The document discusses sepsis, septicemia, and related conditions. It defines sepsis as a clinical syndrome caused by infection plus a systemic inflammatory response. Septicemia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia), which if untreated can progress to sepsis. Common causative organisms are E. coli, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus. Risk factors include young, elderly, immunosuppressed individuals, and those with injuries or medical devices. Symptoms may include fever, low blood pressure, and signs of infection in various organs. Blood cultures and clinical assessments are used to diagnose septicemia. Immediate treatment involves antibiotics and IV fluids.

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SUBMITTED BY:
Katta. Amulya
Doctor of pharmacy
Vignan pharmacy college

2. Contents
• Terminology
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Symptoms
• Risk factors
• Pathophysiology
• Complications
• Diagnosis
• Gas gangrene
• Prevention
• Treatment
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4. Infection
• Organism enters in to the body by the invasion of
normal sterile tissue or fluid or body cavity and
causes infection to the body
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5. Bacteremia
• Presence of bacteria in blood
• Evidenced by positive blood culture
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6. Septicemia
• Presence of microbes or toxins in blood
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7. SIRS
• Sepsis is referred to as SIRS----Systemic
inflammatory response.
• Two or more of the following conditions:
– Fever
– Tachycardia
– Leukocytosis or leukopenia
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8. Sepsis
The clinical syndrome defined by the presence of
both infection & a systemic inflammatory
response.
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9. Severe sepsis
• Sepsis with signs of one or more organ
dysfunction
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• Lungs :- Acute respiratory distress syndrome [ADRS]
• Brain:- Encephalopathy symptoms include – coma,
confusion, agitations.
• Liver:- Disturbs the metabolic functions, inability to
synthesize clotting factors, disturbs protein synthetic
function.
• Kidney:- Low urine output, Electrolyte imbalance.
• Heart:- Heart failure, Myocardial infarction.vignan pharmacy college,
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10. Septic shock
• Severe sepsis plus a state of acute circulatory
failure
–Hypotension, for at least 1 h, despite
adequate fluid resuscitation
–Need for vasopressor
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11. Septicemia Bacteremia
+
Inflammatory response
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12. Defnition:- Septicemia is the presence of
disease causing bacteria in the blood.
• presence of bacteria in bloodstream is called as
bacteremia.
• Untreated septicemia can quickly progress to
sepsis, which is a serious complication of an
infection characterized by inflammation
throughout the body.
• This inflammation can cause blood clots and
block oxygen from reaching vital organs,
resulting in organ failure and death in some
cases.
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13. Organisms Responsible for septicemia :-
• E.coli
• Pneumococcus
• Klebsiella
• Pseudomonas
• Streptococcus
• Staphylococcus
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14. The annual incidences of severe sepsis in
several industrialized nations have recently been
reported to be 50–100 cases per 100,000
persons.
Men are more likely than women to develop
sepsis.
Epidemiology
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15. Etiology
• Blood cultures are positive:
– 20–40% of Severe sepsis cases
– 40–70% of septic shock cases
• Of cases with positive blood cultures,
– 40% -gram-positive bacteria,
– 35% - gram-negative bacteria,
– 11 % - Polymicrobial
– 7% - fungi
– <5% - classic pathogens
Harrison’ s Internal Medicine 18th edition
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16. Symptoms
• Fever and chills
• Decreased urination
• Rapid pulse
• Rapid breathing
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• patches of discolored skin
• extreme weakness or lightheadedness
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17. Risk factors
• Very young people and elderly people
• Anyone who is taking immunosuppressive medications
(such as transplant recipients)
• People who are being treated with chemotherapy drugs
or radiation
• Someone who has very large burns or severe injuries
• People with infections such as
– pneumonia
– meningitis
– urinary tract infection.
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18. Medical treatment may cause septicemia
• Dental treatments
• Surgery
• Long term placement of artificial parts, such as
prosthetic joints.
• Bladder catheters
• Long term use of intra venous needles.
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19. PathoPhysiology
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21. Complications
• Endocarditis
• pericarditis
• Meningitis
• Osteomyelitis
• Infectious arthritis
• Septic shock
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22. Diagnosis Of Septicemia
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23. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
values
Findings Values
 Temperature <360c or >380c
 Heart rate >90/mint
 Respiratory rate >20/mint
 WBC <4×109/L (<4000/mm3)
>12×109/L (<12,000/mm3)
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24. A physical examination may show:-
• Low blood pressure
• Low body temperature or fever
• Signs of related disease (such as meningitis, epiglottitis,
pneumonia, or cellulitis)
Tests that can confirm infection include:
• Blood culture
• Clotting studies
• CSF culture
• Culture of skin sore
• Platelet count
• Urine culture
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25. Un treated septicemia can cause
“gas gangrene”
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26. GAS GANGRENE

27. • Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial
myonecrosis and myonecrosis) is a bacterial
infection that produces gas in tissues
• It is a medical emergency. Myonecrosis is a
condition of necrotic damage, specific to muscle
tissue.
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28. Causative agent
• Clostribium species – spore forming, Gram
+ve
c. Perfringens
(mostly)
c.novyi
c.septicum
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29. Symptoms
• High fever
• Shock
• Massive tissue destruction
• Blackening of skin
• Severe pain around a skin of wound
• Blisters with gas bubbles form near the
infected area,
• The heartbeat and breathing become
rapid.
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30. Anaerobic
environment
Distension of
tissues
Interfering
Blood supply
Ischemia/
gangrene
Toxemia and
death
Spores
germinate
Carbohydrates
Fermentation
Gas production
In tissues
PATHOGENESIS
Incubation period is
1-7 days
vegetative
cells multiply
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31. 10 megaunits of benzyl penicillin daily for
5 days as four 6 hourly doses.
Or
Tetracycline 0.5 g intravenously
or 1 g orally every 6 hours.
Treatment
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32. Prevention of septicemia
• Cleaning the wound
• Avoid the contaminated material
• The Haemophilus influenza B (HIB) vaccine
and S. Pneumoniae vaccine.
• Maintain hygiene
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33. Treatment of septicemia
• Antibiotics to treat the infection
• Fluids and medicines by IV to maintain the
blood pressure
• Oxygen
• Plasma or other blood products to correct any
clotting problems
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34. References:-
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis
• http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-
guides/sepsis-blood-poisoning-or-septicaemia
• http://www.healthline.com/health/septicemia#
Overview1
• http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-
poisoning/Pages/Symptoms.aspx
• http://www.slideshare.net/mashfiq57/septicemi
a-19381232
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