Distributed Graph Computing with Spark GraphX
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This document discusses GraphX, a graph processing system built on Apache Spark. It defines what graphs are, including vertices and edges. It explains that GraphX uses Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDDs) to keep data in memory for iterative graph algorithms. GraphX implements the Pregel computational model where each vertex can modify its state, receive and send messages to neighbors each superstep until halting. The document provides examples of graph algorithms and notes when GraphX is well-suited versus a graph database.
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Distributed Graph Computing with Spark GraphX
- 1. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 Graphs are everywhere! Distributed graph computing with Spark GraphX Andrea Iacono
- 2. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Agenda: ● Graph definitions and usages ● GraphX introduction ● Pregel ● Code examples The main focus will be the programming model The code is available at: https://github.com/andreaiacono/TalkGraphX
- 3. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono A graph is a set of vertices and edges that connect them: Graphs are used for modeling very different domains. Edge Verte x
- 4. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Network s
- 5. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Routing
- 6. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Page Rank
- 7. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Definitions Undirected Directed
- 8. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Definitions Connected Disconnected
- 9. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Definitions K5 K2,3 Complete Bipartite (and complete)
- 10. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Definitions Cyclic Acyclic
- 11. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Definitions Multigraph Pseudograph
- 12. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Definitions An undirected acyclic connected graph is a tree!
- 13. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono What's wrong with MapReduce? Every run of MapReduce reads from disk (e.g. HDFS) the initial data, computes the results and then stores them on disk; since most algorithms on graphs are iterative, this means that for every iteration the whole data must be read and written from/to disk. It's better to use a distributed dataflow framework
- 14. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono GraphX is a graph processing system built on top of Apache Spark “Graph processing systems represent graph structured data as a property graph, which associates user-defined properties with each vertex and edge.” “The Spark storage abstraction called Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDDs) enables applications to keep data in memory, which is essential for iterative graph algorithms.” “RDDs permit user-defined data partitioning, and the execution engine can exploit this to co-partition RDDs and co-schedule tasks to avoid data movement. This is essential for encoding partitioned graphs.” Excerpt from GraphX: Graph Processing in a Distributed Dataflow Framework https://amplab.cs.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/graphx.pdf
- 15. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono GraphX / Spark software stack (image source: Spark site)
- 16. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Graph Databases ● Storage ● Query Language ● Transactions ● Examples: ● Neo4j ● OrientDB ● Titan ● APIs for traversing and processing ● Better performance (in-memory data) ● Examples: ● GraphX ● Giraphe ● GraphLab Graph Processing Systems
- 17. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Pregel is a computational model designed by Google (https://kowshik.github.io/JPregel/pregel_paper.pdf) It consists of a sequence of supersteps until termination. In each superstep, every vertex can: ● modify its state or the one of any of its neighbours ● receive the messages sent to it during the previous superstep ● send messages to its neighbours (that will be received in next superstep) ● vote to halt When a node votes to halt, it goes to inactive state; if in a later superstep it receives a message, the framework will awake it changing its state to active. When all the nodes have voted to halt, the computation stops; otherwise it can be set a maximum number of iteration. Edges don't have any computation. When writing algorithms, you have to think as a vertex.
- 18. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Pregel sample Image source: Pregel paper
- 19. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono GraphX implementation of Pregel GraphX uses three functions for implementing Pregel: ● vprog: the vertex program computed for each vertex that receives the incoming message and computes a new vertex value ● sendMsg: the function used for sending messages to other vertices ● mergeMsg: a function that takes two incoming messages and merges them into a single message Unlike Google's Pregel, GraphX implementation of Pregel: ● leave the message construction out of the vertex-program, so to have a more efficient distributed execution ● permits access to both vertices attributes of an edge while building the messages ● contraints sending messages to graph structure (only to neighbours)
- 20. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono GraphX Pregel communication diagram
- 21. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono GraphX is well suited for algorithms that: ● respect the neighborhood structure GraphX is NOT well suited for algorithms that: ● need iteration among distant vertices ● change the structure of the graph When to use GraphX
- 22. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Algorithms out of the box: (as of Spark v1.5.1) - Connected Components - Label Propagation - PageRank - SVD++ - Shortest Paths - Strongly Connected Components - Triangle Count
- 23. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Now some code!
- 24. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Questions & Answers
- 25. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 Andrea Iacono The code is available at: https://github.com/andreaiacono/TalkGraphX
- 26. MILAN 20/21.11.2015 - Andrea Iacono Leave your feedback on Joind.in! https://m.joind.in/event/codemotion-milan-2015
Editor's Notes
- Question to public: - Who knows what a graph is? - Who ever used it? - Who knows the most used algorithms? (BFS, DFS, Dijkstra) - Who knows Scala?
- Vertici e archi
- Conteggio dei triangoli x raggruppare Interesse commerciale x proposte mirate a gruppi con stessi interessi
- Vertici = incroci Archi = strade Algoritmo cammino minimo (Dijkstra), dove gli archi hanno più pesi: tipicamente distanza, traffico, pagamento di un pedaggio, etc
- Pagine = vertici Archi = link in entrata Ogni arco in uscita ha un pesao legato a quello del suo vertice; maggiore la sommatoria dei valori degli archi in ingresso, maggiore il peso del vertice. Algoritmo iterativo
- Orientato / non orientato
- Connesso / Non connesso
- K è la nomeclatura standard x indicare questo tipo di grafi A bipartite graph is useful for e-commerce, when you a all the user nodes that can buy any of the product nodes.
- Ciclico / Aciclico (o senza cicli)
- Multi grafo: quando si possono avere più archi che hanno la stessa sorgente e la stessa destinazione Pseudo grafo: quando un arco può avere lo stesso vertice come sorgente e come destinazione
- Quando dicevo che gli archi sono dappertutto, è soprattuto per questo!
- Qui si parla di grafi di grosse dimensioni, che non stanno nella RAM di un solo PC.
- Il grafo rappresentato è un multi-pseduo grafo. ????? rappresentazione interna?
- A differenza di spark, che offre le API in scala, Java e python, GraphX le offre solo in Scala; tuttavia in un prossimo futuro dovrebbero essere disponibili.
- Gremlin graph query language (tinkerpop) Gremlin is a DSL for traversing property graphs Neo4j uses (proprietary) cypher as native query language Titan a graph database che supporta come backend di storage: - cassandra (column) - hbase (column) - berkeleyDB (key-value)
- Immaginiamo di avere un valore per ogni vertice e di voler trovare il valore massimo di tutto il grafo. Con questo modello di computazione, l'idea è che dobbiamo propagare le informazioni fra i nodi. In ogni superstep, ogni vertice che ha ricevuto un valore più alto del suo, lo manda a tutti i suoi vicini. Quando nessun vertice cambia più, l'agoritmo è terminato.
- Commutativa: 2 + 3 == 3 + 2 Associativa: (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)
- Estrazione JetBrains