1. CEREBRUM AND BASE OF THE SKULL BY DR MANAH CHANDRA CHANGMAI IMS

2. Able to describe the general structure of the Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex. Able to identify the Cerebrum, the Lobes of the Brain, the Cerebral Cortex, and its major regions/divisions. Able to describe the primary functions of the Lobes and the Cortical Regions of the Brain. Objectives

4. Longitudinal Fissure Cerebral hemisphere

5. Cortex and medulla

8. Superolateral Medial surface Surfaces of the brain

9. Inferior surface Orbital surface Tentorial surface

10. Borders of cerebral hemisphere Superomedial border Inferior border

11. Occipital pole Frontal pole Temporal pole Poles of the brain

17. splenium Body or trunk Genu Rostrum Medial surface with corpus callosum

18. Cingulate sulcus Parieto-occipital sulcus Calcarine sulcus Collateral sulcus Sulcus in the medial surface

20. Orbital sulcus Occipitotemporal sulcus Collateral sulcus Rhinal sulcus Sulcus and important structures on inferior surface of cerebral hemisphere Olfactory sulcus

21. Insula -Present within the lateral sulcus Between temporal and frontal Lobe. -The overlying cortical areas are called opercula formed from the parts of frontal,temporal and parietal lobe -Functions linked to emotion and body’s homeostasis -i.e perception,motor control,self awarness,congnitive functioning interpersonal experience Insula

23. Pyramidal cells

24. Neocortex has 6 layers designated I, II, III, IV, V, VI Pyramidal cells predominate in layers III and V Granule cells in layers II and IV Pyramidal cells Granule cells Cerebral cortex

26. Pyramidal cell Pyramidal cell

28. Mapping of sensory and motor areas to the body

31. Primary Visual Cortex – This is the primary area of the brain responsible for sight -recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc. Visual Association Area – Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex. Occipital lobe and cortical regions

35. Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Habenular commissure Posterior commissure Commissures of brain Commissure of fornix

36. CT SCAN OF THE BRAIN

37. CT scan of the brain showing a tumour in the right cerebral hemisphere CT scan of brain…….contd

38. MRI OF BRAIN

39. . A non-progressive disorder • Caused by brain injury pre (70-80%), peri, or post natally • Injure occurs before CNS reaches maturity • Patients often have great potential masked by their connections Cerebral palsy • Malfunction of motor centers • Postural and balance difficulties • Normal life expectancy possible • Early death respiratory Manifestation

41. • Tremors (rare form) of CP • Rigid 5 -10% of CPs • Flaccid (Hypotonicity) • Mixed 15 - 40% of CPs • 5 to 10 % • Affects balance and coordination. • They may walk with an unsteady gait with feet far apart, and they have difficulty with motions that require precise coordination, such as writing. Ataxic cerebral palsy Other types

42. BASE OF THE SKULL

44. Skull base……contd. Divided into three cranial fossa: a. Anterior cranial fossa b. Middle cranial fossa c. Posterior cranial fossa

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