refuse disposal in area level. Explains different methods of refuse disposal

1. SUSTAINABLE METHOD OF
REFUSE DISPOSAL IN AREA
LEVEL

2. CONTENTS
1.Landfill
2. On-site Burial
3.Composting
4.Biogas plant
5.Incineration
6.Manure pit

3. WASTE-
• Any material that is discarded ,useless or
unwanted is considered as a waste.
• Waste management is the collection, transport ,
processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring
of waste materials.
• Waste can be loosely defined as any
material that is considered to be of
no further use to the owner and is,
hence, discarded.OR

4. Types of waste.
 Animal manures
 Waste from food and drinks preparation (sugar beet processing,
meat and fish processing, dairies, vegetable processing, breweries)
 Blood and gut contents from abattoir
 Waste lime from cement manufacture or gas processing
 Waste from basic organic chemical and pharmaceutical companies
 Paper waste sludge, waste paper and de-inked paper pulp
 Sludge from potable water production
 Decarbonatation sludge from industries
 Waste from the leather and tannery industry
 Slag from steel industry
 Sewage
 Municipals waste

5. Sources of Wastes
Agriculture
Fisheries

6. Sources of Wastes
Households
Commerce and
Industry

7. Land Disposal of waste and
Environmental Pollution.

8. Land disposal
Land disposal can be either in or on the ground—
in a landfill, injection well, or other land-based unit.
A wide range of wastes and by-products of
industrial processes is being spread on the land in
agriculture, forestry and land reclamation operations.

9. • Currently, about 23 million tons of hazardous
waste are land disposed each year in the world.

11. Disposal Methods.
Selecting a disposal method depends
almost entirely on costs, which in turn
are likely to reflect local circumstances.
Landfill.
Waste buried in soil.

12. LANDFILL
 Disposal of solid wastes on land is by far the most common
method in most of the countries and probably accounts for more
than 90 percent of the world’s municipal refuse.
 Sanitary landfill is the cheapest satisfactory means of
disposal, but only if suitable land is within economic range of the
source of the wastes; typically, collection and transportation
account for 75% of the total cost of solid waste management.
 In a modern landfill, refuse is spread in thin layers, each of which is
compacted by a bulldozer before the next is spread. When about 3
m (about 10 ft) of refuse has been laid down, it is covered by a thin
layer of clean earth, which also is compacted.

15. This disposal option refers to
the placing of the waste within
the ground at the site of the
incident.
This option should only be
used when site characteristics
allow it (e.g., depth to water
table) and proper
environmental controls to
protect groundwater, surface
water, and soil are put into
place.
ON-SITE BURIAL

16. on-farm
trench burial.

17. • Unsuitable for areas subject to heavy rains or flooding.
• Unsuitable if the water table is near the surface (<1.5-
2m).
• Difficult and dangerous to build in sandy areas.
• The waste volume is not reduced.
• Restrictions on approved sites.
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
•Rapid, on-premise solution
•Cost effective
•Minimizes spread of pathogens

18. •
The waste should be covered with a layer of soil (5-10 cm). In
the event of an epidemic, it should be covered with lime.
When the pit has been filled to 50 cm from the top, it should be closed
with soil or cement. The area should be marked.
A protective barrier should be erected to limit access for
animals, children or scavengers.
BEST PRACTICES

19. Other problems…………………
 health threat to people
 decaying wastes also attract household pests and
result in urban areas becoming unhealthy, dirty,
and unsightly places to reside in
reducing the uses of the land for other, more
useful purposes.
Breeding of mosquito and flies due to landfill .
pleasant odor when garbage is transported.
Loss in property value.

20. •Arising of dust when garbage vehicles are going.
• Deterioration of road conditions.
• Increase in floods during the rainy season.
•Radio active Nuclear waste buried in the
soil is highly hazardous and can be effect to
severe health and environmental problems.

21. Solutions…………
1.Pollution of surface and groundwater
is minimized by
 lining and contouring the fill,
 compacting and planting the cover
 selecting proper soil,
 diverting upland drainage, placing wastes in sites
not subject to flooding or high groundwater
levels.

22. 2. Recycling
 Today, recyclable materials are recovered
from municipal refuse by a number of
methods, including shredding, magnetic
separation of metals, air classification
that separates light and heavy
fractions, screening, and washing.
3.Pulping process

23. 4. With proper management and application,
liquid waste can be a resource (fertilizer
,Source of moisture) rather than becoming a
pollutant.
5.Provide good awareness to public about
proper waste disposal & management
systems.
6.Provide Employment opportunities in waste
disposal or sewage treatment.

24. COMPOSITING
 IT IS METHOD OF COMBINED DISPOSAL OF
REFUSE & NIGHTSOIL
 IT INCLUDE THREE METHODS-
•BANGALORE METHOD (ANEROBIC METHOD)
•MECHANICAL COMPOSITING(AEROBIC
METHOD)
•VERMI COMPOSITING
ORGANIC MATTER BREAKS DOWN UNDER
BACTERIAL ACTION, PRODUCING
“COMPOST” – USED AS MANURE.

25. BANGALORE METHOD
The Bangalore Method is a composting method. A
compost heap of several layers is set up in a week’s
time. A few days after completion of the heap, it is
completely covered with mud or grass sods, thus
closing it off from outside air. Decomposition of
organic material continues, but now other types of
micro-organisms keep the process going. These
micro-organisms decompose the material much more
slowly.
The major advantages of the Bangalore
Method are:
saves water
it requires less labour, because the heap is not

26. Disadvantages of the Bangalore Method
are:
More disease germs and weed seeds survive due to
the temperature during decomposition;
The decomposition process is more difficult to
control because the heap has to be kept continually
covered;
It is a less suitable method for those with little or no
experience in composting.

29. MECHANICAL COMPOSTING:
It is a process in which the compost is manufactured in
a short period of time with use of waste materials and
night soil The compost is ready in 4 to 6 weeks time as
humus like material with a total nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium content of 1 to 3 percent

31. VERMICOMPOSTING:
It is a method of disposal of kitchen and plate
wastes, which serves the dual purpose of disposing
off the garbage as well as proving eco- friendly

33. WHAT IS A BIOGAS PLANT
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of
gases produced by the breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
Biogas can be produced from regionally
available raw materials such as recycled
waste. It is a renewable energy source
and in many cases exerts a very small
carbon footprint.

34. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion
with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation
of biodegradable materials such as
manure, sewage, municipal waste, green
waste, plant material, and crops. It is
primarily methane (CH4) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) and may have small
amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S),
moisture and siloxanes.

35. OUTLINE

36.  There are two key processes: mesophilic and
thermophilic digestion.
 Landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste
decomposing under anaerobic conditions in a landfill.
 The waste is covered and mechanically compressed the
weight of the material that is deposited above. This
material prevents oxygen exposure thus allowing
anaerobic microbes to thrive. This gas builds up and is
slowly released into the atmosphere if the site has not
been engineered to capture the gas. Landfill gas
released in an uncontrolled way can be hazardous since
it can becomes explosive when it escapes from the
landfill and mixes with oxygen. The lower explosive
limit is 5% methane and the upper is 15% methane.

37. The methane in biogas is 20 times more
potent a greenhouse gas than carbon
dioxide. Therefore, uncontained landfill
gas, which escapes into the atmosphere
may significantly contribute to the effects
of global warming.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a
measure of the amount of oxygen
required by aerobic micro-organisms to
decompose the organic matter in a
sample of water.

38. Typical composition of biogas
Compound Molecular formula %
Methane
CH
4
50–75
Carbon dioxide
CO
2
25–50
Nitrogen
N
2
0–10
Hydrogen
H
2
0–1
Hydrogen sulphide
H
2S
0–3
Oxygen
O
2
0–0

39. Application
 Biogas can be used for electricity
production on sewage works, in a CHP
gas engine, where the waste heat from
the engine is conveniently used for
heating the digester; cooking; space
heating; water heating; and process
heating. If compressed, it can replace
compressed natural gas for use in
vehicles, where it can fuel an internal
combustion engine or fuel cells and is a
much more effective displacer of carbon

40. WORKING

41.
1 Organic input materials such as foodstuff remnants, fats or
sludge can be fed into the biogas plant as substrate.
2 Renewable resources such as corn, beets or grass serve as
feed both for animals such as cows and pigs as well as for
the micro organisms in the biogas plant.
3 Manure and dung are also fed into the biogas plant.
4 In the fermenter, heated to approx. 38-40 °C, the substrate
is decomposed by the micro organisms under exclusion of
light and oxygen. The final product of this fermentation
process is biogas with methane as the main ingredient. But
aggressive hydrogen sulphide is also contained in the
biogas. A fermenter made of stainless steel has the clear
advantage that it withstands the attacks of the hydrogen
sulphide and is usable for decades. Furthermore, a stainless
steel fermenter provides the opportunity to operation the
biogas plant also in the thermophile temperature range (up
to 56 °C).

42.  5 Once the substrate has been fermented, it is transported to
the fermentation residues end storage tank and can be retrieved
from there for further utilisation.
 6 The residues can be utilised as high quality fertiliser. The
advantage: Biogas manure has a lower viscosity and therefore
penetrates into the ground more quickly. Furthermore, the
fermentation residue quite often has a higher fertiliser value and
is less intense to the olfactory senses.
 7 But drying it and subsequently using it as dry fertiliser is also
an option.
 8The biogas generated is stored in the roof of the tank and from
there it
 9is burned in the combined heat and power plant (CHP) to
generate electricity and heat.
 10The electric power is fed directly into the power grid.
 11The heat generated can be utilised to heat building or to dry
wood or harvest products.
 12Processing of biogas
 13Gas supply to the national grid or gas filling stations

43. COLLECTION PROCESS

44. TYPICAL BIOGAS PLANT

45. TYPES OF BIOGAS PLANTS

46. FIXED DOME TYPE

47. FLOATING GAS HOLDER TYPE

48. -It is a sustainable waste treatment
process that involves combustion
of organic substances contained in
waste material
-Also called as thermal treatment
INCINERATION

49. PROCCESS

53. TYPES OF INCINERATORS
Moving grate
Fixed grate
Rotary kiln
Fluidized Bed

54. ADVANTAGES
It produces the heat which can be used for an
electric power
Reduces the weight of waste/disposal to 25% of
initial value
Reduces the volume of waste to almost 10% of
initial value
Minimum land is needed compared to the
dimensions of waste disposal sites
Incineration plant can be located close to the
residential areas, which are the centers of the
production of waste, and this helps to reduce the
volume of traffic, pollution, noise and of course the

55. DISADVANTAGES
The air pollution controls required in
incineration plants are extremely
expensive
The extremely high technical standards of
the plants require skilled worker, which
leads to the facts that rather high wages
have to be paid.
The residues from that flue gas cleaning
can contaminate the ENV if they aren’t
handled appropriately and therefore they

56. MANURE PIT:-
Collection- Initial gathering of manure
from animal
confinement area
Transport- Movement of manure after
collection
Storage- Containment until treatment
or utilization
Processing- Solids separation, moisture
adjustment
Treatment- Anaerobic, Aerobic

57. Manure Handling Systems
By Specie:
• Beef
• Dairy
• Swine

58. Beef Cow-Calf “Pasture”
Systems
Beef “Feedlot”
Systems

59. Dairy Waste Management Systems
Liquid Storage – Lagoon, Holding Pond, Tank
Dry-Pack Systems - Mechanical Collection

60. Swine Waste Management
Systems
• Shallow Pit Recharge – Lagoon Storage
• Deep Pit Collection – Under House Pit Storage
• Gutter Flush – Lagoon, holding pit
• Hoop Structure Housing – Dry Manure in
Hoop
• Outdoor systems

62. Solid separator
Advantages
• Increases handling flexibility
• Extend time between cleanout of lagoon
(control odour), decrease sludge buildup
• Solids can be hauled farther
Disadvantages
• Solid and liquid handling equipment needed
• Solid separation may not be cost effective for
small operations

63. Anaerobic digester
• Biochemical degradation converting OM
(manure) into methane and by-products
• Covered anaerobic lagoon – 2% solids,
warm climates only
• Complete mix – 3-10% solids
• Plug flow – 11-14% solids, not swine
• Odor control

64. Composting
• Natural breakdown of organic matter
• Controlled decomposition
• Speeds the process
• Improves the quality of the product

65. Compost Process
Water
Compost
Pile
Heat CO2
O2
• OM
• Mineral
s
• Water
• Microb
es
• OM
• Mineral
s
• Water
• Microb
es

66. Advantages of composting Manure
• Reduces weight and volume
• Easier handling characteristics
• Reduce/eliminate pathogens and weed
seeds
• Reduce odors
• Stabilize nitrogen
• May create a saleable product

67. THANK YOU