INSARAG MARKING

9/26/2018 ANUP SINGH,DC
INSARAG MARKING SYSTEM
&
STRUCTURAL TRIAGE
ANUP KUMAR SINGH
DEPUTY COMMANDANT
NDRF ACADEMY,NAGPUR
INDIA

After completion of this lecture you will be able to know/understand
about…..
The ISARAG marking system
Various method of INSARAG marking
Triage system
ASR levels
OBJECTIVES

INSARAG GUIDELINES
• The INSARAG Steering Group unanimously endorsed the new
INSARAG Guidelines 2015, and the new Guidelines is put into effect
as of 11 February 2015.
• The Guidelines consists of three volumes:
• Volume I: Policy
• Volume II: Preparedness and Response
Manual A: Capacity Building
Manual B: Operations
Manual C: IEC Guide
• Volume III: Operational Field Guide.

• The INSARAG is organized into the three regional groups:
I. Africa/Europe/Middle East Region
II. Americas Region
III. Asia/Pacific Region.

INSARAG TEAMS
• SMALL TEAM - MINIUM 18 PERSONNELS
• MEDIUM TEAM - MINIMUM 40 PERSONNELS
• HEAVY TEAMS - MINIMUM 59 PERSONNELS

USAR LIGHT TEAM (SUGGESTED 18 PAX)
Total: 18 people
Team Leader X1
Operations & Planning
X2
Logistics & Equipment X3
Rescue Team X10
Medical & Safety
X2

STRUCTURAL TRIAGE
A RAPID ASSESSMENT of buildings during a CSSR operation,
for the purpose of selecting those structures in which there is a greater
likelihood of finding, accessing, and rescuing live victims.

STAGES OF STRUCTURAL TRIAGE
There are two stages of
structural triage:
1. THE OVERALL AREA
MOST AFFECTED
2. INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS
ARE SELECTED

BASIC RULES FOR STRUCTURAL
TRIAGE
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ANUP SINGH,DC
The goal is to rescue maximum live victims in shortest time &
minimum risk
a. It is performed when three or more structures are assigned to a
single CSSR squad.
b. Performed by a Team of structural specialists and hazardous
materials specialists.
c. For each Group of buildings assigned to a CSSR squad , triage
should be conducted within two hours
d. Structural triage should take no more than 15 minutes per
building or structure.

d. S/R Operations can only begin after triage is completed
and priorities are established.
e. Once prioritised, detailed assessment can be performed
and structures marked.
f. If there are many buildings to inspect, two groups may
be assigned to perform triage.
g. Too hazardous buildings should be marked as “No Go”
except when there is a live victim in the building.
h. A structure may receive a “No Go” until required
resources obtained.

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 Victims removed
 Aftershock or heavy equipment usage
STRUCTURAL TRIAGE REPEATED AFTER ANY
SIGNIFICANT EVENT

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 Prior intelligence
 Availability of resources
 Location of utility shut-offs
 Possible presence of hazardous
materials
FACTORS IN STRUCTURAL TRIAGE
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ANUP SINGH,DC

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NON-STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

SCHOOL

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INSARAG MARKING SYSTEM
The international search and rescue advisory group (INSARAG)
marking system uses symbols to identify:
 The condition of structure
The presence of hazards
Status of victims in a standardised, simple and clear fashion
That can be understood by all local, national and international
rescue personnel.
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ANUP SINGH,DC

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CLEAR MARKINGS
All markings must be obvious
and made using a high contrast,
durable, fluorescent colour.

INSARAG MARKING
• The INSARAG Marking System consists of three
principle Marking elements, these being:
I. Worksite Marking
II. Victim Marking
III. Rapid Clearance Marking.

IMPORTANT POINTS
A. General Area Marking
B. Structure Orientation
C. Cordon Markings
1. Worksite Marking
2. Victim Marking
3. Rapid Clearance Marking (RCM)

A. GENERAL AREA MARKING
• At times some general marking will be
required to be applied to assist in
navigation and coordination.
• The colour should be highly visible and
contrasting to the background.
• It may include:
– Address or physical location
– Landmark or code name (e.g. sugar factory
building 1)
– Assigned area or worksites are to be
identified individually (see Worksite
Marking

B. STRUCTURE ORIENTATION
LOCATION REFERENCES OF A STRUCTURE
It is important to identify
locations within and around a
single structure.
On the exterior of the structure,
the address side of the structure
is defined as Side 1.
Other sides of the structure shall
be assigned numerically in a
clockwise manner from Side 1
Damaged
Building
700-BLOCK ALPHA STREET
SIDE 1
SIDE 2
SIDE 3
SIDE 4
LOCATION REFERENCES —
EXTERIOR

B. THE INTERIOR OF THE STRUCTURE
The interior of the structure
will be divided into quadrants.
The quadrants are identified
alphabetically in a clockwise
manner starting from where
SIDE 1 and SIDE 2 meet.
The centre core, where all
four quadrants meet, is
identified as QUADRANT E.
700-BLOCK ALPHA STREET
Quadrant
A
Quadrant
D
Quadrant
B
Quadrant
C
E
LOCATION REFERENCES -INTERIOR

B. IDENTIFYING FLOORS
Multi-story structures must have each floor
clearly identified.
If not clearly identifiable, floors should be
numbered in relation to ground level.
The grade-level floor is designated as the
ground floor.
The floors above are numbered as Floor 1,
Floor 2, etc.
Conversely, the floors below the ground floor
are Basement 1, Basement 2, etc.
If possible, floors should be permanently
marked at each landing of accessible stairways.
Floor2
Floor1
Ground
Floor
Basement1

B. IDENTIFYING COLUMNS
A4A3A2A1
B4B3B2B1
C4C3C2C1
D4D3D2D1
Front of Building
D
C
B
A
1 2 3 4

ALPHA STREET
900 902 904 906 908
901 903 905 907 909
STREET & NUMBER IDENTIFICATION
QUAD – B QUAD – C
QUAD – A QUAD - D
QUAD - E
FRONT - 01
REAR - 03
02 04
INTERIOR IDENTIFICATION
STRUCTURE ORIENTATION
 Orange spray
 Each assigned area or work-site
FLOOR – 03
FLOOR – 02
FLOOR – 01
GROUND FLOOR
BASEMENT – 01
BASEMENT - 02
INSARAG MARKINGS
GENERAL AREA MARKING

C. CORDON MARKINGS
• Cordon markings are used to identify operational
work zones as well as hazardous areas in order to
restrict access and warn of dangers.
Operational Work Zone
Hazard Zone

COLLAPSE / HAZARD ZONE
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OPERATIONS WORK ZONE
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ANUP SINGH,DC

ASSESSMENT, SEARCH AND RESCUE LEVELS
ASR LEVELS
The five operational levels can define the phases of
potential USAR related work.
It should be remembered that not all these levels will
always be carried out by international USAR teams; often
the resources will do certain aspects.
Levels can also be combined when appropriate and it is also
possible that different levels of work are being carried out
in different areas of the incident at the same time.

LEVEL - 0: Pre Deployment Research of the Affected Area
LEVEL - 1: Wide Area Assessment
LEVEL - 2: Sector Assessment
LEVEL - 3: Rapid Search and Rescue
LEVEL - 4: Full Search and Rescue
LEVEL - 5: Total Coverage Search and Recovery
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Country Team name Team ID.
Australia Queensland USAR AUS-1
Germany THW SEEBA Team GER-1
USA Los Angeles County
USAR Team
USA-2
Germany Ulf’s USAR Stars GER-10
TEAM IDENTIFICATION
USAR team ID system
3-letter code reflecting home country (IOC)
A number to differentiate teams from same country
Classified teams predetermined
Non classified teams given a number starting from 10

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CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRIORITY OF TRIAGE
 Confirmed live victims: Means that the assessment team
knows that there are people alive in the collapsed
structure.
 Unknown victims or possible victims: Means that people
are missing, but the assessment team does not know
whether these people are alive or even in the structure.

BIG VOID AND SMALL VOID
A BIG VOID is big enough for a person to crawl.
The chances of survival for a victim are greater in big voids than
small voids.
A SMALL VOID is where a person can hardly move and has to lie
more or less still while waiting for help.
In small voids, the chances of injury are higher as people trapped
inside have less space to avoid falling objects and collapsing
structural elements

Ausb / Übung
ganze
Rettungskette
TRIAGE FACTORS

TRIAGE TREE: VICTIMS, SURVIVABILITY, RESOURCES NEEDED
TRIAGE
CATEGORY
IS IT A
VIABLE
WORKSITE?
B
D
E
F
Are there
any possible
live victims?
Are they
confirmed or
unknown?
Level 3 Rapid
SAR needed
Level 3 Rapid
SAR needed
Level 3 Rapid
SAR
needed
Confirmed
live victims
A
C
Level 4 Full SAR
needed
ASSESS INFORMATION
ABOUT VICTIMS
ASSESS
SURVIVABILIT
Y
WHAT RESOURCES
AND TIME ARE
NEEDED
Big
voids
?
Small
voids?
Unknown/p
ossible
Live victim
Not a Worksite, no Worksite ID allocated or
marked. If appropriate use the Rapid Clearance
Marking, otherwise no further action.
If LEMA/OSOCC/UC policy is that all sites must
be recorded (including dead victims) then the
F2 Sector Assessment form should be used
YES
NO
Level 4 Full SAR
needed
Level 4 Full SAR
needed
Are there
survivable
voids?
YES
NO
AllocateWorksiteIDand
completeWorksiteTriageform
AssesstheUSAR’effort’neededforthetaskbyASRleveldefinitions

TRIAGE CATEGORIES A-F
Level 3
primary
SAR
needed
Level 4
secondary
SAR
needed
CONFIRMED LIVE VICTIMS
A B
UNKNOWN VICTIMS AND BIG
VOIDS C E
UNKNOWN VICTIMS AND SMALL
VOIDS
D F

1. WORKSITE MARKING (MODIFIED)
Marking Method
• Worksite marking should be applied during initial ASR Level 2
Sector Assessment after a site has been deemed to be a
worksite.
• The marking should be applied to the front, (or as close as
possible) or main entry to the worksite.
• Updated with Team ID, ASR Level completed and date as further
levels of work (ASR) are completed.
• Updated missing persons, victims rescued and deceased victims
extricated as these occur.
• Material used can be spray paint, builders crayon, stickers,
waterproof card etc. as determined by the team.
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ANUP SINGH,DC

The following method should be used when applying
worksite marking:
Draw a 1.2 metre x 1.0 metre (approximately) box.
May draw a directional arrow to confirm exact
location of worksite/worksite entry.
INSIDE BOX – DISPLAYS:
 Worksite ID
The Worksite ID should be approximately 40cm high.
 Team ID
 ASR Level completed
 Date
The Team ID, ASR Level and date should be smaller, e.g.
approximately 10cm.
OUTSIDE OF BOX – DISPLAYS:
Any hazard requiring identification e.g. Asbestos (top),
Triage category (bottom)

 The colour should be highly visible and
contrasting to the background.
 After all work on the worksite has been
completed and it is determined no further work
is required a horizontal line is to be drawn
through the centre of the entire worksite
marking.
 If a team considers there is a need to leave
critical additional information at the worksite this
can be added to the worksite marking using plain
language in full view when required.
 This and all other relevant details should be
recorded on the Worksite Triage or Worksite
Report forms and submitted through the
information management process.
E

 WATER
 GAS
 HAZMAT
 RADIATION
 EXPLOSE
 VOLTAGE
 COLLAPSE STRUCTURE
 FUEL
 CHEMICAL
INSARAG GUIDELINES
ABBREVIATIONS OF HAZARDS

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1.2 m
1m
INSARAG GUIDELINES
ANUP SINGH,DC
Place the mark at the primary access point into the structure
Rectangular box
Marking System - Principle

MARKING SEQUENCE
5
2 4
6
1
3
1: Site number
2: Team ID
3: ASR Level
4: Date
5: Particular dangers
6: Triage Category

GAS
IND-10 23 Feb
E
C-5
ASR 3
1:Site number
2:Team ID
3:ASR Level
4:Date
5:Particular dangers
6:Triage Category
MARKING SEQUENCE

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OUTSIDE OF BOX – any hazard requiring identification at top
e.g. asbestos
- triage category (bottom)
The worksite ID should be approx 40 cm.
The team ID , ASR Level and date should be smaller e.g. approx 10 cm

INSARAG GUIDELINES
MARKING OF HAZARD
ANUP SINGH,DC
C-26
IND-10 ASR3 27Feb
HAZMAT

INSARAG guidelines
Marking of TRIAGE CATEGORY
C-26
IND-10 ASR3 27Feb
A
HAZMAT

INSARAG guidelines
Marking of VICTIM LOCATION
ANUP SINGH,DC
C-26
IND-10 ASR3 27Feb
AUS-1 ASR4 28Feb
A
HAZMAT

MARKING (PROGRESSIVE EXAMPLES)
E

E
MARKING (PROGRESSIVE EXAMPLES)

2. VICTIM MARKING
Victim marking is used to identify potential or known casualty (Live or Dead)
locations that are not obvious to rescuers e.g. below debris /entombed.
METHOD
The following method should be used when applying victim marking:
I. When teams (e.g. Search teams) are not remaining on site to immediately commence
operations.
II. At incidents involving multiple casualties or where any confusion on exact location
from search operations is possible.
III. Markings are done as close as physically possible to the actual surface point
identified as the location of the casualty.
IV. Material used can be spray paint, builders crayon, stickers, waterproof card etc. as
determined by the team.
The size should approximately 50cm.
A. The colour should be highly visible and contrasting to the background. Not intended
for use when rescue operations are completed.
B. Not to be applied to the front of a structure with the Worksite ID unless that is where
the casualties are located.

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POTENTIAL VICTIM LOCATION
Draw a large “V” as close as possible to the location of known or potential victim(s).

CONFIRM LIVE VICTIMS
L - 02

3. RAPID CLEARANCE MARKING SYSTEM
• The Worksite ID system is only used at
potential live rescue sites, with other sites,
where no rescues are possible, or required
normally remaining unmarked.
• This allows teams to move faster, maximise
life-saving opportunities and simplifies
coordination.
• However there are situations where it is
beneficial to have a marking that can be left
at sites where teams have established there
are no live victims or ‘deceased‘ only.
• Leaving a recognised “clear” marking will
prevent duplication and have other
advantages.
• When it is decided this level of coordination
and marking is necessary the Rapid
Clearance Marking (RCM) system can be
used.
ANUP SINGH,DC

 Team ID: _ _ _-_ _ e.g. AUS-1
 Date of Search: _ _/ _ _ _ e.g.
19/Oct
 Material to be used can be spray
paint, builders crayon, stickers,
waterproof card etc. at the
discretion of the teams
 Size: Approximately 20cm x 20cm
 Colour: Bright, contrasting colour
to background

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RAPID CLEARANCE MARKING
 Areas able to be rapidly searched to Level 5 standards
– Light or undamaged structures, cars, outbuildings, small debris
piles
 Method:
– Apply a diamond box with a C inside
– Visible obvious position
– Immediately below add Team ID and date
IND-1
31 MAY
C

RAPID CLEARANCE MARKING
9/26/2018
ANUP SINGH,DC

RAPID CLEARANCE MARKING(RCM)

INSARAG GUIDELINES SIGNALING
 Emergency signaling  should be universal for all USAR member INSARAG!
 All USAR team members have to be briefed
 Signals must be clear and concise
 USAR teams have to respond immediately to all emergency signals
 Use air horns or other appropriate hailing devices

Different colours can be used on situation maps in
order to mark installations, dangers, operational
activities or deployed units or formations.
 Possible meaning of the colours :
 Damages, work sites / LEMA, national, regional or
local disaster relief units or installations (fire fighters, civil defence,
military forces, civil protection etc.)
 Fire, explosions / International usar team
 Un organizations : RDC, OSOCC ETC.
/INTERNATIONAL NGOS
 BOO, other logistical installations(fuel, drinking
water etc)
 Chemical, nuclear dangers etc. (white colour)
BLACK COLOUR
YELLOW COLOUR
GREEN COLOUR
BLUE COLOUR
RED COLOUR

STANDARD SYMBOL SHAPES
Facilities- circles
Zones – Irregular shapes
Command function - Box
Reference point- Triangle
Time notation 22/11 0700 Hrs.
( with arrow pointing to activity site) 23/11 1900Hrs.
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EXERCISE1. How many volumes does the INSARAG Guidelines have?
Ans: 3 Volumes.
1) Policy 2) Preparedness & Response
3) Operational Field Guide
2. When was INSARAG formed?
Ans: In 1991, by the specialized International team whom
operated together in the 2 Incident.
3. Which year and session was INSARAG successfully achieved its
endorsement by the United Nation General Assembly?
Ans: On 16th Dec 2002, GA57/150 on "Strengthening the
effectiveness & coordination of international urban search &
rescue assistance"

4. What is RCM?
• ANS: RAPID CLEARANCE MARKING
5. What is the approximate Dimension of the
Worksite Marking given for the box size?
• ANS: 1.2M X 1 M

In Triage Category C, What are:
1.The Victim Information?
2.Void size?
3.Assessment Search & Rescue Level required?
ANS: UNKNOWN OR POSSIBLE VICTIMS
ANS: BIG VOIDS
ANS: LEVEL 3 RAPID SAR

INSARAG MARKING

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Editor's Notes