the companies can make this
offering.
4. PRINCIPAL STEPS IN AN IPO
The issue of securities to members of the public through a prospectus involves
a fairly elaborate process, the principal steps of which are as follows.
1. The board of directors approves the proposal to raise capital from the public
and authorises the managing director (or a board committee) to do all the tasks
relating to the public issue.
2. The company convenes a meeting to seek the approval of shareholders and
the share holders pass a special resolution under section 81(1A) of the
Companies Act authorising the company to make the public issue.
3. The company appoints a merchant banker as the lead manager (LM) to the
issue.
4. The LM carries out due diligence to check all relevant information,
documents, and certificates for the issue.
5. The company, advised by the LM, appoints various intermediaries such as
the registrar to the issue, the bankers to the issue, the printers, and advertiser.
5. 6. The LM draws up the issue budget, keeping in mind the guidelines issued by
the Ministry of Finance on issue expenses, and the company approves the same
(The main components of the issue expenses are fees for LM, underwriters,
registrar and bankers, brokerage, postage, stationery, issue marketing expenses,
etc.)
7. The LM prepares the draft prospectus in consultation with management and
seeks the approval of the board.
8. The LM files the draft prospectus, approved by the board, with SEBI for its
observation along with a soft copy. SEBI places the same on its website for
comments from the public.
9. The company makes listing application to all the stock exchanges where the
shares are proposed to be listed along with copies of the draft prospectus. The
draft prospectus is also hosted on the websites of the LM and the underwriters.
10. The company enters into a tripartite agreement with the registrar and all the
depositories for providing the facility of offering the shares in a dematerialized
mode.
6. 11. If the issue is proposed to be underwritten (it is optional in a retail issue and
mandatory in a book built issue to the extent of the net public offer), the LM
makes underwriting arrangements.
12. Within 21 days, SEBI makes its observations on the draft prospectus. The
stock exchanges also suggest changes, if any. The company carries out the
modifications to the satisfaction of these authorities.
13. The company files the prospectus with the Registrar of Companies (ROC).
14. The LM and the company market the issue using a combination of press
meetings, brokers‘ meetings, investors' meeting and so on.
15. The company releases a mandatory advertisement, called the
'announcement advertisement‘ 10 days prior to the opening of the issue. This
has to conform to Form 2A, also called the
abridged prospectus.
7. 16. The LM and the printer dispatch the application forms to all stock
exchanges, SEBI, collection centres brokers, underwriters, and investor
associations. Every application form is accompanied by the abridged
prospectus.
17. The issue is kept open for a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 21 days.
18. After the issue is closed, the basis of allotment is finalised by the stock
exchange, LM, and the registrar, in conformity with certain SEBI- prescribed
rules.
19. The LM ensures that the demat credit or dispatch of share certificates and
refund orders to the allottees is completed within two working days after the
basis of allotment is finalised and the shares are listed within 7 days of the
finalisation of the basis of allotment.
8. PRICING OF AN IPO
The pricing of an IPO is a very critical aspect and has a
direct impact on the success or failure of the IPO issue.
There are many factors that need to be considered while
pricing an IPO and an attempt should be made to reach
an IPO price that is low enough to generate interest in the
market and at the same time, it should be high enough to
raise sufficient capital for the company. The process for
determining an optimal price for the IPO involves the
underwriters arranging share purchase commitments
from leading institutional investors.
9. PROCESS
Once the final prospectus is printed and distributed to investors,
company management meets with their investment bank to choose the
final offering price and size. The investment bank tries to fix an
appropriate price for the IPO depending upon the demand expected and
the capital requirements of the company. The pricing of an IPO is a
delicate balancing act as the investment firms try to strike a balance
between the company and the investors. The lead underwriter has the
responsibility to ensure smooth trading of the company’s stock. The
underwriter is legally allowed to support the price of a newly issued
stock by either buying them in the market or by selling them short.
10. UNDERPRICING AND OVERPRICING OF
IPO’s
UNDERPRICING:
The pricing of an IPO at less than its market value is referred to as
‘Underpricing’. In other words, it is the difference between the offer
price and the price of the first trade. Historically, IPO’s have always
been ‘underpriced’. Underpriced IPO helps to generate additional
interest in the stock when it first becomes publicly traded. This might
result in significant gains for investors who have been allocated shares
at the offering price. However, underpricing also results in loss of
significant amount of capital that could have been raised had the shares
been offered at the higher price.
11. OVERPRICING
The pricing of an IPO at more than its market value is referred to as
‘Overpricing’. Even “overpricing” of shares is not as healthy option. If
the stock is offered at a higher price than what the market is willing to
pay, then it is likely to become difficult for the underwriters to fulfill
their commitment to sell shares. Furthermore, even if the underwriters
are successful in selling all the issued shares and the stock falls in value
on the first day itself of trading, then it is likely to lose its marketability
and hence, even more of its value.
12. BOOK BUILDING PROCESS
Book Building is basically a capital issuance process used in Initial
Public Offer (IPO) which aids price and demand discovery. It is a
process used for marketing a public offer of equity shares of a company.
It is a mechanism where, during the period for which the book for the
IPO is open, bids are collected from investors at various prices, which
are above or equal to the floor price. The process aims at tapping both
wholesale and retail investors. The offer/issue price is then determined
after the bid closing date based on certain evaluation criteria.
13. The Process
• The Issuer who is planning an IPO nominates a lead merchant banker
as a 'book runner'.
• The Issuer specifies the number of securities to be issued and the price
band for orders.
• The Issuer also appoints syndicate members with whom orders can be
placed by the investors.
• Investors place their order with a syndicate member who inputs the
orders into the 'electronic book'. This process is called 'bidding' and is
similar to open auction.
• A Book should remain open for a minimum of 5 days.
• Bids cannot be entered less than the floor price.
• Bids can be revised by the bidder before the issue closes.
14. • On the close of the book building period the 'book runner evaluates the
bids on the basis of the evaluation criteria which may include -
· Price Aggression
· Investor quality
· Earliness of bids, etc.
• The book runner the company concludes the final price at which it is
willing to issue the stock and allocation of securities.
• Generally, the numbers of shares are fixed; the issue size gets frozen
based on the price per share discovered through the book building
process.
• Allocation of securities is made to the successful bidders.
• Book Building is a good concept and represents a capital market which
is in the process of maturing.
15. How is the price fixed?
All the applications received till the last date are analysed and a final
offer price, known as the cut-off price is arrived at. The final price is the
equilibrium price or the highest price at which all the shares on offer can
be sold smoothly. If your price is less than the final price, you will not
get allotment. If your price is higher than the final price, the amount in
excess of the final price is refunded if you get allotment. If you do not
get allotment, you should get your full refund of your money in 15 days
after the final allotment is made. If you do not get your money or
allotment in a month's time, you can demand interest at 15 per cent per
annum on the money due.
16. Documents Required
• A company coming out with a public issue has to come out with an Offer Document/
Prospectus.
• An offer document is the document that contains all the information you need about
the company. It will tell you why the company is coming is out with a public issue, its
financials and how the issue will be priced.
• The Draft Offer Document is the offer document in the draft stage. Any company
making a public issue is required to file the draft offer document with the Securities
and Exchange Board of India, the market regulator.
• If SEBI demands any changes, they have to be made. Once the changes are made, it is
filed with the Registrar of Companies or the Stock Exchange. It must be filed with
SEBI at least 21 days before the company files it with the RoC/ Stock Exchange.
During this period, you can check it out on the SEBI Web site.
• Red Herring Prospectus is just like the above, except that it will have all the
information as a draft offer document; it will, however, not have the details of the
price or the number of shares being offered or the amount of issue. That is because the
Red Herring Prospectus is used in book building issues only, where the details of the
final price are known only after bidding is concluded.
17. Players
• Co-managers and advisors
• Underwriters
• Lead managers
• Bankers
• Brokers and principal brokers
• Registrars
• Stock exchanges.
18. What to look for before investing in an IPO
1. Valuation: First thing to look at is how aggressively the
IPO is Priced. The more aggressively it is priced the lesser
the chances of price appreciation.
2. Promoter’s Goodwill: the Promoter’s Goodwill is an
important parameter in analyzing an IPO as a goodwill
creates trust in taking decision for applying for an IPO.
3. Broker’s Report: Brokers can provide an investor with all
the info he needs on the co. so an investor must take advice
from his stock broker before applying for an IPO.
4. Ratings: SEBI has now made it mandatory for every co.
to get its IPO rated through any approved rating agencies
like CRISIL, ICRA etc. but remember that it does not
provide guarantee of success.
19. THANK YOU
pranit habil lakra
ravi prakash singh
shivam singh
vinita dubey
priyanka saha
rashmi sharma
