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典藏目錄的語意與連結
「語意網視野下的知識組織與文化資產」研討會 2016年6月2日 台北
莊庭瑞、黃韋菁、李承錱 、陳心萍 中央研究院 資訊科學研究所
1. 典藏品目錄資料
典藏品目錄資料
● 常人親近機構典藏品的介面
● 研究者常需參照不同機構的典藏品目錄資料
● 目錄資料的維持與更新;目錄資料也成為藏品!
● 典藏台灣聯合目錄:資料來自四方、樣態豐富
● 部份目錄已採創用CC授權:可被自由複製散布
– 典藏品資訊的重新呈現與外部連結
– 時間、空間、人物、物件的語意關聯查詢
– 「資料連結」(linked data)的實踐
XML – RDF – CSV
● XML
– 巢狀階層;文本&標示同現於文件
– 可自訂標示語彙以規範文件結構
● RDF
– 節點網絡;個體—關聯—個體(個體—屬性—純量)
– 可自訂關聯(屬性)語彙以表達網絡意涵
● CSV
– 格狀表單;同質性群體的表列式個體屬性值
– 不明定表單欄位名稱與型態;固定欄位數量
XML – 可擴展標示語言 (eXtensible Markup Language)
RDF – 資源描述架構 (Resource Description Framework)
CSV – 逗號分隔值 (Comma-Separated Values)
From XML to RDF via CSV
● 目錄結構 XML
– 非遞迴、非深巢狀的層次型態文件;固定語彙;文字紀錄
● 中介表單 CSV
– XML語彙對映至RDF語彙為欄位;目錄資料依序條列
● 資料連結 RDF
– 逐列轉譯中介表單為資料連結網絡;使用領域語彙為關聯
● 特點
– 中介表單可參照其他資源表單;表單可人工勘誤;表單增
修歷程可管理;軟體工具多;資料連結的產出方式有彈性
2. 資料連結的系統
http://data.odw.tw/
從目錄資料到資料連結
以資料連結完整呈現數位典藏之藏品 (原始文字)
D (DC15) 版本
對應外部資料,以領域語彙豐富藏品描述
R (Refined) 版本
"Coverage" (即 dc:coverage) 中描述之地名,對應至
geonames.org
"Date" (即 dc:date) 中描述之各種格式時間,正規化
為標準的 ISO8601 格式
生物標本資料之 dc:title,對應至生命大百科
(Encyclopedia of Life)
以自動化方式作業,再輔以人工判斷
語彙對應與格式轉換:
兩步驟流程
典藏目錄
XML/
中介 CSV
txn:hasEOLPage
<http://eol.org/pages/1134120> ;
--------------------------------------------
skos:editorialNote "採集日期" ;
dwc:eventDate "1993-04-25" ;
RDF-
like
CSV
步驟 1:
將原始欄位
對應至語彙
以設定檔 (profile) 定義對應關係
更換語彙時僅需調整對應的設定檔
步驟 2:
轉換格式為
資料連結
原始資料 對應語彙後 資料連結 (RDF)
Title 台灣一葉蘭
Date::field 採集日期
Date 1993-04-25
txn:hasEOLPage eol:1134120
rdf:type schema:CreateAction
skos:editorialNote 採集日期
dwc:eventDate 1993-04-25
儲存與呈現
提供機器存取
SPARQL Endpoint
高執行效能
高可靠度
提供資料連結瀏覽
熱門開源資料管理系統
介面可自定性高
提供資料連結匯出/入
典藏目錄藏品 XML 與 CSV
(主要以 Dublin Core 十五個基本欄位編寫)
資料連結
(D 版與 R 版)
CKAN
(資料展示、
搜尋與資料 API 等)
Virtuoso
(SPARQL
語意檢索)
對應、轉換
使用者
系統架構與運作方式
功能展示 (1): 資料連結瀏覽
主功能選單
Records: 藏品原始資料 (D 版)
Refined: 擴充語彙內容 (R 版)
藏品列表
過濾器
標題與藏品圖片
快速切換 D/R 版本
資料連結內容
提供 JSON 與 Turtle
功能展示 (2): 空間搜尋
• 空間索引範圍: property = geo:lat, geo:long
台南地區資料
功能展示 (3): 時間搜尋
• 時間索引範圍: datatype = dct:W3CDTF, xsd:date, xsd:gYear
19 世紀資料
功能展示 (4): SPARQL Endpoint
地理展示
(開發中)
搜尋及應用資料 發布與資料管理
資料共享與鏈結客製化功能開發
• 友善之搜尋介面
• 多元之資料視覺化功能
• 資料 API 促進資料再使用
• 多元的資料發布方式
• 完善之資料發布流程
• 擴充介面 (Interface) • 支援國際目錄標準
• 資料採集
• 社交網站資料公告
3. 資料的語意與連結: Ontology for Open Data Web (voc4odw)
http://voc.odw.tw/
從 資料再次使用關聯性的知識本體出發
再次使用84萬筆CC 授權典藏品
data:dOID
evt84:eventID
r1: dOID
dcat:landingPage
data:p20160601-dOID
data:p20160601-dOID
Descriptive Metadata
DC 15 Elements
Administrative Metadata
PROVENANCE
agent:qID project:qID
r4r:hasProvenance
r4r:isPackagedWith
r4r:locateAt
prov:invalidated
dct:requires
Semantic Refinement
o D版物件作為主要 RRObject(再次使用相關物件) o R版物件以D版為基礎套用相關語彙豐富物件語意o 每個物件均配套打包後設資料溯源 (provenance)
Place
Time
Metadata 資源描述的是誰? 誰的時間? 誰的地點?
o Data Model 依賴 Conceptual Model
決定Event的人時地物概念。
o Event Concept依賴國際語彙描述一
般性或專業領域的知識情境
(context)。
o 如一般性拍攝活動(事件)主要以
Schema.org terms描述,若與專業
知識有關的拍攝活動,則進一步考
量專業知識語彙如Art and
Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) 或
Darwin Core Terms。
o 協助使用者再次使用
data.odw.tw 物件時,
了解資料ID的使用結構。
o 獨立Core Model 使用的國際語彙與
上下位關係,可簡化Core Model 使
用外部語彙的複雜度。
o 在不變動Core Model 前提下,可彈
性增減、替換國際語彙的利用,而
不影響原ontology 架構。
DC 15 Elements DC Terms Class
1. dc:contributor 1. dct:contributor
2. dc:coverage 2. dct:coverage LocationPeriodOrJurisdiction
 Location
 PeriodOfTime
 Coverage Literal
3. dc:creator 3. dct:creator
4. dc:date 4. dct:date  PeriodOfTime
 Date Literal
5. dc:description 5. dct:description
6. dc:format 6. dct:format
7. dc:identifier 7. dct:identifier
8. dc:language 8. dct:language
9. dc:publisher 9. dct:publisher
10. dc:relation 10. dct:relation
11. dc:rights 11. dct:rights
12. dc:source 12. dct:source
13. dc:subject 13. dct:subject
14. dc:title 14. dct:title dtxn:hasEOLpage
15. dc:type 15. dct:type
Event
Time Place People
event:place
gn:locatedIn
gn:parentADM1
gn:parentADM2
gn:parentADM3
gn:parentADM4
gn:parentCountry
gn:parentFeature
geo:lat
geo:long
dwc:locality
dwc:maximumElevationInMeters
dwc:minimumElevationInMeters
dwc:verbatimDepth
dwc:continent
dwc:locationID
gn:historicalName
gn:countryCode
schema:geo
schema:elevation
schema:location
schema:polygon
dct:temporal
event:time
time:intervalStarts
time:intervalFinishes
time:intervalBefore
time:intervalAfter
voc:lastIntervalOf
voc:initialIntervalOf
dct:date
dwc:dateIdentified
dwc:eventDate
dwc:namePublishedInYear
schema:endDate
schema:startDate
schema:birthDate
schema:deathDate
voc:pointBefore
voc:pointAfter
voc:latest
(not done yet)
(not done yet)
(not done yet)
(not done yet)
o 自Coverage 抽取空間與時間資訊,自Date抽取
時間資訊。
o 在Event概念情境下,時間空間的連結外部知
識庫之property,以時空專屬語彙描述其二者
關係,如時間 Time Ontology,空間GeoNames
Ontology。
o 若與專業知識有關的event,如標本資料之鑑
定活動,則進一步考量專業知識語彙如Darwin
Core Terms (dwc:dateIdentified)。
txn:hasEOLPage
EOL
Time Normalization
GeoNames
Wikidata
dct:temporal dct:spatial
dct:date schema:location ^^xsd:date
rdf:type
o Event Type, Event Factor, Event Product 的知識概念以 Individual 概念串連,
使知識概念容易增減、更動、替換,同時不會影響Core Model 結構。
o 現階段14 domain 只處理生物類與
Encyclopaedia of Life (EOL)語意連結。
Place
Time
dct:PhysicalResource
event:factor
event:product
dwc:PreservedSpecimen
event:factor
event:product
schema:Photograph
event:factor
schema:MediaObject event:product
dct:PhysicalMedium
schema:ImageObject
o 以Event Factor, Event Product 的概念回答Metadata 資源描述的是誰? 誰的時間? 誰的地點?
o 釐清事件的描述主體是資源的數位化過程中不同階段的主體,如是實體物標本、實體物相片、 數位化物件…等 。
典藏目錄的語意與連結
典藏目錄的後設資料溯源
voc:CoreModel
銅製沉思少女 : 我的生日是何時?
source:http://image.digitalarchives.tw/ImageCache/00/46/73/00.jpg
人懂 “台灣日治時期”
機器不懂
人懂 “台灣日治時期”
機器不懂 機器懂一些
人懂 “台灣日治時期”
o “台灣日治時期” 是時間
o 銅製沉思少女的家譜
DC15
D版 Provenance (後設資料溯源)描述
prov:wasStartedBy
人懂 “台灣日治時期”
機器不懂 機器懂一些
更多人懂更多 “台灣日治時期”人懂 “台灣日治時期”
機器能作時間推理
o “明末清初”在“台灣日治時期”之前。
o 多種定義interpretations 可同時存在。
o 外部URI內容更新,語意自動更新。
DC15 Refined
Wikidata 的多國語言使得
o “台灣日治時期” 是時間
o 銅製沉思少女的家譜
data.odw.tw & voc.odw.tw
歡迎您寶貴的意見!
預祝端午佳節快樂!

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