Historical evolution of nursing research

2.  The word research means “to search again” or “to
examine carefully”.
 Research is systematic inquiry, or study to validate
and refine existing knowledge and develop new
knowledge.
 The ultimate goal of research is the development of
a body of knowledge for a discipline or profession
such as nursing .

3.  Research will help the development and
generation of knowledge in each area of
specialization.
 It is helpful in evidence-based practice. Research
findings give first-hand experience on which
evidence-based nursing practice can be build
upon.
 Improvement in nursing education and nursing
management is possible through research
studies.
 Research will help in standardization and refining
nursing practice.

4.  Strengthen the profession by generating
knowledge through scientific studies.
 Through evidence-based nursing, cost-
effective care can be rendered to clients.
 Research results will help to provide answers
to guide practitioner in the decision-making
process.
 It enables the administrator to take prompt
decisions on health-related problems.
 It is essential for moulding attitudes,
intellectual competencies and technical skills.

6. YEAR EVENTS
1850s Florence Nightingale studied nursing care during the Crimean War.
She called for research that focused on nursing practice.
1902 Lavinia Dock reported a school nurse “experiment” that was begun
by Lillian Wald. Nurses gave free care to school children and visited
the homes of sick children.
1906
Adelaide Nutting conducted a survey of the educational status of
nursing.
1909 The first university-based nursing program was established at the
University of Minnesota

7. 1909 The first university-based nursing program was established
at the University of Minnesota.
1923 A well-known study of nursing and nursing education was
conducted by the Committee for the Study of Nursing
Education and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.
1924 The first doctoral program for nurses was established in
1924 at Teachers College, Columbia University.
1927 Jean Broadhurst and her colleagues reported a research
investigation on handwashing procedures.
Edith S. Bryan became the first nurse to earn a
doctoral degree when she received a PhD in psychology
and counseling from Johns Hopkins University.
1928 Ethel Johns and Blanche Pfefferkorn published a study
concerning the activities in which nurses were involved.
This study was one of the first of many studies that focused
on nurses.
1932 Elizabeth Ryan and Virginia B. Miller investigated

8. thermometer disinfecting techniques
1936 Sigma Theta Tau, National Honor Society for Nursing, began funding
nursing research.
1948 Esther Lucille Brown, a social anthropologist, published her famous
study on nursing education, Nursing for the Future, which called for
nursing education to take place in university settings.
1949 The Division of Nursing Resources was organized within the U.S.
Public Health Service.
Esta H. McNett demonstrated the usefulness of masks in
preventing the spread of tuberculosis.
1952 The first issue of Nursing Research was published.
1953 The Institute of Research and Service in Nursing Education was
founded at Teachers College, Columbia University.1955
1955 The American Nurses Foundation was established with the goal of
promoting high-level wellness and the improvement of patient care.

9. The Nursing Research Grants and Fellowship Programs were
established by the U.S. Public Health Service.
1957 The first unit directed primarily toward research in nursing
practice was established at the Department of Nursing of the
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
The Western Council for Higher Education in Nursing
(WCHEN) sponsored a nursing research conference at the
University of Colorado.
1962 The federally supported Nurse Scientist Graduate Training
Grants Programs were begun.
1963 Lydia Hall published her 5-year study of chronically ill patients
who were cared for at the Loeb Center in New York.
1970 The National Commission for the Study of Nursing and Nursing
Education, established by the American Nurses Association
(ANA) and the National League for Nursing (NLN), published the
results of a 3-year study on nursing ed in both nursing practice
and nursing education.

10. called the Lysaught Report, after Jerome Lysaught,
director of the project. One of the recommendations of
the report was that research be financed in both nurisng
practice and nursing education.
1972 The ANA established a Department of Nursing Research.
1974 At its national convention, the ANA delineated nursing
practice as the area to which nursing research should be
directed in the next decade.
1976 The Commission on Nursing Research of the ANA
recommended that research preparation be included in
undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education
programs.
1977 The Veterans’ Administration began employing nurse
researchers.
1978 The first issue of Research in Nursing and Health was
published.

11. 1979 The first issue of Western Journal of Nursing Research was
published.
1980 The Commission on Nursing Research of the ANA set up a list of
research priorities for the 1980s.
1982 Eleven volumes were published of the work of the Conduct and
Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project.
1983 The first Center for Nursing Research was established. It
encompassed the American Nurses Foundation and the American
Academy of Nursing.
1986 The National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) was established
within the National Institutes of Health.
1987 Dr. Ada Hinshaw, director of the NCNR, called for nursing
organizations to identify their research priorities.
1988 The NCNR convened the first Conference on Research

12. Priorities to establish research priorities through 1994.
The first issues of Applied Nursing Research and
Nursing Science Quarterly were published.
1992 The first issue of Clinical Nursing Research was published.
1993 The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was
established within the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
This organization replaced the NCNR.
The second Conference on Research Priorities
was held to establish research priorities for 1995–1999.
1994 The first issue of Qualitative Nursing Research was
published.
1997 The International Council of Nurses convened a group of
experts to establish worldwide nursing research priorities.
1999 The first issue of Biological Research for Nursing was
published.
2001 The budget for NINR reached almost $90 million.

13. 2004 The first issue of Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing was
published.
2005 The budget for NINR was over $138 million.

15. YEAR EVENTS
1964 Dr. Marie Ferguson conducted a valuable study on “Activity Study to
Define Nursing and Non-nursing Functions of Nurses in Selected
Health Institutes of India’’.
1966 "Time utilization Study '' with the help of Ms. Anna Gupta, Principal,
RAK College of Nursing, ably directed by Dr. Sulochana Krishnan.
1976 A seminar on Nursing Research for educationists was organized at
Delhi, Mussoorie (Uttarakhand) and Yercaud (Tamil Nadu) by Dr.
Aparna Bhaduri and Dr. Marce Farrell.
1981 Dr. Farrell and Dr. Bhaduri's book Health Research: A Community-
based Approach was published by World Health Organization
(WHO).
1982 The major development during this period was the organization of
the national conference "Nursing Research in India: Prospect and
Retrospect".
1984 The University Grants Commission conducted a workshop on
nursing research.

16. 1986 During this year NRSI was developed to promote nursing
research. Dr. Indrajit Walia was the President and Mrs. Uma
Handa was the Secretary. The Committee conducts
conferences annually.
1998 Mr. R. Rajaratnam, Senior Nursing Tutor of National Institute of
Mental Health and Neuroscience (NIMHANS), organized a
nursing research interest section.
2002 During this period, the revised versions of Indian Nursing
Council for General Nursing and Midwifery course and Post
Basic B.Sc. Nursing were included in Nursing Research as a
subject.
2004 Jain & Co., Noida, started publishing Nightingale NursingTimes.
2005 The National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, published a research-based journal namely
Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal. The Indian Nursing
Council constituted National Consortium Ph.D.

17. Nursing Programme under the leadership of Shri T. Dileep
Kumar, President INC, New Delhi. WHO also supported this
programme.
2009 During this period, the central Institute of Nursing Research
(CIN) came into existence under the supervision of the Trained
Nurses Association of India in New Delhi. Ph.D. Nursing was
started by IGNOU.
2010 Baba Farid university of Health Sciences in Faridkot, puniab
started Ph.D. programme in nursing.

19. YEAR EVENTS
2004 Nursing Research Society of India (NRSI), a state-level conference
of nursing research, was convened at the Nursing College, Calicut.
Ph.D. was taken by the following nursing personnel:
1. Dr. Jolly Jose (Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1996)
2. Dr. Mary Lucitta (Kerala University, 1999)
3. Dr. C. Rema Devi (Kerala University, 2003)
4. Dr. R. Bincy (Kerala University, 2004)
5. Dr. Asuma Beevi (Calicut University, 2004)
2008 Govt. college of Nursing, Thiruvananthapuram, was upgraded as a
research centre.
2010 An international conference on "Challenges in clinical Nursing
Research" under the leadership of Prof. Y. Prasanna Kumari and
Dr. R. Bincy was held in Government college of Nursing,
Thiruvananthapuram.

20. 2011 A state-level conference on "Paradigms in Experimental
Research" was conducted in Government College of
Nursing, Thiruvananthapuram.
A separate Ethical committee was formulated for
Nursing Research in Kerala.
Universities in Kerala conducting research programmes
in nursing
1. University of Kerala
2. University of Calicut
3. MG University, Kottayam
4. WHO and INC -Ph.D.Consortium,Ng College,
Thiruvananthapuram
5. Kerala University of Health Sciences (KUHS)
M.Phil. in nursing
l. Clinical Epidemiology, Medical college,
Thiruvananthapuram
2. MG University, Kottayam

22.  Research in nursing began with Florence
Nightingale. Her landmark publication,
Notes on Nursing (1859), described her
early interest in environmental factors that
promote physical and emotional well-being.
 Most studies in the early 1900s concerned
nurses' education.
 Sigma Theta Tau (which became Sigma
Theta Tau International in 1985) was the
first organization to fund nursing research
in the United States awarding a $600 grant
to Alice Crist Malone in 1936.

23.  During the 1940s, government-initiated studies
of nursing education continued, spurred on by
the high demand for nursing personnel during
World War II.
 An increase in the number of nurses with
advanced degrees, the establishment of a
research center at the Walter Reed Army
Institution of Research, increased availability of
funding and the inception of the American
Nurses' Foundation-which is devoted to the
promotion of nursing research-provided
impetus to nursing during this period.
 In the 1960s, nursing leaders began to express
concern about the dearth of research in nursing
practice.

24.  By the 1970s, the growing number of nursing
studies and discussions of theoretical and
contextual issues created the need for additional
communication outlets.
 During the 1970s, there was a change in
emphasis in nursing research from areas such
as teaching and nurses themselves to
improvements in client care- signifying a
growing awareness by nurses of the need for an
evidence base from which to practice.
 During the 1970s, there was a change in
emphasis in nursing research from areas such
as teaching and nurses themselves to
improvements in client care.
 Nursing research also expanded internationally.

25.  The 1980s brought nursing research to a new
level of development.
 More attention was paid to the types of
questions being asked, the methods of
collecting and analyzing information being
used, the linking of research to theory and
the utilization of research findings in
practice.
 In 1986 in the United States, was the
establishment of the National Center for
Nursing Research (NCNR) at the National
Institutes of Health (NIH) by congressional
mandate.

26.  Several nursing groups developed priorities
for nursing research during the 1980s.
 Nurses also began to conduct formal projects
specifically designed to increase research
utilization, such as the Conduct and
Utilization of Research in Nursing (CUNU)
project.
 In 1989, the U.S. government established the
Agency for Health Care policy and Research
(AHCPR).

27.  Nursing science came into its maturity in the
United States during the 1990s.
 Funding for nursing research has also grown.
 Several journals were established in the
1990s.
 Cochrane Collaboration was inaugurated in
1993. This collaboration, an international
network of institutions and individuals,
maintains and updates systematic reviews of
hundreds of clinical interventions to facilitate
EBP (www.cochrane.org).

28.  Continued focus on EBP
 Development of stronger evidence base through
multiple, confirmatory strategies
 Greater emphasis on systematic reviews
 Expanded local research in healthcare settings
 Strengthening of interdisciplinary collaboration
 Expanded dissemination of research findings
 Increasing the visibility of nursing research
 Increased focus on cultural issues and health
disparities
 Shared decision making

31. CLINICAL
NURSING
NURSING
ADMINISTRATION
NURSING
EDUCATION

32.  Risk reduction interventions for vulnerable and
minority groups
 2. Problems of the old age.
 According to the International council of Nurses
(ICN), the priority areas of nursing research
include:
 1. Health promotion and prevention of illness
 2. Control of symptoms
 3. Patients living with chronic conditions
 4. Enhancing quality of life
 5. Assessing client's problems
 6. Providing and testing nursing care interventions
 7. Measuring the outcomes of care

33.  Priority areas in Oncology Nursing as proposed by
Oncology Nursing Society (2005-2009) include:
 1. Cancer symptoms and side effects
 2. Individual and family-focused psycho-social and
behavioural research
 3. Health promotion; primary and secondary
prevention
 4. Late effects of cancer treatment and long-term
survivorship issues for patients and their families
 5. Nursing-sensitive patient outcome
 6. Factors affecting the clinical application of
already created evidence- based guidelines for
cancer patients

34.  Priority areas in medical surgical nursing
 1. Prevention of risk factors of coronary artery
disease
 2. Effect of diet and exercise on control of
cholesterol
 3. Effect of pre-operative exercises on post-
operative complications
 4. Problems of patient on ventilator
 5. Effect of yoga on asthma
 6. First-aid management of patients with head
injury
 7. Role of care-givers in degenerative diseases like
Parkinson’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis, GBS, etc.

35.  8. Effect of constrained, induced movement
therapy for motor performance of patient with
stroke.
 9. QOL of patients with nephrotic syndrome, renal
failure and kidney transplantation
 10. Predisposing factors of osteoporosis
 11. Relaxation therapy and life-style modifications
in gastro-esophageal reflux disease/alcoholic liver
diseases
 12. Risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer
 13. ICU-psychosis: Predisposing factors and
prevention

36.  Research in nursing administration
 1. Employee satisfaction
 2. Measures to reduce the workload of staffnurses
 3. Decision-making technique
 4. Assertive behaviour of nursing personnel
 5. Compare the effect of different communication
patterns
 6. Comparison of patient assignments
 7. Workload of staffnurses
 8. Health problems of nursing personnel
 8. Health problems of nursing personnel
 9. Infection rates in ICU and general wards
 10. ICU psychosis

37.  11. Stress of nurses working in ICUs
 12. Measures to prevent frequent turnout of staff
 13. Analysis of the roles and responsibilities of
nurse practitioners in various specialities.
 14. Comparison of different communication
models in clinical setting
 Problems of care-givers
 (a) Stress and fatigue
 (b) Burn-out syndrome
 (c) Orthopedic problems
 (d) Back pain for staff working in neuro-ICU
 (e) Psychological problems

39.  I have concluded that research in nursing practice
has several purposes:
 a) to increase knowledge in the field, thus laying the
basic foundations for the practice of patient care,
 b) to build up evidence for such practice;
 c) to contribute to the attention of the population’s
need for health, quality of life and wellbeing,
 d) to guide efficiency in health and nursing services,
ensuring quality and cost-benefit,
 e) to generate the knowledge that guides
educational and regulatory policies in the nursing
profession

40.  ROSE MARY NIESWIADOMY .FOUNDATIONS OF
NURSING RESEARCH. PEARSON EDUCATION . 5TH
EDITION PAGE : 5 – 20.
 DENISE.F.POLIT CHERY TATANO BECK . NURSING
RESEARCH PRINCIPLES AND METHODS.
LIPPINCOTT . 7TH EDITION PAGE : 18 -20
 DR. R. BINCY. NURSING RESEARCH . BUILDING
EVIDENCE FOR PRACTICE. PAGE : 6 – 19
 S.K. SHARMA
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.medscape.org