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Lecture 1
TYPES OF FISH BREEDING TECHNIQUES
IN FISH PRODUCTION
Objective :
1) To expose students to the different types of
breeding for stock improvement
2) To develop understanding about fish breeding
techniques in fish production.
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Introduction
Types of Breeding
Crossbreeding
Hybridization
Monosex Culture
Chromosome Manipulation
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Lecture 1
TYPES OF FISH BREEDING TECHNIQUES
IN FISH PRODUCTION
Learning Outcome :
At the end of lecture, students should be able to :
Explain the breeding techniques in fish production
Diferentiate the different breeding techniques in fish
production
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IMPROVEMENTS IN AQUACULTURE
• IMPROVEMENT IN REPRODUCTION
• IMPROVEMENT IN GROWTH AND NUTRITION
• IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH
• IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY AND VALUE
• CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES
• IMPROVEMENT IN BIOMEDICINAL VALUE
INCREASE
PRODUCTIVITY
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Increase
Productivity
Environmental Manipulation Genetic Manipulation
Culture System
Feed Additives – hormone,
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GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
IN FISH BREEDING
A method to increase the quality or to obtain the desired
traits using various selected breeding techniques
Involves genetic manipulation in which the traits can be
modified and inherit
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BREEDING
Main Aim :
Increase quality of stocks (stock improvement)
Produce high commercial value and profitable cultured fish
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Increase productivity which can benefit the
consumers
Example. Fish that has high growth rates
Solving problems in occurrence of pathogens
Example. Production of disease resistant and hardy fish
Reduce inbreeding in wild and cultured population
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Improvements in quality of stock through
management of broodstock and seedlings
- Able to select and identify quality broodstock and seed for breeding
Creation of new export comodity in the industry
Example. Production of fish with new characteristics
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BREEDING
Traits that are desired in fish production:
High growth rate
High dressing percentage (more meat less waste)
Resistant to disease
Hardy (able to tolerate harsh condition)
Good food conversion ratio (FCR).
Variability in body colours and patterns
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BREEDING
There are several types of fish breeding
techniques commonly used in fish production :
Crossbreeding
Hybridization
Sex Reversed Population (Monosex)
Chromosome Manipulation
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Mating or crossing 2 different strains or varieties of the same
species
Also known as Intraspesific Hybridization
A breeding program that increases the breeding value
- resulted in production of new strain
X
Same species (goldfish) but different strain
14. 14
Application of Crossbreeding :
Increase performance of the entire stocks
Producing progeny that has intermediate performance
obtained from the broodstocks
Produce and increase the quality or performance of a new
pure stock (pure breed).
To exploit heterosis
Heterosis : increase in performance of progeny that exceed the
performance of the broodstock.
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Mostly applied in ornamental fish breeding program
More focused on the production of
colours, patterns and shapes
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Define as mating of two different species
Also known as Interspesific Hybridization.
Main Purpose : To combine the main traits of both
species.
X
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Breeding of 2 different species (goldfish) and carp
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Conducted between species that are closely related
- same family or same genus.
Breeding can occur naturally or induced using hormone
Hybrids are generally intermediate (can be distinguished
between parents).
However hybrids are biased towards one parent
Example of hybridization :
Hybrid Striped Bass X White Bass
Hybrid Channel Catfish X Blue Catfish
Nile Tilapia X Blue Tilapia
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Production of a population with single sex characteristics
Conducted to control production of certain sex for growth.
Avoid occurrence of breeding during grow-out.
Main purpose of Monosex production in a population
advantage of certain sex
desire for certain sex
avoid reproduction during culture
avoid aggressive behaviour which normally exist during
reproduction
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Perform due to interest towards a certain gender which has a
better performance compared to the other gender
Produced using hormone tratment
All produced seeds will be either 100% male or 100% female
XX OR XY
100% 100%
Female Male
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Feminization
Changes in sex of individuals to female through administration
of estrogen hormones
Hormone
Seed Female
Estrogen
Example : salmon
Masculinization
Changes in sex of individuals to male through administration
of andogen hormones
Hormone
Seed Male
Androgen
Example : Tilapia, channel catfish
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Example : Tilapia - male are more desired due to faster growth
rate compared to female
Salmon – female are more desired due to bigger size
and faster growth rate
Channel catfish
Channel catfish
Tilapia
Salmon
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Manipulation of the whole genome of an organism
at the chromosomal level to obtain desired
characteristics.
Manipulation is done to the whole chromosome set and not at
the DNA strands
Main Purpose : production of sterile fish
Production of monosex population
Attain higher growth rate
Applied to eggs or spermatozoa or fertilized eggs
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3 Main
Tecniques
Polyploidy Androgenesis
Production of seed in which all
Production of seed with
genetic information are
more that 2 sets of
inherited from male
chromosome
Production of seed in which all
genetic information are
Gynogenesis inherited from female
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Seeds produced will have higher growth rate
Seeds produced are generally sterile (production of triploid
fish)
Androgenesis dan Gynogenesis techniques are commonly used
for the production of monosex strain
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Production of individuals with greater than the normal number of
chromosomes.
Leads to the addition in the numbers of chromosomes (more than
2 sets)
Retention of the polar body through disturbance at the mitosis
stage during zygote development 2nd polar body
restored
temperature shock
pressure shock N
Production of sterile fish Haploid cell
- no gonad development N
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egg
2N
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Induction techniques normally used :
Temperature shock
- cold shock for tropical fish
- heat shock for temprate fish
Pressure shock
Main purpose :
Produced seeds that is able to grow continually
and never slow down to mature or reproduce
Also used for production of steril hybrids
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Concept in Production of Triploid Fish
N N
X
fertilization
egg
sperm
Temperature or Pressure Shock
NNN
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Number of chromosome : 3 set
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Benefits of Polyploidy
Higher growth rates
Better feed conversion
Higher survival
Higher turnover
Resistance to disease
Suitable for grow out
Example : Oyster, Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus),
Hemibragus nemurus (baung), African catfish (Clarias
gariepinus)
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N N
N 2nd polar body 2nd polar body
N N
Normal 2nd polar body
2N
Fertilization N N
N 2nd polar body 2nd polar body
N
N N
Triploidy 2nd polar body
N N
3N
N
N 2nd polar body
N
N
2nd polar body
N 3N
Tetraploidy N
N
N N
N 4N
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GYNOGENESIS AND ANDROGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the maternal
or paternal parent
Progeny only inherit genetic material either from the male or
female parent
Key concepts in gynogenesis and androgenesis :
Eliminating the genetic contribution of one parent or the other
Interupting the normal cause of events in newly fertilized or
activated eggs
Restoration of a 2N state allowing normal development to
proceed
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GYNOGENESIS AND ANDROGENESIS
Application of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis :
Can be utilized to ascertain mechanisms of sex determination
Production of monosex populations
Production of genetically identical clones (high levels of
homozygosity)
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GYNOGENESIS AND ANDROGENESIS
Application of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis :
Restoration of endangered or extinct species from cryopreserved
sperm
Androgenesis can be used as stringent measure of egg quality in
aquaculture breeding program
Gynogenesis can be useful method to generate fully inbred lines
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GYNOGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the maternal
parent (all maternal inheritance)
Uniparental inheritance. All chromosome derived from female
broodstock
N
2nd polar body
Haploid cell
Used for sex control N
egg
Gynogenesis produce 100% female (sex chromosome XX)
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GYNOGENESIS
Eggs are fertilized with sperm which does not contribute any
genetic information to the embryo
Genetic material of the males are destroyed by
exposing the sperms to UV irradiation
UV Ray N
UV ray disrupt the DNA in sperm causing the DNA unable
to function in the egg
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XX XY
X
Polar Body UV Light
Genetic material of sperm
destroyed under UV rays
X
Temperature or Pressure Shock to the fertilized egg
XX
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ANDROGENESIS
Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the paternal of
the parent (all paternal inheritance)
Uniparental inheritance. All chromosome derived from male
broodstock
Sperms fertilized eggs which does not contribute any genetic
information to the embryo
Genetic material of the females are N
destroyed by exposing the eggs to UV 2nd polar body
irradiation Haploid cell
- also lead to the destruction of the N
RNA, amino acid synthesis and egg
mitochondrial DNA
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ANDROGENESIS
Can be very useful in situation like :
Males have shorter generation times than female
Storing of inbred lines in the form of cryopreserved sperm
Recovering genotypes from cryopreserved sperm
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CHROMOSOME MANIPILATION : ANDROGENESIS
XX XY
X
Irradiation
Genetic material of egg
destroyed under
UV/gamma rays X
or
Y
Temperature or Pressure Shock
XX or YY
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Female Male
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N N
N 2nd polar body 2nd polar body
N N
Normal 2nd polar body
2N
Fertilization N N
DNA of sperm destroyed N
2nd polar body 2nd polar body
N N
Meiotic 2nd polar body
Gynogenesis N N
2N
DNA of egg destroyed N 2nd polar body
N
Androgenesis 2nd polar body N
N
2N
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