Proceedings of the 3rd international cashew conference

Proceedings of the Third International
Cashew Conference
“Cashew for Health Wealth and Environment”
Held at Serena Hotel, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
16-19 November 2015

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferenceii
Sponsors
1. Cashewnut Board of Tanzania (CBT), Tanu Road, P.O. Box 533 Mtwara Tanzania
2. Cashewnut Industry Development Trust Fund (CIDTF), Tanu Road P.O. Box 1252
Mtwara Tanzania
3. Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), 10 Newala Road P.O. Box 509
Mtwara Tanzania
4. The Public Service Pensions Fund (PSPF), Golden Jubilee-Front Tower 6-13 floor
Between Ohio and Kibo Street, P.O. Box 4843 Dar Es Salaam
5. CRDB Bank, Azikiwe Street, P.O. Box 268, Dar Es Salaam
6. Masasi Mtwara Cooperative Union (MAMCU) Ltd, Ushirika Building a long Tanu
Road, P.O. Box 660 Mtwara
7. Mohamed Enterprises Tanzania Ltd (METL). 20th
Floor Golden Jubilee Towers,
Ohio Street, P.O. Box 20660 Dar Es Salaam

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference iii
Editors
Masawe P.A.L., Kafiriti E.M., Mneney E.E., Shomari S.H., Kullaya A.K., Kasuga
L.J.F., Bashiru R.A., Kabanza A. and B. Kidunda
Copyright © 2015, Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute. All rights reserved. No
part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically,
mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
copyright owner.
ISBN: 978-9987-446-10-0
Published by
Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute
10 Newala Road
P.O. Box 509
Mtwara Tanzania
Designed & Printed by Colour Print Tanzania Ltd
P.O. Box 76006
Tel: +255 22 245 0331
info@colourprint-tz.com
www.colourprint-tz.com
Citation:
Masawe P.A.L., Kafiriti E.M., Mneney E.E., Shomari S.H., Kullaya A.K., Kasuga L.J.F.,
Bashiru R.A., Kabanza A. and B. Kidunda., (eds) (2015). Proceedings of the Third
International Cashew Conference, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 16-19th
November 2015.

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferenceiv
Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... viii
Opening Speech............................................................................................................xi
Biodata of authors......................................................................................................xix
Breeding....................................................................................................................... 1
Performance of 29 Cashew Hybrids under Conditions of Coastal Areas of ....................2
Chambezi Bagamoyo in Tanzania...................................................................................2
The performance of 25 Brazilian dwarf cashew clones under conditions of Nachingwea
in Southern Tanzania...................................................................................................12
Evaluation of Selected Half-Sib Progenies of AZA2 for Resistance to Cashew Leaf and
Nut Blight Disease.......................................................................................................24
Preliminary Observations of Cashew Hybrids Developed for Resistance to Leaf and
Nut Blight Disease.......................................................................................................31
Cashew Germplasm Evaluation in Coastal Kenya........................................................38
Planting material production...................................................................................... 43
Influence of scion’s stockplant Phenological Stage in Success of Grafting of Cashew
Seedlings in Côte d’Ivoire............................................................................................44
Evaluation of Effect of Plastic Bags Size and Duration of Stay in the Nursery on the
Performance of Grafted Cashew Seedling.....................................................................51
Advances in Biotechnology......................................................................................... 60
‘Next-Generation’ Sequencing Technologies in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)
research........................................................................................................................61
Effects of Genotype, Growth Regulators and Salt Composition on Tissue Culture of
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Tanzania..........................................................71
Overview of the Application of Molecular Marker Technologies in Cashew
(Anacardium occidentale L.): Past, current and future prospects..................................83
Colletotrichum Species Associated with Cashew Anthracnose in Mozambique............98

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference v
Contents
Soil and plant nutrition............................................................................................ 109
Preliminary Study on the Variations of Cashew Leaf Nutrient Content from Initial
Flowering to Fruiting Period......................................................................................110
Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium Fertilisation on the Infestation of
Cashew Apple and Nut Borer, Nephopteryx sp..........................................................117
Integrated Soil Management Practices for Improving Soil Fertility in Cashew Growing
Areas of the Southern Zone of Tanzania.....................................................................130
Crop Protection........................................................................................................ 142
Determining the Current Abundances and Distributions of the African Weaver Ant,
Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cashew Growing Areas in
Tanzania....................................................................................................................143
Prospective Study of the Insect Fauna Associated with Anacardium occidentale
L. (Salpindales: Anacardiaceae) in Five Producing Areas of Côte d’Ivoire...................149
Investigations on Major Cashew Diseases in Côte d’Ivoire.........................................158
Assessing Factors Limiting the Adoption of Pesticide Use Technologies in
Cashew Production. A Case Study in Mtwara District, Tanzania................................167
Major Insect Pests of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and their Control in
China.........................................................................................................................176
The Role of Environmental Factors on the Growth and Development of Cryptosporiopsis
sp fungus: The Pathogen of Leaf and Nut Blight Disease on Cashew..........................188
Evaluation of Five Selected Potential Botanicals Against Cashew Powdery
Mildew Disease..........................................................................................................198
Value addition and post harvest technologies...............................................................208
Technological and Commercial Options for the Economic Utilisation of the
Cashew Apple............................................................................................................209
The Role of Warehouse Receipt System in Cashew nut Marketing in Tanzania..........217

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencevi
Contents
Extension and technology transfer............................................................................ 224
Adoption of Cashew Production Technologies by Farmers in North-Eastern
Tanzania....................................................................................................................225
Assessing Farmers’ Awareness on the Utilisation of the Weaver Ant, Oecophylla longinoda
Latreille for the Control of Cashew Insect Pests in the Eastern Zone of Tanzania.......233
Capacity Development Through Master Training Programme for Cashew Value Chains
Promotion in West-Africa....................................................................................................242
Country Papers.........................................................................................................................249
Status of Cashewnut Industry in Tanzania..................................................................250
The Status of the Cashew Industry in Malawi............................................................256
Nigerian Cashew Economy-Dimensions to Growth Paradigm...................................263

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference vii
Preface
As Editors of Third International Cashew Conference, we are delighted to introduce the proceedings
of the 3rd
International Cashew Conference that was held at the Serena Hotel in Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania from 16-19th
November 2015. This Conference Proceedings contains written versions of
most of the contributions presented during the conference.
The Third International Cashew Conference was organised by the Naliendele Agricultural Research
Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives, in collaboration with the
Cashewnut Board of Tanzania (CBT) and Cashewnut Industry Development Trust Fund (CIDTF).
This conference was a continuation of a series of international conferences devoted to cashew. Previous
conferences were held in Dar es Salaam and Entebbe in 1997 and 2011, respectively.
The conference brought together more than 140 experts from 22 countries. The event provided
a platform for discussing recent developments in a wide variety of topics in cashew value chain
including: crop improvement, protection, advances in biotechnology, value addition, technology
transfer, marketing and policy issues. There were nearly 35 oral and poster presentations out of which
29 were accepted for publication in the conference proceedings following peer- review process.
The two days of lively and stimulating debates generated a lot of interesting and practical
recommendations and resolutions. The general recommendation from the conference was the call for
African governments to take bold steps and invest in value addition and biotechnology innovations.
In the organisation of the conference, particular attention was given to having quality presentations
and interactive discussions. To capture participant’s reflections and views on the conference, delegates
were given the opportunity to evaluate the conference by fill in a feedback questionnaire. Overall,
most participants felt the conference was very good, professionally organised and the topics covered
met their needs and expectations. Also, most of them felt that discussions and deliberations from the
presentations were handled with high level of satisfaction.
These proceedings provide a permanent record of what was presented and will be an informative
and valuable resource for cashew experts especially the young scientists. We hope you will find the
proceedings interesting and helpful.
We look forward to seeing you again at the Fourth International Cashew Conference.
The Editors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferenceviii
Acknowledgements
The editors on behalf of all the authors wish to extend our sincere gratitude and appreciation to all
those who made the publication of these proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference
possible. Some of these are mentioned below but there are many others who deserve recognition but
have not been included because of space limitation.
We would like to acknowledge financial support from the Cashewnut Board of Tanzania, Cashew
Industry Development Trust Fund, Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, Masasi Mtwara
Cooperative Union (MAMCU) Ltd, Public Service Pensions Fund, CRDB Bank and Mohamed
Enterprises Tanzania Ltd.
Special thanks also go to Dr Deoscorous Bernard Ndoloi from the Department of Languages and
Linguistics of University of Dar Es Salaam for proof reading all conference papers.
Last but not least we would like to thank all authors for their cooperation during the review and
editing process.

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference ix
Welcome Statement
Welcome Statement by Chairperson of Conference Organizing Secretariat
Prof. Peter A.L. Masawe
Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives Mrs Sophia Kaduma,
Deputy Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the Cashewnut Board of Tanzania (CBT),
Chairperson of the Board of Directors of Cashew Industry Development Trust Fund (CIDTF),
distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen.
On behalf of the conference secretariat, I would like to take this opportunity to welcome all of you
to this 3rd
International Cashew Conference. The organizing secretariat is happy to see that most of
our participants if not all have arrived safely and it is a great honour to have you here with us today.
Mr Chairman, I am pleased to inform you that we have about 140 participants from 22 countries,
representing different Governments, Non Governmental Organizations, National and International
institutions worldwide. These delegates are from Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi, Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire,
Togo, Algeria, Nigeria, Sri-Lanka, Burkna Faso, India, China, Australia, Zimbabwe, Marshall Island,
Cape Verde, Uganda, Philippine, Netherland, Yemen, Pakistan and Tanzania.
With great satisfaction, we recognize the presence of representatives from Local, Regional and
International Organizations, cashew authorities and cashew boards like African Cashew Initiative
(ACi-GIZ), African Cashew Alliance (ACA), Cashew and Cotton Authority Cote d’Ivoire (CCA),
Project of support to the agricultural in Côte d’Ivoire (PSAC), UMH-Foundation, Aga Khan
Foundation, Cashew Promotion Institute (INCAJU) Mozambique, University of Dar es Salaam
(UDSM), Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Mtwara and
Masasi Cooperative Union (MAMCU), Cashewnut Board of Tanzania (CBT), Cashew Industry
Development Trust Fund (CIDTF) just to mention a few.
Mr Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, this conference has been organized to bring together cashew
stakeholders to exchange information, knowledge and technologies that have been generated over the
last five years in the entire value chain.
We are grateful to Cashewnut Board of Tanzania, Cashew Industry Development Trust Fund,
Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, Cashew processors/exporters (Export Trading Company,
Mohamed Enterprises), CRBD Bank Ltd, and Mtwara & Masasi Cooperative Union for their
generous moral, technical and financial support that made this event possible.
Mr Chairman, distinguished members of the podium, ladies and gentlemen, I would now like to
take this opportunity to welcome the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and
Cooperatives to deliver her welcome address.

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencex
Opening Speech
Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives Tanzania
Ms Sophia E. Kaduma
Chairperson Cashew Board of Tanzania
Chairperson Cashew Industry Development Trust Fund
Representative of Ministry of Agriculture of Cote d’Ivoire, Ms Kramo Yaha Yvette Mireille
Representative of Cashew and Cotton Authority from Cote d’Ivoire Ms Mariam Gnrere Wattara
Representative of Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana, Mr Isaac Freeman Konadu
Representative from African Cashew Alliance, Ghana, Dr. Sunil Dahiya
Representative from African Cashew Initiative, Ghana, Mr Ernest Mintah
Deputy Director of the Cashew Promotion Institute of Mozambique (INCAJU) Dr. Carlos P.
Mucavele
Representatives of Farmers from United States of America and Cote d’Ivoire
Representative of National Cashew Association of Nigeria, Mr Sotonye Anga
Representative from Ministry of Agriculture Malawi
Representative of Processors from India, Nitin Chandrakant Sawant
Representative of traders from Zimbabwe, Mr Fahadi Saleh Nahdi
Representatives of High Learning Institutions from Australia, China, Cote d’Ivoire, India, Malawi,
Kenya and Tanzania
Representatives of ACi–GIZ Burkina Faso, Mr Mohamed Salifou Issaka
Input Suppliers from Marshall Islands, Sri Lanka and Pakistan
Equipment Manufacturers from Philippines and Netherlands
Representatives of Financial Institutions CRDB.
Representative from Social Security Funds (PSPF)
Representatives of various organizations and companies, MAMCU, Mohamed Enterprises Tanzania
Ltd and others

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xi
Opening Speech
Policy Maker from Yemen
Members of the Media
Distinguished Participants
Ladies and Gentlemen
Good Morning
I am greatly honoured and privileged to be given this opportunity to address and open this Third
International Cashew Conference, organised by the Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute of the
Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives, in collaboration with the Cashew nut Board
of Tanzania (CBT) and Cashew nut Industry Development Trust Fund (CIDTF).
Distinguished Participants, before I proceed, I wish to take this opportunity on behalf of the
Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives and on my own behalf to welcome you all to
Tanzania, the land of Kilimanjaro and Spice Islands of Zanzibar. For those who are coming beyond
our borders, I hope everyone arrived safely and we are very happy to have you with us today. I also
hope that all of you will find your stay in this beautiful city pleasant and memorable despite the busy
schedule ahead of you.
Chairperson, this is an important conference that brings together diverse actors from institutions and
sectors involved in all aspects of the cashew value chain including research organizations, advisory and
extension service providers, farmers, processors, farmer organisations, academics, government officials,
policy makers, private sector representatives, strategic partners, civil society and representatives of the
media. Going through the list, I am pleased to learn that invited participants are coming from very
diverse background and it is my hope that you have come to this conference with vast experiences,
skills, knowledge, technologies and lessons to share with other cashew actors from all over the world.
Distinguished Participants, as you know, this is the third time that Tanzania is organising this
important event, having done so in 1997 the First Cashew and Coconut Conference in Dar es Salaam
and the Second International Cashew Conference in Kampala Uganda in 2011. Tanzania has over the
past few years hosted various meetings and workshops involving cashew because the country has made
a lot of good progress and has a wealth of experiences and lessons to share with the rest of the world.
To mention but a few, Tanzania is the only cashew producing country in the world that markets
cashew through warehouse receipt system. The warehouse receipt system has contributed to increased
farm gate price as well as quality of raw cashew nuts in the country. The country is now finalizing
arrangements to involve cashew warehouses in the commodity exchange program. This will enhance
transparency in the price discovery system and further improve farm gate price of raw cashew nuts.
I am also proud to inform you that the Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute in Tanzania is the
centre of excellence for cashew in Africa with world-class experts in the entire cashew value chain.

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexii
Opening Speech
It provides training and technical backstopping to other cashew growing countries in the continent.
I am sure most of you have greatly benefitted from the services provided by this institute. Tanzania
has developed various innovative technologies and products that have played an important role in
enhancing cashew productivity and production. I have the honour to inform you that Tanzania is the
only country in Africa that has developed cashew varieties and cashew hybrids following international
procedures for plant variety release, which is in line with International Union of Protection of Varieties
(UPOV). All 16 varieties and 22 elite hybrids which are very high yielding with excellent nut quality
are now protected varieties.
I am encouraged to note that through utilisation and adoption of these improved technologies, the
cashew production increased drastically from 16,000 metric tonnes in 1973/74 to 158,000 metric
tonnes in 2011 and set a new record of about 200,000 metric tonnes in 2014/15 season.
Chairperson, Tanzania is also one of the few countries in Africa that has put in place a mechanism
of stakeholders financing the cashew industry. The Cashew nut Industry Development Trust Fund
(CIDTF) is an important body in the cashew value chain that was established by stakeholders in
2010. The main function of the CIDTF is to finance all shared functions in research, farming inputs,
processing, marketing and branding. The CIDTF has made significant progress especially in the area
of empowering the various actors of the value chain to access credit and agricultural inputs. These
are some of the successes that the country is very proud of. I hope you will hear more about these
achievements and capacities during the conference proceedings.
Distinguished Participants, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania recognizes the
role that agriculture plays in the socio economic development. In Tanzania the agricultural sector
is the most important in terms of its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), export
earnings and employment. The agricultural sector provides livelihood to more than 75 percent of the
population, account for about 24 percent of GDP, and about 24 percent of total exports.
Chairperson, when we trace the role of cashew in the economy of Tanzania we find that it has been
an important crop since independence in 1961. Cashew has been the main cash crop for more than
500,000 households. Cashew nut production in Tanzania increased gradually through the 1960 and
has now reached about 200,000 metric tonnes. This level of production is a positive achievement
not only for researchers and scientists, but also for all the other cashew value chain actors including
extension staff, marketing experts, input suppliers and farmers. In spite of these success stories, cashew
production and productivity has remain low in some areas due to several factors including high
incidences of diseases and insect pests, inadequate input supply, inadequate value addition and low
use of available knowledge and technologies such as good agricultural practices, new cashew varieties
and hybrids. Some of these production challenges will be discussed in greater details during this
conference.
Distinguished Participants, I wish to bring to your attention the fact that Tanzania is fully aware
on the need to add value to our products through promotion of cashew processing technologies.
The Government of Tanzania is taking concerted efforts to make sure that most of the cashew nut

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xiii
Opening Speech
produced is processed in the country using small, medium to large scale processing facilities. To
kick start the process, CIDTF will finance establishment of three processing industries in Tanzania.
I am glad to note that there is slots in your program to further discuss the processing initiatives and
strategies.
Chairperson, now turning to the theme of the workshop, I have been informed that the objectives of
the workshop are (i) To share the latest knowledge on cutting-edge technologies in cashew research,
production, processing, value addition and marketing, and (ii)To identify opportunities and challenges
for enhancing sustainable cashew production and productivity. I note with great interest the diverse
topics that will be covered during the conference. They range from basic research in biotechnology
to post harvest technologies. Your deliberations need to focus on innovations and technologies that
address challenges and demands of all actors along the cashew value chain and which are efficient,
cost effective and affordable to end users. I encourage all stakeholders in this conference to translate
the information and ideas gathered into actions that will bring about sustainable development and
improved livelihoods to all cashew farmers in the world.
Distinguished Participants, before I conclude, I would like to take this opportunity on behalf of
the Government of United Republic of Tanzania and on my own behalf to thank the sponsors of this
conference, namely, CBT, CIDTF, NARI, MAMCU, CRDB, PSPF, Mohamed Enterprises Tanzania
Ltd and others for their invaluable support. I very much appreciate their support and I sincerely
hope that similar support will be provided in the future. I would also like to extend my gratitude
to the organizers of the event for making it a reality. Allow me, also, to take this opportunity to say
a big thank you to all of you for availing yourselves to this conference. I hope you will also use this
opportunity to visit some of our tourist sites of this beautiful country.
Distinguished Participants, in concluding, I would once again like to express my sincere appreciation
for the courtesy and privilege extended to me in order to be with you this morning and share some
few ideas with you.
With these remarks let me wish you a pleasant and successful conference. I hope that the ideas that
will be generated here will be disseminated widely with the aim of advancing science in cashew
industry and improving livelihoods within our region and beyond. It is now my pleasure and honour
to declare the Third International Cashew Conference is officially opened.
Thank you very much
Obrigado
Merci
Asanteni sana

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexiv
Themes and papers presented
Breeding
1. Performance of 29 Cashew Hybrids under Conditions of Coastal Areas of Chambezi
Bagamoyo in Tanzania
P. A. L. Masawe, F. A. Kapinga, J. Madeni and Z. S. Ngamba
2. The performance of 25 Brazilian Dwarf cashew Clones under Conditions of Nachingwea in
Southern Tanzania
P.A.L. Masawe, F.A. Kapinga, J. Madeni and Z. S. Ngamba
3. Evaluation of Selected Half-Sib Progenies of AZA2 for Resistance to Cashew Leaf and Nut
Blight Disease
4. Preliminary Observations of Cashew Hybrids Developed for Resistance to
Leaf and Nut Blight Disease
5. Cashew Germplasm Evaluation in Coastal Kenya
F. Muniu
Planting Material Production
6. Influence of Scion’s Stockplant Phenological Stage in Success of Grafting of Cashew
Seedlings in Côte d’Ivoire
J.B.A. Djaha, C.K. Kouakou, A. A. N’Da Adopo, A. H. Djidji and M.Y. Minhibo
7. Evaluation of Effect of Plastic Bags Size and Duration of Stay in the Nursery on the
Performance of Grafted Cashew Seedling
R. A. Bashiru
Advances in Biotechnology
8. ‘Next-Generation’ Sequencing Technologies in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) research
A. E. Croxford and E. E. Mneney
9. Effects of Genotype, Growth Regulators and Salt Composition on Tissue Culture of
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Tanzania
E.E. Mneney
10. Overview of the Application of Molecular Marker Technologies in Cashew (Anacardium
occidentale L.): Past, current and future prospects
Emmarold E. Mneney and Adam E. Croxford

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xv
11. Colletotrichum Species Associated with Cashew Anthracnose in Mozambique
M.J.Comé, C.A.Almeida, L.K.Turquete, L.M.Abreu, L.H.Pfenning
Soil and Plant Nutrition
12. Preliminary Study on the Variations of Cashew Leaf Nutrient Content from Initial
Flowering to Fruiting Period
J. H. Wang, H. J. Huang, W. J. Huang and Z. R. Zhang
13. Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium Fertilisation on the Infestation of Cashew
Apple and Nut Borer, Nephopteryx sp.
Z. R. Zhang, J. H. Wang, W. J. Huang, H. J. Huang
14. Integrated Soil Management Practices for Improving Soil Fertility in Cashew Growing
Areas of the Southern Zone of Tanzania
A.K. Kabanza, J.J. Tenga, M.M. Kwikima, and R. Msoka
Crop Protection
15. Determining the Current Abundances and Distributions of the African Weaver Ant,
Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cashew Growing Areas in
Tanzania
W. Nene and S. H. Shomari
16. Prospective Study of the Insect Fauna Associated with Anacardium occidentale L.
(Salpindales: Anacardiaceae) in Five Producing Areas of Côte d’Ivoire
E. N. Akessé , S-W.M. Ouali-N’goran, O.R. N’Dépo, T. Koné and D. Koné
17. Investigations on Major Cashew Diseases in Côte d’Ivoire
S. Soro , N. Silué, G.M. Ouattara, M. Chérif, Camara,F. Sorho, N.M. Ouali,K. Abo, M.
Koné, D. Koné
18. Assessing Factors Limiting the Adoption of Pesticide Use Technologies in Cashew
Production. A Case Study in Mtwara District, Tanzania
S. F. Magani,W. Nene and S. H. Shomari
19. Evaluation of Five Selected Potential Botanicals against Cashew Powdery Mildew Disease
S. H. Shomari , D. Menge and W. Nene

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexvi
20. Major Insect Pests of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and their Control in China
Z. R. Zhang, J. H. Wang, W. J. Huang and H. J. Huang
21. The Role of Environmental Factors on the Growth and Development of Cryptosporiopsis
sp fungus: The Pathogen of Leaf and Nut Blight Disease on Cashew
D. Menge, S. H. Shomari and W. Nene
Value Addition and Post Harvest Technologies
22. Technological and Commercial Options for the Economic Utilisation of the Cashew Apple
J. Mathew, A. Sobhana and C. Mini
23. The Role of Warehouse Receipt System in Cashew nut Marketing in Tanzania
M. Malegesi
Extension and Technology Transfer
24. Adoption of Cashew Production Technologies by Farmers in North-Eastern Tanzania
B.R. Kidunda and L.J.Kasuga
25. Assessing Farmers’ Awareness on the Utilisation of the Weaver Ant, Oecophylla longinoda
Latreille for the Control of Cashew Insect Pests in the Eastern Zone of Tanzania
W. Nene, D. F. Mwakanyamale, S. H. Shomari and B. Kidunda
26. Capacity Development through Master Training Programme for Cashew Value Chains
Promotion in West-Africa
Tandjiekpon, R. Weidinger, A. Agyepong, C. Benon, M. Salifou
Country Papers
27. Status of Cashewnut Industry in Tanzania
M. Malegesi
28. The Status of the Cashew Industry in Malawi
F.M. Chipojola and E.M. Kondowe
29. Nigerian Cashew Economy-Dimensions to Growth Paradigm
S. Anga

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xvii
Closing Remarks
Mudhihir M. Mudhihir
Deputy Chairperson of the Board of Directors of Cashewnut Board of Tanzania
Chairperson, Conference organizers, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, it is with
great pleasure and honour that I accept the invitation to address this gathering as you come to the
official closure of this Third International Cashew Conference organised by the Naliendele Agricultural
Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives, in collaboration
with the Cashewnut Board of Tanzania (CBT) and Cashewnut Industry Development Trust Fund
(CIDTF). I hope the presentations and discussions over the past two days have enabled you to draw
lessons and experiences from one another that you can all take back with you. I thank you for coming
to Tanzania and hope you had a pleasant stay here.
Ladies and gentlemen, I am particularly delighted to learn that this is the second time Tanzania is
honoured to host this important conference, having done so in 1997. In this respect, I would like to
extend my sincere appreciation to the Government of Tanzania and the organisers of this event for
putting together an excellent conference.
Chairperson, I am aware that during the conference more than 30 papers were presented and
discussed. I trust you had fruitful deliberations and took good advantage of this opportunity to
exchange experiences and ideas on how best to address cashew production challenges. I also believe
you have been able to identify key success factors and innovative approaches in linking ideas, strategy
and action. I am confident that the presentations, experience shared as well as knowledge gained
during the conference will enable you to make significant contribution towards transforming the
cashew industry in your respective countries and in all cashew growing areas in the world. The cashew
farmers and other value chain actors expect you to put in place efficient and effective strategies of
implementing the outcomes of this conference. The ultimate goal is the attainment of a better life for
all cashew stakeholders.
Ladies and gentlemen, despite the many successes recorded in this conference, some cashew
producing countries are still faced with many technical and institutional challenges. These include
marketing constraints, outbreak of new pests and diseases, technical know- how and inadequate
planting materials.
I challenge you to look for innovative and sustainable strategies for addressing the challenges. In
an effort to tackle the marketing constraints, I am encouraged to note that the Governments of
Tanzania and Mozambique have put in place warehouse receipt system. It is evident from the papers
presented that the system has empowered small-scale producers by building their entrepreneurial and
organizational capacity and improving their links to markets.
Chairperson, whilst significant progress has been made in relation to cashew improvement using
conventional methods, considerable scope still exists to further enhance cashew production and
productivity using modern techniques such as biotechnology. I am pleased to note that Cashew
improvement programs have started incorporating these tools into their plans for a wide range of
purposes varying from simple fingerprint comparisons to gene discovery and marker-assisted breeding.

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexviii
Closing Remarks
Dear participants, in an attempt to make an assessment of this conference, I would like to remind
you of a statement made by the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and
cooperatives in her opening speech. She said “I encourage all stakeholders in this Congress to translate
the information and ideas gathered into actions that will bring about sustainable development and
improved livelihoods to cashew farmers and all other stakeholders involved in the cashew value chain”.
I hope you will agree with me that all your deliberations will count for nothing if not put in practice.
Ladies and gentlemen, let me take this opportunity once again to thank the organizers of this
conference for a job very well done. Allow me to also commend the contribution of the various
sponsors including Cashewnut Board of Tanzania, Cashew Industry Development Trust Fund,
Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, Cashew processors/exporters (Export Trading Company,
Mohamed Enterprises Tanzania Ltd), CRBD Bank Ltd, Mtwara & Masasi Cooperative Union and
Public Services Pension Fund (PSPF). We don’t take this for granted and I encourage you to keep up
the good spirit.
I also greatly appreciate the support we have received from the members of the media, in covering the
conference activities. It is very important that the knowledge and ideas generated are disseminated to
a wider readership and category of audience.
Chairperson, Conference organizers, Distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, I am
informed that some of you will be visiting the historical and tourist sites of Bagamoyo and Mikumi. I
wish you safe and enjoyable trips. This is indeed a great opportunity to discover the beauty and charm
of Tanzania and its people.
With these few remarks, Ladies and gentlemen, I would now like to take this opportunity to wish
you all the best as you go back to your respective homes, and declare this Third International Cashew
Conference officially closed.

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xix
BIODATA OF AUTHORS

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexx
Biodata of Authors
Professor Peter A.L. Masawe is a Principal Agricultural Research Officer,
a Cashew Breeder and Cashew Value Chain Specialist with over 29 years
experience in cashew industry and 27 years of cashew project management
and supervision in Sub Saharan Africa. He is currently the Lead Scientist
for National Cashew Research Programme inTanzania and a Coordinator
of the Regional Cashew Improvement Network for Eastern and Southern
Africa, which was funded by Common Fund for Commodities based
in Amsterdam. The regional network covers seven countries and these
are Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and
Uganda. He is also an Adjunct Professor at The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and
Technology in Arusha Tanzania.
From 2006 and 2007 he was employed by African Development Bank (AfDB) as a Technical Advisor
to the Cashew Development Project in Ghana.
He was employed by the World Bank as international cashew expert in Mozambique from 2000-
2003.
Prof Peter Masawe is one of the most prominent cashew breeders in the world. He released 16 cashew
varieties (2006) and 22 new cashew hybrids (2015) making Tanzania the first country in Africa if
not in the world to release commercial cashew varieties (tested in replicated trials in contrasting
agro-ecological sites) protected by International Union of Protection of Varieties (UPOV). He is an
author/co-author of 5 cashew books:- “Tanzanian Cashew Cultivars” (2006)- ISBN 9987-446-01-9
and Linking Farmers Extension and Research at Community level (2013) ISBN 9987-446-02-7,
Tanzanian’s cashew value chain-A diagnostic 2011, Diseases and insect pest of cashew in Tanzania
(December 2014) ISNB: 9987- 446-09-4, Data quality control standards of descriptors for cashew
(December 2014) ISBN: 9987- 446-06-X and Cashew Cultivation and Processing 2015 (in press).
He is an international consultant in cashew value chain and he has done several consultancies in
Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique,
Togo, Uganda and Zambia. He has over 30 publications in cashew.

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxi
Biodata of Authors
Mr. F.K. Muniu is a Kenyan horticulturalist with 20 years research
experience in vegetables, fruits and tree crops of the coastal region of
Kenya. National Coordinator Nuts Research in Kenya Agricultural and
Livestock Research Organization. A Member of Cashew and Coconut
Industry Revitalization Technical Team.

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxii
Jean-Baptiste Akadié DJAHA was born 12 May 1959 in Divo, Republic
of Côte d’Ivoire. He holds a Bachelor in Mathematics and Natural
Science (Divo Modern Secondary High School), Agronomy Engineering
Diploma (National Agronomic Superior School) and Master in Plant
Physiology (National University of Côte d’Ivoire).
Researcher since 1991 in Research Institute for Fruits and Citrus (IRFA)
in Azaguié station, Jean-Baptiste Akadié DJAHA worked successively
on plantain, cultivated fruits crops (Agronomy), wild edible fruit species
of forest and savannah (Management of genetic resource). During this period, he participated in AISA
(Ivorian Association of Agricultural Sciences) project intended to domesticate some major edible wild
fruits trees of forest and savannah in Côte d’Ivoire. This work permited him to take inventory of wild
species, create nursery, botanical garden for wild edible fruit trees and collect data.
From 1999 to 2002 Jean-Baptiste Akadié DJAHA worked on cashew in management of genetic
resource and vegetative propagation.
From 2003 to 2008 He worked on passion fruit in collaboration with the Ivorian extension service
(ANADER) in farmers fields. Then, always on passion fruit he worked in collaboration with the Food
Technology Laboratory of Abobo-Adjamé University, and the Agronomy Department of Agronomic
Superior School. The collaboration concerned research activities and supervision of students.
Since 2009 in Lataha/Korhogo research station of CNRA, Jean-Baptiste Akadié DJAHA works
mainly on cashew (Management of Genetic Resource, Agronomy and Physiology). Actually he works
on the project titled: varietal improvement of cashew. This project is executed in the framework of an
agreement CNRA – FIRCA (Inter professional Fund for Agricultural Research and Council), on the
behalf of Cashew operators sector of Côte d’Ivoire. This project includes: farm surveys to identify high
producing trees, tree commission in collections at research stations, characterize them, implement
pilot fields and mass production of grafted plants in nurseries to make them available to producers.
In the framework of the project, in addition to the research activities, he supervises students from
Universities and Agricultural Superior Schools.
Jean-Baptiste Akadié DJAHA is author of various publications on cashew and other fruit crops.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxiii
Ramadhan A. Bashiru was born in 1959 in Lushoto -Tanga Tanzania.
He holds a diploma in crop production awarded in 1985 at Ukiriguru
Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute and also a degree of Bachelor
of Science in crop science and production awarded in 1990 at Sokoine
University of Agriculture-Morogoro Tanzania. In 1994 he joined Wye
College - University of London in UK to undertake a one-year degree
of Masters in Crop Science and Tropical and Sub-tropical Horticulture.
Mr. Bashiru is a senior Horticulturist (agronomist) and a Principal
Agricultural Research Officer with over 25 years experience in cashew management and production.
He is the Head of cashew agronomy research section, National co-ordinator of cashew nurseries and
the head of Horticulture department at Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute.
He worked with the Cashew Improvement programme in Tanzania funded by the World Bank and
BritishOverseasDevelopmentAdministration(ODA)currentlyknownasDepartmentofInternational
Development (DfID). During this period he participated in the development and transfer of proven
cashew technologies to farmers. He has been actively involved in the cashew production chain with a
view to cashew propagation, orchard establishment, and rehabilitation and upgrading.
He has done a number of consultancies in human capacity building in cashew propagation and
establishment of nurseries in West, East and Southern African countries.
Mr. Bashiru is a member of International horticultural society. He is an author or co-author of
a number of peer reviewed papers published in national and international journals, a number of
pamphlets, fliers, and video films and an author of the handbook “Mwongozo wa usimamizi wa kitalu
na ubebeshaji wa mikorosho (i.e cashew nursery management and grafting)” (ISBN 9987-446-07-8).
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxiv
Dr E. Mneney is a plant biotechnologist with three decades of experience
in research and development of various agricultural innovations. He holds
a PhD in Biotechnology from the University of London and an MSc in
Tropical Horticulture from Reading University, UK. His current research
interests are tissue culture, molecular breeding for stress tolerance and
development of fast tracking approaches for seed/ seedling multiplication
and dissemination for various crops including sorghum, maize, millets,
cassava, banana, sweet potato and cashew.
He also has experience in technology transfer; innovation and value chain approaches; and biosafety.
Besides this research career, Dr Mneney has for the past 12 years served at the University of Dar Es
Salaam and Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology as part-time lecturer,
teaching Agricultural biotechnology and molecular breeding courses for BSc, MSc and PhD
programmes. He has published widely and supervised several postgraduate students. Dr Mneney has
also participated and provided leadership to several collaborative research and development programs.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxv
Adam Croxford was born in Perth, Western Australia and went to the
University of Western Australia (UWA), where he obtained a Bachelor
of Science degree in Agriculture with Honours in Plant Breeding. For
his Honours project he researched the use of DNA technology in apple
breeding working with the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western
Australia (DAFWA). After graduation, he won a scholarship from the
Department for International Development in the United Kingdom
(DFID) to study cashew breeding in Tanzania. He completed his doctoral
studies at the University of Reading in 2005 with his PhD dissertation
entitled “A molecular study of the breeding system of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) inTanzania”.
Following graduation, Dr Croxford commenced a post-doctoral position at the University of Reading,
UK researching the genetics of lupin breeding. In 2007, he accepted a position at the University of
Wales, Aberystwyth, UK to work with oil palm breeding in Indonesia. In this position, he worked at
developing saturated linkage maps and QTL analysis for enhancement of the African oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis) germplasm. In 2012, Dr Croxford accepted a position at the University of Adelaide, South
Australia where he currently works in the development of plant biotechnology for both agricultural
and ecological projects. He has published extensively in the field of Agricultural Biotechnology.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxvi
Mateus J. Comé is an Agronomy Engineer and Master in Plant
Pathology. He works as a researcher at the Cashew Promotion Institute
in Mozambique.
His professional experience is connected to agronomy and plant
pathology, especially in areas related to integrated management of pests
and diseases, epidemiology of crop diseases, diagnosis and control of crop
diseases, and development of new techniques for the optimization of the
production process of different crops.
He works at the cashew sector since the year of 2004, and his experience is deeply connected to the
applied research of cashew in Mozambique, focus area of integrated management of diseases.
Mateus studied at Eduardo Mondlane University in Mozambique and, at the Federal University of
Lavras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where he obtained the Master’s Degree in Plant Pathology. He
also did various training courses, from which the first international training in production, post-
harvesting and industrial processing of cashew, performed at Brazilian Corporation for Tropical
Agriculture and Industry Research (EMBRAPA) Tropical Agro-industry is highlighted in cashew area.
In addition, he also participated in various events addressing about agronomy, plant pathology and
many others such as the last two international cashew conferences that took place in Africa.
He is currently employed in the Cashew Promotion Institute (INCAJU) and, his good human
relationship, dynamism, ability for team working, good health and posture, high sense of responsibility,
good organizational and time management skills, and good interpersonal and communication skills,
make him a relevant person in his profession.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxvii
Zhang Zhongrun, male, associate professor, born on 19th August
1979 in Hainan. In 2005 He graduated from South China Agricultural
University and was awarded a degree of agriculture master. From 2005 to
date, he worked in Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute (TCGRI)
of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS).
Mr. Zhang Zhongrun is a crop protection specialist in cashew industry.
He has been involved in cashew value chain for 10 years and has operated
in some countries including Mozambique, Tanzania, Thailand and
Vietnam.
He is in charge of 6 ministerial and provincial research projects such as National Natural Science
Foundation of China and Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province. He had published 16
scientific papers, and was chief editor of 4 cashew books “Cashew Insect Pests and Diseases”, “Cashew
Insect Pests and Diseases in Mozambique”, “Cashew Insect Pests and Diseases in Tanzania” and
“Cashew Cultivation and Processing”, won 2 provincial awards in science and technology.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxviii
Dr. Andrew K. Kabanza is a Senior Agricultural Research Officer, Soil
Scientist in the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives
of Tanzania since 2004. His main research interests include: land use and
evaluation, soil erosion, soil erosion control, soil and water conservation
where he has several publications.
He obtained his undergraduate Degree in General Agriculture in 1998
and Masters Degree in Soil Science & Land Management from Sokoine
University of Agriculture Morogoro, Tanzania in 2003. He further
completed his PhD studies in Bioscience Engineering in 2013 from KU Leuven, Belgium. Currently
he is the Head of Special program (Soils) at Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute working on
soil fertility management, soil and water conservation in cashew fields and conservation agriculture.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxix
Wilson A. Nene is aTanzanian working under the Ministry of Agriculture
Food Security and Cooperatives as an Agricultural Research Officer. He
has over 10 years experience in crop production and management of farm
land. In 2011 he joined for a PhD in Crop Science at Sokoine University
of Agriculture, Tanzania, a program sandwiched with Aarhus University
in Denmark. His major research areas are on Integrated Pest Management
approaches for sustainable agriculture. He obtained a PhD diploma in
biological control at Aarhus University, Denmark in 2013. Nene also
has knowledge and skills in climate change and variability (CC&V) and
statistics which he obtained from Reading University.
He worked as a research assistant in 2005-2006 under Vlaamse Interuniverstaire Raad (VLIR). His
research was to assess the effect of cover crops on soil moisture retention, soil loss control, soil fertility
and vegetable yield in Northern part of Uluguru Mountain, Tanzania. In 2006-2007, he worked as
Agronomist at a large scale sugar estate called Mtibwa. Currently, he is working in crop protection
section where his main researches include: ecological pest management, biopesticides and biological
pest management practices.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxx
Dr. Soro Sibirina is a Lecturer and Researcher in Phytopathology
at the University Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLoG) of Daloa in Côte
d’Ivoire. Dr. Soro studied at Nangui Abrogoua University (UNA) and
Félix Houphouët-Boigny University (UFHB) of Côte d’Ivoire where he
obtained a PhD in Biology and Crop Protection and a Master of Natural
Sciences.
Since 2012, he works in cashew sector at National Center Research of
Agricultural at Korhogo in the North of Côte d’Ivoire before joining the
UJLoG. Now, he is the sub-coordinator of two Projects of “ Improvement crop management and
sustainable management control of cashew pest and diseases in Côte d’Ivoire ” financed by ACi
– GIZ and the Council of Cotton and Cashew Nut. His professional life has been connected to
the management of Crop Protection and agricultural resources as a researcher member of National
Programme of Research in Cashew financed by Council of Cotton and Cashew of Côte d’Ivoire.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxxi
Suitbert Francis Magani is a Researcher and works with Cashew
Agronomy at the Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Naliendele,
Mtwara. He worked in the Agricultural Extension Department as Field
Officer in Mayanga Division Mtwara District from 1986 to 1994. His
main activities were; Training and Visiting the rural farming communities
to advice on good agricultural practices (GAP) for cashew production
during Cashew Improvement Pilot Project (CIPP) intervention in 1990s.
He also concentrated on setting up Demonstration plots and organizes
Farmers’ Field Day as part of technology transfer.
In 1995 he joined Naliendele Agriculture Research Institute where he worked as Technician.The
institute conducts On-station and On-farm trials as part of participatory outreach programs. His
main activities were; experimental design, layout, field supervision and data management.
Mr. Magani studied Rural Sociology at the University of Dar-es-salaam (UDSM), Tanzania where
he obtained a (BA.) in Rural Sociology in 2010. He undertook postgraduate studies at the Sokoine
University of Agricultural (SUA) where he obtained a Masters of Arts (MA) in Rural Development in
2013. His main research activities in the Cashew Agronomy Department were; developing appropriate
agronomical practices to cashew growers and technology transfer to rural farming community. Others
include; developing packages for rehabilitation of abandoned or neglected cashew orchards and
upgrading of cashew orchards aiming at increasing farm productivity.
In 2015 he was stationed at Mkumba Research Sub-station as Officer In charge. His main
responsibilities includes supervising all research activities conducted at Mkumba sub-station.
Organizing and mobilizing resources including human resources to enable smooth operation of
research activities in the area. Other major activities include Budget preparation, quarterly and
progressive report writing and submit to ZDRD (S).
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxxii
Dr Shamte H. Shomari, a retired Principal Agricultural Research
Officer, based at Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, Mtwara has
a wide experience on cashew crop for more than 35 years. Graduated
in 1980 with a Masters degree in Crop Protection at the University
College Dublin, Ireland, joined Naliendele Institute in the same year as
the Director of the centre. At the same time, to ensure that he continues
with his profession, he was attached to cashew research section as cashew
pathologist.
In 1990 Dr. Shomari was appointed as the Zonal Director of Research for the Southern Zone. However,
with those additional administrative duties, he continued to be an active cashew pathologist. In 1992
He joined Birmingham University in the United Kingdom and successfully awarded a PhD degree in
Biological Sciences in 1996.
During his career as a cashew pathologist, from 1980 to 2010, Dr Shomari has been involved in the
screening of most pesticides currently used by cashew farmers against diseases and insect pests in
Tanzania. Meanwhile, he has been coordinating annual training programmes to cashew farmers and
extension officers in appropriate techniques to combat diseases and pests which to date has trained
3,500 participants.
At present Dr. Shomari has been employed by the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and
Cooperatives based at Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute as a cashew pathologist with Cashew
Research Programme.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxxiii
Dr. Jose Mathew Born on 18th July 1955. He obtained his PhD from
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. He joined Kerala
Agricultural University (KAU) as Scientist in 1977 and has been working
at different capacities in KAU till July 2015 when he retired from service
as Director of Extension.
He headed the Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara, a premiere
research institute on cashew in India, including a major Centre of the All
India Coordinated Research Project, for eight years.
He contributed in the development of twelve technologies for the economic utilization of cashew
apple and also the release of cashew hybrid H 1593 as variety “Poornima”.
He undertook 20 research projects in cashew as Principal Investigator and Associate Investigator as
well as 20 farmer participatory research programmes. He published 64 research papers in journals
and seminars and 39 books/ book chapters/technical bulletins/ reports on cashew. He published 21
extension articles in Malayalam and five articles in English.
He has undertaken an assignment for UNIDO during 2007-08 for the establishment of a
commercially viable cashew apple processing and demonstration facility at Naliendele Agricultural
Research Institute, Mtwara, Tanzania.
He has organized more than 100 trainings on various aspects of cashew plantation management
including an international training programme sponsored by USAID during 2009 for participants
from Senegal, West Africa.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxxiv
Mr Mangile Malegesi is an Acting Branch Manager for Cashewnut
Board of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam Branch. He joined the Cashewnut
Board of Tanzania in August 2009 as Processing Officer. Prior to that he
worked with private sector in Tanzania. His profession is Food Science.
Mr Malegesi studied at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania
and awarded Bachelor of Science in Food Science and Technology.
Currently he is pursing Master of Business Administration in Cooperate
Management at Mzumbe University in Tanzania.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxxv
Bakari R. Kidunda is a Senior Agricultural Research Officer (SARO)
employed by the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture Food
Security and Cooperatives working in the department of Research
and Development (R&D), duty station being Naliendele Agricultural
Research Institute, Mtwara, Tanzania. He has over 10 years of experience
as agricultural research officer. He has three publications as author or
co-author. In 2015/16 season, he worked as a sub-consultant under
Small and Medium Agribusiness Enterprises Development Services Ltd
(SMAED Services Ltd Kenya), conducted a baseline Study of Climate
Smart Agriculture in Tanzania for Sustainable Food Production and Increased Incomes (AGRA/
NORAD Project).
In 2015, he worked as a sub-consultant under COWI Tanzania Ltd on Crop Replacement Value
Assessment Project in Lindi region, project funded by British Gas (BG Tanzania). In 2014, he worked
as a sub-consultant under Small and Medium Agribusiness Enterprises Development Services Ltd
(SMAED Services Ltd Kenya), conducted a baseline survey project for selected crops in Tanzania;
a Project on Scaling Seeds and Technologies Partnerships (SSTP); USAID/AGRA G8 cooperative
agreement. In 2012, he worked as a consultant on establishing a simple estimation method for
revenue collection for Mtwara district funded by GIZ Tanzania.
He undertook undergraduate studies at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania
from 1999 to 2002 where he obtained a B.Sc. in Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness. In 2006
he again joined SUA to pursue M.Sc. in agricultural economics and graduated in 2010.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxxvi
André M. Tandjiekpon is the Production Director for African Cashew
Initiative (ACi) at Regional Office in Burkina Faso. He worked many
years in Benin for Government institutions and development programs
until 2009 before joining the GIZ to conduct Aci project for Benin as
National Coordinator. His professional life has been connected to the
management of forest and agricultural resources as a team member, team
leader, coordinator and director of projects financed by donors such as
AFD, World Bank, IDA, DANIDA, BTC, GIZ, BOAD, ADB, FAO,
UNDP and ITC. Since 1997, he works on the cashew sector with over
25 publications and reports as authors or co-authors.
André studied at Polytechnic School of the National University of Benin and the Faculty of Letter
and Arts at the same university where he obtained a Master of Natural Sciences and Master’s Degree
in Geography. He undertook a postgraduate course at the International Institute of Aerospace Survey
and Earth Sciences (ITC) in Enschede (Netherlands) where he obtained a Postgraduate Degree in
management of forest resources. He joined the Graduate School at the University of Abomey, where he
obtained a Masters in environmental management and sustainable development. He is a professional
Gestalt in organizational and institutional development, graduated from the OSD - Ghana Centre in
collaboration with Integrative Gestalt Organization & Systems Development Study Centre - Ohio,
United States and International Organizations and Development Programs Ohio, USA.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxxvii
Felix Mereka Chipojola is currently the National Research Coordinator
for Horticulture under the Department of Agricultural Research Services,
Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development in Malawi.
He coordinates research activities in fruits, coffee, tree nuts, flowers,
vegetables, spices, cassava, sweetpotato, potato, cocoyams and yams. His
research area includes Cashew nuts, Macadamia nuts, Coffee and Fruits
as Principal Agricultural Research Scientist and recently has released
four high yielding Macadamia Clones for production by the farming
community in Malawi. He worked for twelve years in the Private Sector
in a reputable Tea Company from 1987-1999 as Manager. He has also served as a Sweetpotato
Platform Member under the Regional Agricultural and Environment Innovations Network (RAEIN)
–Africa since 2010 to 2013. He is the member of the Steering Committee of Africa RISING which is
supporting research activities in Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Western Africa countries.
He has authored and co-authored four and two publications respectively, five Annual Horticulture
Commodity Group reports and presented scientific papers in Tanzania and South Africa. Felix holds
a Master of Science Degree in Horticulture, Bachelor of Science Degree in General Agriculture and
Diploma in Agriculture from Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexxxviii
Sotonye Anga, Agribusiness strategist and enterprise development expert
with corporate experience spanning 20 years in plantation development,
value addition to crops, export of Agricultural commodities and trade
consultancy across Africa, Asia and Europe.
Mr Anga has authored well over 330 questions and answers covering
Life, Psychology, Philosophy, Negotiation, Agriculture, Business, and
Customer service management that have been read by over one million
and eight hundred people worldwide.
He is different things to different people including a Motivational speaker, success coach, advisor to
Governments and Captains of industry, international consultant, businessman and author of way too
many presentations. His works are widely used across the world, shaping global prosperity, people
development, peace, Agriculture and food security.
Anga with a passion for agriculture has been involved in creating various Agribusiness models,
facilitating project finance, and market linkages between producers (farmers) and buyers.
A global AGvocate. Anga’s presentations on Agriculture and people development have attractedseveral
downloads with a record of over Four Million (4,000,000) on-line views contributing immensely
to the development of Agriculture globally. Over 10,000 men and women have benefited from Mr
Anga’s Agribusiness training across Africa and beyond since 1996.
He has written over 300 articles promoting agribusiness.
Mr Anga is the managing director of Universal Quest Nigeria Limited, a major Agribusiness company
registered in Nigeria, and operating across Africa, trading Agricultural commodities such as cashew
nuts, sesame seeds, sheanut, ginger, sorghum and bulk grains. We are currently working at establishing
100,000 tons grain silo and 10,000 tons capacity cashew processing factory in Nigeria.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference xxxix
Dr Ouali - N’goran S. Mauricette is University Professor, specialist in
Biology and ecophysiology of insects. She conducts research both in the
laboratory and field. Her areas of expertise are:
Analysis of agronomic problems and identification of problems in insect
pests and vectors of diseases of vegetable crops, corn, cocoa, cotton,
cashew. The study of the dynamics of insect populations in a culture
system from semi to harvesting and conservation; the realization of
pesticides in field tests and laboratory; the use of essential oils and insect
natural enemies (parasitoids) for effective control. Laboratory pests and insect breeding as well as
microscopic dissection of animal tissues (reproductive system, digestive system).
Dr OUALI - N’GORAN S. Mauricette holds a Bachelors degree (1989), Masters Degree in Animal
Science (1994) and a PhD degree in Entomology agricultural from the University of Cocody Abidjan-
Côte d’Ivoire. Dr OUALI - N’GORAN S. Mauricette supervises several Masters and PhD students.
She collaborated with AKESSE Ettien Narcice on the work on insect pests of cashew in Ivory Coast.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conferencexl
Dr Menge Dominic holds a Bachelor of science in Botany (Plant
Biotechnology), Master of Science in Botany (Plant Physiology) and
a Ph.D. (2015) in Plant Science from Jomo Kenyatta University
of Agriculture and Technology. His academic disciplines are in the
areas of plant physiology and pathophysiology. Dr. Menge Dominic
is a highly creative molecular plant pathophysiologist whose research
interest focuses on changes taking place in plants due to diseases. His
research includes how diseases operate in plants and recommendation
of proper treatment.
Dr Menge is equipped with plant physiology techniques and working knowledge of molecular biology
methods used to dissect the modes of action of disease resistance in plants. He is involved in a multi-
disciplinary research team developing plant productivity systems. He has an experience working in
matrixed environment with proven communication skills, leadership ability and project management
experience. The ability to prioritize under pressure and adapt to changing demands, and make rapid
progress against goals despite tight timelines are critical skills.
Biodata of Authors

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference 1
Breeding
BREEDING

Proceedings of the Third International Cashew Conference2
Breeding
Performance of 29 Cashew Hybrids under Conditions of Coastal Areas of Chambezi Bagamoyo
in Tanzania
P. A. L. Masawe*, F. A. Kapinga, J. Madeni and Z. S. Ngamba
Cashew Research Programme, Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute
P.O. Box 509 Mtwara Tanzania
*Email of the corresponding author: palmasawe@yahoo.com
Abstract
Cashew hybridisation by controlled hand pollination was achieved in Tanzania for the first time in
1991. This led to development of a number of hybrids, which were evaluated in a replicated trial
in 1992. More hybrids were produced in 1994 and 1995 and planted at Naliendele Agricultural
Research Institute trial blocks. These hybrids were subjected to mass selection out of which 29 elite
cashew hybrids were picked for further evaluation. The elite hybrids were evaluated at Chambezi
Research Substation in Bagamoyo, which is one of the major cashew growing districts in the coastal
region, to find out if they were suitable in the area. Most hybrids gave higher yield compared to
the control variety AC4. Apart from higher yields, 10 hybrids demonstrated higher nut quality and
hence were recommended for commercialisation in Bagamoyo and other areas with similar climatic
conditions, in Tanzania.
Key words: cashew, tree, hybrid, yield, nut quality
Introduction
Cashew (Anacardium occidental Linn) is a tree crop that has gained substantial economic importance
in many tropical countries, including Tanzania. However, the biggest problem in cashew production
in Africa is lack of improved cashew varieties (Mole, 2000). This is due to the fact that the majority
of the trees in farmers’ fields have been raised from unselected seeds. Ohler (1979) citing Lefèbvre
(1971), in Madagascar, found remarkable variations among trees established by seed from a single
tree. Even where high yielding mother trees were identified, it was not possible to multiply them
because vegetative propagation techniques were not in place until late 1980s (Shrestha, 1989). Several
attempts were made in many countries to establish cashew genetic trials but little achievements were
attained due to inconsistent funding as well as lack of qualified personnel (Masawe and Kapinga,
2010a). In mid 1990s, the Government of Tanzania introduced cashew export levy to support the
industry, including cashew research. This enabled cashew research to establish several genetic trials,
which led to release of 16 cashew varieties (Masawe, 2006). Parallel to genetic trials, hybridisation
by hand pollination was initiated and the first cashew hybrids were developed in Tanzania in 1991
(Masawe, 1994).

Breeding
The second and third batches of cashew hybrids were produced in 1994 and 1995. Evaluation of
these hybrids was carried out for 10 years at Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute from 1992 to
2002, from which 29 elite hybrids were selected for further evaluation in an advanced cashew trial.
The objective of this trial was to find out if the selected hybrids would perform well in terms of yield
and nut quality attributes under condition of Chambezi, Bagamoyo.
Bagamoyo District lies between 370
and 390
Longitude and between 600
and 700
Latitude (District
Profile, 2006, 2009). The district has seasonal average temperatures ranging from 130
C to 300
C and
humidity as high as 98% (EPMS, 2006). Rainfall ranges between 800 - 1200 mm per annum. The
short rains (vuli) season starts from October to December while the long rains (masika) season starts
from March to May (District Profile, 2006; Andrew, 2009; Mushi, 2009). The driest months are June
to September when monthly rainfall is generally less than 50 mm per month. Dominant soil types
include sand, loam, sandy-loam and clay (District profile, 2006).
Materials and methods
Twenty-nine high yielding elite cashew hybrids with good nut quality were selected from hybrids
developed by hand cross-pollination that was done in 1991, 1994 and 1995. These hybrids were
vegetatively propagated at Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute cashew nursery in October 2004.
Grafted seedlings were transported to Chambezi research substation in Bagamoyo (Coast Region) for
trial establishment in March 2005. A high yielding cashew variety (AC4) was used as control bringing
the total number of entries to 30. The list of selected cashew hybrids and their performance during
selection are shown in Table 1a, Table 1b and Table 1c.
The trial layout was a randomised complete block design with three replicates. The spacing used was
12 m between rows, 12 m within rows, and the plot size was four trees. Formative pruning was carried
out to form the desirable umbrella shaped tree canopy to enable easy nut collection underneath
the trees as well as to allow tractor and other machinery to operate in the farm. Gap filling was
undertaken in the second year to maintain optimum plant population. The powdery mildew disease
was controlled using a water-based fungicide (Triadimenol) at a rate of 15 mls/litre (spayed three times
at an interval of 21 days). Insect pests were controlled using insecticide Lambada cynhalothrin at a rate
of 5 mls/litre applied when symptoms of attack were noted. The yield and nut quality were recorded
on a tree basis. Analysis of variance was carried out using GenStat statistical analysis package, and
Duncan’s multiple range test was used to rank means.

Breeding
Table1a:Yield(kg)andnutqualityparametersoftenselectedhybridsdevelopedin1991atNaliendele
S/N
Name
atmass
selection
Tree
No
Entry
nameof
hybrid
Yield(Kg)
Nutwt
(g)
Kernwt
(g)
OT%1994
(age3
yrs)
1995
(age4
yrs)
1996
(age5
yrs)
1997
(age6
yrs)
1998
(age7
yrs)
1999
(age8
yrs)
2000
(age9
yrs)
2001
(age10
yrs)
2002
(age11
yrs)
1T1956.24H191.024.157.2010.6317.7313.9824.5325.1421.6410.402.9027.88
2T18.2H10.681.959.0314.9722.2019.3328.5236.1829.048.902.8031.46
3T2844.07H280.812.367.5811.9116.8515.9626.6328.4315.758.702.6029.89
4T1454.09H140.323.243.3514.8817.6918.2232.3428.1227.118.702.4027.59
5T1556.05H153.665.456.714.4214.1312.3528.0225.5525.368.502.5029.41
6T1754.05H171.661.890.664.9617.107.4829.8838.8429.818.002.1026.25
7T2722.05H271.905.266.0410.0218.4716.8022.5018.7720.207.802.2028.21
8T1148.2H110.522.148.146.9919.9013.2821.6732.5726.617.702.3029.87
9T354.28H30.413.497.6010.5016.8413.0126.0121.9222.077.402.4032.43
10T2952.18H291.392.555.939.7024.8420.3226.6913.2129.696.902.1030.43
Key:
Yrs=Yearofdatarecord
NutWt=Nutweight(g)
KernWt=Kernelweight(g)
%OT=Percentagekerneloutturn(shell/kernelratio)
Source:AnnualCashewResearchReport2002

Breeding
Table 1b: Yield (kg) and nut quality parameters of six selected hybrids from hybrids developed
in 1994 at Naliendele
S/N
Name
at mass
selec-
tion
Tree
No
Entry
name
of hy-
brids
Yield (kg)
Nut-
wt
(g)
Kern-
wt (g)
OT%1998
(age
4yrs)
1999
(age
5yrs)
2000
(age
6yrs)
2001
(age
7yrs)
2002
(age
8yrs)
1 T16 4.17 H16 2.52 9.61 11.42 11.17 15.30 9.40 2.70 28.72
2 T25 10.6 H25 0.98 6.68 10.03 13.67 9.99 8.80 3.00 34.09
3 T22 4.11 H22 1.14 5.49 11.70 12.59 11.54 7.70 2.10 27.27
4 T12 9.12 H12 0.89 7.12 10.10 9.14 7.75 7.60 2.30 30.26
5 T2 3.16 H2 0.52 5.69 8.37 8.48 8.39 7.50 2.40 32.00
6 T5 3.11 H5 0.06 6.82 13.31 19.05 13.02 7.50 2.30 30.67
Key:
NutWt = Nut weight (g)
KernWt = Kernel weight (g)
%OT = Percentage kernel outturn (shell/kernel ratio)
Source: Annual Cashew Research Report 2002
Table 1c: Yield (kg) and nut quality parameters of 13 selected hybrids developed in 1995 at
Naliendele
S/N
Name
at mass
selec-
tion
Tree
No
Entry
name
of
hybrid
Yield (kg)
Nut-
Wt
(g)
Kern-
Wt
(g)
OT%1998
(age
2yrs)
1999
(age
3yrs)
2000
(4yrs)
2001
(age
5yrs)
2002
(age
6yrs)
1 T13 7.4 H13 1.58 8.68 11.86 35.56 21.30 8.70 2.50 28.74
2 T4 8.8 H4 0.00 3.93 6.30 10.38 8.45 8.70 2.70 31.03
3 T6 16.1 H6 0.92 5.45 7.21 17.42 12.06 8.60 2.50 29.07
4 T30 15.1 H30 0.00 2.74 5.02 16.75 10.04 8.60 2.40 27.91
5 T9 3.12 H9 0.04 4.09 9.00 15.11 12.94 8.50 2.30 27.06
6 T23 11.12 H23 0.24 9.59 11.98 17.89 20.41 7.80 2.50 32.05
7 T24 15.2 H24 0.19 2.74 4.80 9.07 7.70 7.80 2.50 32.05
8 T21 4.12 H21 0.46 3.20 6.96 11.77 9.04 7.60 2.20 28.95
9 T10 8.4 H10 0.11 2.65 5.21 10.59 10.29 7.60 2.30 30.26
10 T8 15.12 H8 0.19 5.13 6.59 16.88 8.62 7.50 2.30 30.67
11 T18 2.4 H18 0.00 3.13 7.18 17.24 11.07 7.20 2.20 30.56
12 T7 5.8 H7 0.00 7.43 13.31 43.27 41.84 7.10 2.00 28.17
13 T26 2.1 H26 0.66 3.96 7.77 13.25 9.54 7.00 2.20 31.43
Key:
%OT=Percentage kernel outturn (shell/kernel ratio)

Breeding
Results and Discussion
The results of analysis of variance for yields (from year 2009 to 2014), nut weight, kernel weight and
percentage out-turn are presented in Table 2a. It is clear that there were highly significant differences
between hybrids in yield across years (except 2010), nut weight, kernel weight and percentage kernel
out-turn at p<0.01 (Table 2a). This suggests that it is possible to identify hybrids that perform better
than others. Replicates were not significantly different in all parameters studied. The interaction of
Rep x Hybrids (like the hybrids) were highly significantly different in all parameters studied except
the 2010 yield.
The coefficients of variation for yields decreased with age as observed in previous cashew genetic trials
conducted in Tanzania (Masawe and Kapinga, 2010b; Masawe et al., 2010; Kasuga, 2010) and it
recorded as low as 36% (for yield in year 2013) from 85.3% (for yield in year 2009) (Table 2a).
Table 2a: Analysis of variance for cashew yield and nut quality parameters of hybrids at Chambezi
Bagamoyo 2014
Source df
Mean squares
Y2009 Y2010 Y2011 Y2012 Y2013 Y2014 NutWt
Kern-
Wt
%OT
Hybrids
29 0.72* 22.24 13.64* 191.10* 130.32* 155.37* 4.30* 0.26* 20.75*
Rep 2 0.54 62.7 5.78 24.22 42.96 15.64 0.68 0.29 20.66
RepxHy-
brids 57 0.98* 22.29 16.54* 123.53* 138.67* 164.15* 4.48* 0.34* 17.97*
Error 172 0.220 13.440 4.280 40.370 33.880 26.310 0.640 0.110 5.930
Mean 0.55 4.88 2.58 13.82 16.15 13.64 8.45 2.42 28.72
CV(%) 85.30 75.10 80.10 46.00 36.00 37.60 9.50 13.40 8.5
Source: Annual Cashew Research Report 2002
*P ≤ 0.01
Y2009 = Yield (kg) in 2009
%OT = Percentage kernel out-turn (ratio of kernel to nut)

Breeding
The coefficients of variation for yields appeared to be slightly higher but were still within range
acceptable in cashew trials (Neto, 1992; Masawe et al., 2005). High coefficients of variation have
also been reported by other authors (Kasuga, 2003; Uaciquete et al., 2010; Dadzie et al., 2014). The
coefficients of variation for nut quality ranged from 8.5% (for percentage out-turn) to 13.40% (for
kernel), which was very good.
When Duncan’s multiple range test was used to rank means for yield and nut quality, results were
slightly variable; however, they provided clear indications of good performance of the hybrids. Ranking
of yields over years showed control variety AC4 to rank 29th
(0.26 kg), 28th
(2.96 kg), 29th
(0.81 kg),
29th
(5.68 kg), 30th
(10.22 kg) and 27th
(9.30 kg) in years 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014,
respectively (Table 2b), which suggests that the majority of the hybrids were superior to control
variety AC4. When looking at nut count per kilogramme, the data showed that control variety AC4
had nut count of 114 which was basically very good because processing factories accept nut count of
equal or less that 200. This is due to the fact that nut count below 200 will not be easily processed due
to its small size. Some hybrids like H8 and H29 produced 23.05 kg/tree and 22.18 kg/trees in 2013
and 2014, respectively without irrigation or fertiliser. Such high yields were also reported in India but
the cashew trees studied were planted using manure and chemical fertiliser1
. Information from Kerala
Agricultural University in India2
showed that two new cashew hybrids released had yield of 13.65 kg/
tree/year to 14.65 kg/tree/year; however, the age of the hybrids and the design of the trial were not
mentioned. Nevertheless, these yields are similar to those of hybrids evaluated in this trial. Sethi et al.
(2015) evaluating hybrids planted at a spacing of 4 m x 4 m in India also reported yields between 1.8
kg to 4.34 kg per tree at the age of 10 years. Hybridisation and selection experiment carried out in
cashew to identify a compact or dwarf F1 hybrid suitable for high density planting system, reported
the highest cumulative yield of three years to be 3.5 kg nuts per tree (Aneesa et al., 2011). According
to Adeigbe et al. (2015), on-farm evaluation of cashew accessions introduced in Nigeria from different
countries in 1980s led to release of genotypes yielding an average of 10 kg/tree or 1000 kg/ha. On
ranking means for nut weight, the data revealed 10 hybrids, which had nuts with higher weight than
the control variety AC4. When mean kernel weight and percentage kernel out-turn were ranked,
the control variety AC4 ranked 10th
(2.49 g) and 20th
(28.35%) which further demonstrated the
superiority of some hybrids against the control variety AC4.
When looking at nut count per kilogramme, the control variety AC4 had nut count of 114 nuts per
kilogramme which was very good; however, 10 hybrids had nut count lower than the control, which
again showed the potential of some of the hybrids. Twenty six hybrids gave yields higher than the
control variety AC4.
1 http://agricoop.nic.in/imagedefault/horticulture/Cashewnut%20Cultivation.pdf
2 http://old.kau.edu/kaunews/Cashewhybrid.htm#top

Breeding
Table2b:Rankingmeansforyield(kg),nutweight(g),kernelweight(g)andpercentageout-turn(OT%)forelitehybridsatChambezi
NoHybrids
Yield(kg)
NutWtKernWt%OTNuts/kg
Y2009Y2010Y2011Y2012Y2013Y2014
1H30.46c-f(17)6.26a-e(5)0.96e-g(28)16.33a-d(8)17.38b-g(13)10.36g-j(24)9.46a(1)2.62a(1)27.89c-h(22)106
2H90.38d-f(21)2.69e(30)1.95c-g(22)6.63g-h(28)12.07g-i(26)13.34c-j(16)9.21a-b(2)2.54a-b(8)27.60e-i(24)108
3H270.43c-f(19)8.09a(1)1.94c-g(23)15.40a-d(12)15.58c-i(18)11.69e-j(19)9.21a-b(3)2.58a(7)28.08c-h(21)108
4H240.82b-d(4)4.64a-e(19)2.87b-e(12)12.21d-g(24)14.98c-i(19)17.58b-c(4)9.15a-c(4)2.59a(6)28.67a-h(19)109
5H281.36a(1)4.91a-e(14)3.23b-d(9)16.94a-d(7)12.33f-i(25)9.57j(26)9.14a-c(5)2.47a-c(12)27.11f-i(26)109
6H160.38d-f(22)3.60c-e(24)2.44b-g(16)12.43c-f(23)11.94g-i(28)8.73i-j(29)9.04a-d(6)2.44a-c(15)27.02f-i(27)111
7H150.32e-f(27)3.30c-e(26)0.55g(30)5.30h(30)10.66h-i(29)10.69f-j(23)8.94a-e(7)2.36a-d(22)26.44h-i(29)112
8H220.55b-f(13)5.44a-e(10)2.82b-f(13)14.44b-e(13)14.34d-i(21)15.25b-g(12)8.87a-f(8)2.38a-d(19)26.97g-i(28)113
9H140.81b-d(5)3.15d-e(27)1.97c-g(21)7.48f-h(27)13.57d-i(23)15.46b-f(11)8.85a-f(9)2.24b-d(26)25.45i(30)113
10H80.57b-f(12)5.49a-e(8)3.57b-c(6)20.73a(1)23.05a(1)19.27a-b(3)8.84a-f(10)2.61a(3)29.70a-e(7)113
11AC40.26f(29)2.96e(28)0.81f-g(29)5.68h(29)10.22i(30)9.30h-j(27)8.79a-g(11)2.49a-c(10)28.35b-h(20)114
12H300.39c-f(20)2.82e(29)3.75a-c(3)13.42c-f(16)12.05g-i(27)12.27d-j(17)8.78a-g(12)2.60a(4)29.84a-e(5)114
13H190.26f(28)4.23b-e(22)1.31d-g(27)11.52d-g(25)17.69a-g(10)11.64e-j(21)8.66b-h(13)2.61a(2)30.20a-c(3)115
14H110.24f(30)5.26a-e(12)1.86c-g(24)9.04e-h(26)19.11a-e(6)16.23b-e(8)8.66b-h(14)2.37a-d(20)27.66d-i(23)115
15H210.46c-f(16)5.77a-e(6)2.94b-e(11)12.92c-f(21)19.39a-d(4)13.70c-i(14)8.62b-h(15)2.48a-c(11)28.74a-h(18)116
16H260.62b-f(10)4.29b-e(21)3.19b-d(10)16.11a-d(10)20.26a-c(3)19.89a-b(2)8.48b-i(16)2.50a-c(9)29.61a-e(10)118
17H230.86b-c(3)4.79a-e(15)3.39b-c(8)15.51a-d(11)17.48a-g(12)13.85c-h(13)8.46b-i(17)2.59a(5)30.62a-b(2)118
18H60.78b-e(6)7.57a-b(2)4.16a-b(2)13.87c-e(15)14.93c--i(20)16.72b-d(7)8.39c-j(18)2.39a-c(17)28.87a-g(16)119
19H20.58b-f(11)4.43b-e(20)2.43b-g(17)20.40a-b(2)17.27b-g(14)10.33g-j(25)8.33d-k(19)2.46a-c(13)29.39a-f(12)120
20H250.49b-f(14)5.38a-e(11)3.41b-c(7)13.36c-f(18)14.20d-i(22)11.11f-j(22)8.23e-k(20)2.44a-c(14)29.68a-e(8)121
21H130.37d-f(23)6.68a-d(4)5.48a(1)16.26a-d(9)19.18a-e(5)15.66b-f(9)8.11f-k(21)2.35a-d(23)29.00a-g(15)123
22H170.36d-f(25)4.74a-e(17)3.62b-c(4)18.68a-c(3)18.93a-e(7)17.57b-c(5)8.10f-k(22)2.41a-c(16)29.65a-e(9)123
23H40.45c-f(18)3.39c-e(25)1.82c-g(26)13.22c-f(19)13.39e-i(24)8.52j(30)8.02g-k(23)2.21c-d(27)27.45e-i(25)125
24H100.48c-f(15)6.92a-c(3)1.99c-g(20)18.65a-c(4)22.55a-b(2)15.51b-f(10)7.97h-k(24)2.38a-d(18)29.84a-e(6)125
25H290.62b-f(9)5.15a-e(13)2.07c-g(19)13.38c-f(17)18.35a-e(8)22.18a(1)7.81i-k(25)2.35a-d(24)30.07a-d(4)128
26H10.68b-f(7)4.68a-e(18)2.54b-g(15)12.76c-f(22)18.00a-f(9)13.67c-i(15)7.64j-l(26)2.20c-d(28)29.01a-g(14)131
27H180.36d-f(26)4.75a-e(16)2.75b-f(14)17.20a-d(6)15.83c-i(17)9.04h-j(28)7.61k-l(27)2.19c-d(29)28.75a-h(17)131
28H50.95b(2)5.66a-e(7)3.61b-c(5)14.14c-e(14)17.65a-g(11)16.78b-d(6)7.59k-l(28)2.37a-d(21)31.01a(1)132
29H70.36d-f(24)5.46a-e(9)1.84c-g(25)17.38a-d(5)16.37c-h(15)11.71e-j(18)7.59k-l(29)2.25b-d(25)29.56a-e(11)132
30H120.67b-f(8)4.01b-e(23)2.18b-g(18)13.13c-f(20)15.84c-i(16)11.65e-j(20)7.08l(30)2.07d(30)29.23a-g(13)141
Meanswiththesameletter(s)inthesamecolumnarenotsignificantlydifferentfollowingDuncan’sMultipleRangeTest(P≤0.05).
Numberswithinparenthesesfollowingtheletter(s)standforrank.
Y2009=Yield(kg)in2009
NutWt=Nutweight(g)
KernWt=Kernelweight(g)
%OT=Percentagekernelout-turn
Nuts/kg=numberofnutsperkg

Breeding
Conclusion and recommendations
Overall, 26 hybrids gave yields higher than AC4, 10 hybrids had nuts with weight higher than AC4
and more importantly they also had nut count lower than the control variety. It can be concluded
that hybrids H3, H9, H27, H24, H28, H16, H15, H22, H14 and H8 which demonstrated to be
high yielding with good nut quality compared to control variety AC4 can be recommended for
commercialisation particularly in areas with similar climatic conditions like Chambezi Bagamoyo in
the Coast Region. The same hybrids can further be used in hybridisation programmes to improve
cashew genetic base, in Tanzania.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Government of Tanzania through the
Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Co-operatives, Cashew Research Steering Committee
for approving the study, Cashewnut Board of Tanzania and Cashew Industry Development Trust
Fund for ensuring funds were timely available. They are also very grateful to Ms Stela Mfune, Messrs
Dadili Majune, Khalifa Issa Khasan, Ben Mpangala and Said Mpesi for taking lead in data collection,
compilation and computerisation. Many thanks go to Messrs Cuthbert Mtikire, Joseph Komba and
George Lucas for their invaluable contribution in maintaining trials and supervision of data recording.
We will not be doing justice if we do not appreciate the contribution of our drivers Messrs Twalib
Mmole and Hashim Mchotike who played a substantial role in facilitating data collection.
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Ohler, J. G. (1979). Cashew. Communication No. 71. Department of Agricultural Research, Royal
Tropical Institute. Amsterdam, Holland.
Sethi, K., Lenka, P. C., and S. K. Tripthy (2015). Evaluation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Breeding
hybrids for vegetative parameters and nut yield. Journal Crop and Weed, 11,152-156.
Shrestha, A. B. (1989). Cashew propagation in Tanzania. Tanzania Research and Training Newsletter,
4, 16-19.
Uaciquete, A., Korsten, L., and J.van der Waals (2010). Leaf and fruit disease of cashew (Anacardium
occidentale L) in Mozambique. In Masawe, P. A. L., Esegu, J. F.O., Kasuga, L. J. F., Mneney, E.
E., and D. Mujuni (Eds). Proceedings of the Second International Cashew Conference, Kampala,
Uganda, 26–29 April 2010. CAB International, Wallingford, UK 61-67.

Breeding
The Performance of 25 Brazilian Dwarf Cashew Clones under Conditions of Nachingwea in
Southern Tanzania
P.A.L. Masawe*, F.A. Kapinga, J. Madeni and Z.S. Ngamba
Cashew Research Programme, Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute
P.O. Box 509 Mtwara Tanzania
*Email of the corresponding author: palmasawe@yahoo.com
Abstract
Halfsib progenies of commercial Brazilian dwarf imported inTanzania in 1992 and 1996 were planted
in two separate trial blocks. The first trial was planted at Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute,
Mtwara while the second was established at Nachigwea Research Substation located in Lindi Region,
southern Tanzania. Mass selection was undertaken in each block of which a total of 25 elite dwarf
progenies were selected for advanced trial. The advanced trial was established at Nachingwea in 2004
using commercial cashew variety AC4 as a control. Data was collected for a period of ten years which
led into selection of 13 elite clones as improved planting materials for distribution to farmers and also
for future use in cashew hybridisation programmes.
Key words: cashew, dwarf, progenies, halfsib, yield
Introduction
The cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn) is an evergreen tropical tree, with its centre of origin in
South and Central America. It was reported by Ohler (1979) that cashew was introduced in East
Africa by the Portuguese explorers in 16th
century. Since it was not brought as a crop, it is possible
that the cashew seeds introduced were unselected. It is therefore likely that a large number of the local
cashew trees are from self-multiplication of these seeds originating from a narrow genetic base. This is
probably one of the reasons why the majority of the cashew trees in farmers’ fields across Africa have
low yields, poor nut quality and appear to be susceptible to many diseases and insect pests. Production
from the traditional trees is about 250 kg/ha, compared to over one tone per hectare for the dwarf
varieties in Brazil (FAOSTAT, 2011). Average yields of local cashew trees in Africa are around 200
– 300 kg/ha. According to Agriculture Nigeria online hub the world’s average yield is 780 kg/ha1
(however, Nigeria’s average yields range between 200kg and 400 kg/ha).
The average cashew yields in farmers’ fields in Tanzania is about 800 kg/ha (CBT Personal
communications) compared to higher yields of 1,225.7 kg/ha reported in Brazil (Rodrigues de Paiva
et al., 2008). This calls for the need to introduce more cashew genotypes (Masawe, 2009) that will not
only increase the cashew germplasm bank for crop improvement but also provide farmers and investors
1

Breeding
with improved planting materials. The aim of introducing more cashew genotypes was to expand
the genetic diversity of cashew in Tanzania, which was reported to be restricted (Masawe, 1990); a
fact later confirmed with molecular markers (Mneney et al., 2011; Croxford, 2005). Introducing
dwarf cashew is important due to its short stature that is well suited for modern cultivation systems
(Cavalcanti et al., 2007).
Cashew breeding programmes typically comprise four stages: plant introduction, progeny testing,
individual selection and hybridisation (Barros et al., 2002). In order to improve the cashew gene bank
in Tanzania, seeds of four commercial Brazilian dwarfs were imported in the country in two batches.
The first batch was introduced in1992 (Anonymous, 1993) and the second one in 1996 (Anonymous,
1997). The seeds were planted at Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) trial block in
1993 and at Nachingwea in 1996. Yields and nut quality attributes (nut weight, kernel weight and
percentage out-turn) were recorded on individual tree basis for four years, in Nachingwea and five
years at NARI. Mass selection was undertaken at both sites and 25 high yielding individual half-sib
dwarf progenies were selected. These elite progenies were vegetatively propagated and planted in a
replicated trial. The main objective was to identify superior dwarf cashew clones, which were suitable
under conditions of Nachingwea.
Materials and methods
The planting of the half-sib progenies of the Brazilian dwarf of commercial clones (CCP95, CCP09,
CCP1001, CCP76) was carried out at NARI trial block located in Mtwara, in 1996. The soils at
Mtwara are sandy-to-sandy loam and soil fertility is slightly low. Rainfall is of the mono-modal type,
with annual rainfall of about 1083 mm (Table 5) falling in a single 5 - 6 months (December - April).
The average high temperatures range from 29-31o
C while the average low temperatures range from
19 - 23o
C (Table 5). The second batch of the half-sib progenies of the Brazilian dwarf of commercial
clones (CP06, CP09 and CP1001) were planted at Nachingwea in 1993. The evaluation of the dwarf
clones selected from both trials took place at Nachingwea where the soil fertility is likely to be much
higher than in Mtwara. However, the site had been planted with annual crops for years, which likely
depleted its fertility. Rainfall at Nachingwea is also mono-modal, and the annual rainfall is 877 mm
(Table 6), which is very low compared to Mtwara. Generally, cashew trees grow better and produce
bigger nuts where rains are high (Anonymous, 2012). The average high temperatures range from 29-
33o
C while the average low temperatures range from 16 - 22o
C (Table 6).
Twenty-five high yielding half sib progenies of Brazilian dwarfs were selected from two different
collections described above. Sixteen of them were selected from a collection made in 1996 at NARI
(Table 1), while nine were from a collection made in 1993 at Nachingwea (Table 2). These high
yielding elite dwarf cashew progenies were reproduced by vegetative propagation (tip grafting) in
October 2004 at NARI. Seeds from a semi-dwarf cashew variety AZA2 were used to raise the rootstalk.
The grafted seedlings were transported to Nachingwea substation (Lindi Region) for transplanting,
which took place in January 2005. The experimental layout was a randomised complete block design,

Breeding
three replicates and four trees per plot. The spacing used was 12 m between rows and 12 m within
rows. A single guard row of grafted cashew clones (left-overs) was planted on the periphery of the
trial. A high yielding commercial cashew variety AC4 (also grafted) was used as control. The total
number of entries including control variety was 26. For the purpose of proper interpretation, the
entry materials were named “Clone” indicating that they were not originating from seeds. The clones
(Brazilian halfsib progenies) were given codes from B1 to B25, while the control variety remained to
be AC4. Control of diseases and insect pests was carried out as recommended by Boma et al. (1997),
Topper et al. (1997), Sijaona (2013) at the early stages of the tree development to allow proper growth
of the trees. There was no irrigation or use of fertilisers during the years of observations. However,
harrowing, weeding, heavy and light pruning were carried out as recommended.
Data on yield (from 2009 to 2014) and nut quality (nut weight, kernel weight and percentage kernel
out-turn) was recorded annually, on a tree basis (Masawe et al., 2013). However, data on nut quality,
which was used in the analysis, had been collected in 2014, at NARI. The analysis of variance was
carried out using the GenStat statistical analysis package, while Duncan’s multiple range test was used
to rank the means.

Breeding
Table1:YieldandnutqualityparametersofBraziliandwarfhalf-sibprogeniesselectedfromNaliendeletrialblockin1996
S/No
Half-sib
progeny
Tree
No
Location
Nameof
Clone
Yield(kg)Weight(g))
OT%1999
(Age3yrs)
2000
(Age4yrs)
2001
(Age5yrs)
2002
(Age6yrs
2003
(Age7yrs)
NutKernel
1CCP9511.13NaliendeleB160.181.192.012.084.3711.903.2627.39
2CCP9511.12NaliendeleB140.063.917.277.4612.1111.633.2127.60
3CCP0910.8NaliendeleB20.354.005.186.149.2211.633.2227.69
4CCP099.3NaliendeleB240.583.293.834.686.1611.633.0926.57
5CCP9511.16NaliendeleB250.000.291.392.782.2411.112.9826.82
6CCP099.12NaliendeleB60.664.385.626.9910.9611.113.2429.16
7CCP9513.6NaliendeleB30.604.687.427.108.8910.872.9126.77
8CCP9511.11NaliendeleB40.001.690.921.963.4410.643.0028.20
9CCP10012.12NaliendeleB100.005.048.1215.7713.0410.423.0028.79
10CCP9511.3NaliendeleB110.001.173.462.381.8210.202.6025.49
11CCP763.16NaliendeleB82.257.838.7810.0316.3110.202.9028.43
12CCP7614.9NaliendeleB150.732.621.712.683.2510.202.6726.18
13CCP099.15NaliendeleB120.231.182.872.134.2010.202.9629.02
14CCP0910.6NaliendeleB210.202.933.963.294.4010.202.9428.82
15CCP0910.5NaliendeleB90.045.314.2710.6211.1210.202.9028.43
16CCP7612.4NaliendeleB50.684.784.364.224.3310.002.8928.90
Key: OT%=Percentagekernelout-turn
kg=kilogramme
g=gram
Source:Anonymous2003

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