ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND THEIR ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT by DR. I.D. MALLDepartment of Chemical Engg.Indian Institute of Technology, RoorkeeRoorkee- 247667

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT AANNDD
LLIIFFEE CCYYCCLLEE AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT AANNDD TTHHEEIIRR RROOLLEE
IINN SSUUSSTTAAIINNAABBLLEE DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT
DR. I.D. MALL
Department of Chemical Engg.
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee- 247667

2. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL IIMMPPAACCTT
AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT AANNDD IITTSS RROOLLEE IINN
SSUUSSTTAAIINNAABBLLEE DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of the
future generations to meet their own needs
• Four essential requirement for sustainable development are
• Environmental harmony,
• Economic efficiency and
• Endogenous choices and equity,
• Social justice
The achievement of sustainable development demands the
integration of environment and development. To achieve
sustainable development requires a close collaboration and
cooperation between environmentalists and the decision-makers.

3. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL IIMMPPAACCTT
AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT ((EEIIAA))
EIA is an activity design for the systematic
identification and evaluation of the potential impacts
(effects) of proposed projects, plans, programs, or
legislative actions relative to physical-chemical,
biological, cultural and socioeconomic components
of the total environment
EEIIAA iiss aa mmaajjoorr iinnssttrruummeenntt iinn
• For appropriate Decision making
• For measurement of sustainability in the context of regional
carrying capacity
• Siting of new industries
• Siting of urban settlements and town planning

4. AAnn EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall IImmppaacctt
AAsssseessssmmeenntt sshhoouulldd ccoonnttaaiinn::
• A determination of the initial reference state
• An estimate of future state without action
• An estimate of future state with action
TThhee lleevveell ooff ddeettaaiillss iinn EEIIAA::
• The sensitivity of the local environment
• The scale of proposed development and its potential
effects
• The social value placed nationally or locally on
preventing or enhancing environmental quality
• The resources scientific expertise of the country
• The time availability for assessment

5. For New PPrroojjeecctt EEIIAA iiss nneecceessssaarryy
• Examination of merits and demerits of
alternative sites
• Investigation of meteorological and
topographical studies
• Study on emission
• Analysis of every operation process by
HAZOP
• Analysis of availability and suitability
of land for burial of wastes

6. WWhhaatt aann EEIIAA sshhoouulldd ddoo::
• Describe the proportions as well as alternative
• Estimate the nature and magnitude of the likely
environmental changes
• Identify the relevant human concerns
• Define the criteria to be used in measuring the
significance of environmental changes including the
relative weighting to be assigned in comparing
different type of changes
• Estimate the significance of the predicted
environmental changes
• Make recommendation : Acceptance, remedial
action, a acceptance of one or more alternatives,
reflections

7. AREA OF HUMAN CONCERN
- Economic and occupational status
- Social pattern or life style
- Social amenities and relationships
- Health
- Security
- Religion and traditional belief.
- Public and private services
- Aesthetics and cultural values

8. SSCCOOPPIINNGG AANNDD BBAASSEELLIINNEE SSTTUUDDIIEESS
SCOPING is a process of identifying significant issues to be
considered in an EIA.
• Ecological Scoping : Determination of changes in the
physico-chemical biological environment.
• Physical-Chemical : Water, air, noise, land
• Biological Species and Population, habitat and communities
• Aesthetic : Land, air, water, flora and fauna.
• Social Scoping : It involves determination of these values
based on social and economic criteria. This involves
– Human Health and Safety
BASELINE STUDIES :
• Description of conditions existing at a point in time against
which subsequent changes can be detected through
monitoring.

9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Preamble
Project Description : Process Description, Production Capacity, Raw
Material, Description of Environment.
Scope of EIA
Methodology for EIA
Air Environment
Water
Noise
Biological
Land
Socio-economic environment
Baseline Environmental Status
Identification of Impacts
Air, water, noise, biological, land, socioeconomic environment
Prediction of Impact
Evaluation of Impact
Environmental Impact Statement
Environmental Management Plan
Post project operation
Post project monitoring
Disaster Management Plan
Forest Management Plan

10. List of Projects Requiring Environment CClleeaarraannccee ffrroomm
tthhee CCeennttrraall GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt
• Nuclear power and related projects such as heavy water plants, nuclear fuel
complex, rare earths.
• River valley projects including hydel power, major irrigation and their
combination including flood control.
• Ports, harbours, airports (except minor ports and harbours).
• Petroleum refineries including crude and product pipelines
• Chemical fertilizers (nitrogenous and phosphatic other than single
superphosphate)
• Pesticides (Technical)
• Petrochemical complexes (both olefinic and aromatic) and petro-chemical
intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etc. and production of basic
plastics such as LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC.
• Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals.
• Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage
• Synthetic rubber
• Asbestos and asbestos products.
• Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives.
• (a) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of iron and steel,
aluminium, copper, zinc, lead and ferro alloys).

11. GUIDELINES FFOORR SSTTAATTEE LLEEVVEELL
SSCCRREEEENNIINNGG
• Project should not be located in environmentally
sensitive area.
• Project site should not be in conflict with existing
policies and plans.
• Project site should not be in conflict with existing
legislations.
• Project site should not conflict with potentially
desirable land use, e.g. location on prime
agricultural land.
• Project site should be compatible with supportive
capacity.

12. OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL RREEVVIIEEWW

13. FLOWCHART FOR SSTTAATTEE LLEEVVEELL SSCCRREEEENNIINNGG

14. CONCEPTIONAL FRAME WORK FOR SCREENING &
SCOPING
POLICY
PLAN
PROGRAM
PROJECT
PERMIT
SCREENING
Is EIA needed
Preliminary Study
Scoping
( what issues
Impact need
to be addressed
in EIS )
Plan & Conduct
Comprehensive
Impact study

15. List of Projects Requiring Environment CClleeaarraannccee ffrroomm
tthhee CCeennttrraall GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt
• Electric arc furnaces (Mini steel plants)
• Chlor alkali industry
• Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw materials
required in the manufacture of paints.
• Viscose staple fibre and filament yarn.
• Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony
alloy.
• All tourism projects between 200 m – 500 metres of high tide line or at locations with
an elevation of more than 1000 metres with investments of more than Rs. 5 crore.
• Thermal power plants.
• Mining projects (major minerals) with leases more than 5 hectares.
• Highway projects
• Tarred roads in Himalyas and/or forest areas.
• Distilleries.
• Raw skins and hides
• Pulp, paper and newsprint.
• Dyes
• Cement
• Foundaries
• Electroplating.

16. Role of Various Agencies in the Environmental Review Process
Project Submission of project questionnaire to State
DOE
Proponent Scoping
Submission of project questionnaire, State
level review comments and scoping report to
MOE and F on recommendations of State DOE
Rapid/Comprehensive EIA/EMP/DMP
Post Project Monitoring
State DOE State level screening
PCB Environmental clearances
Issue of NUC/consent letter
Post project monitoring
MOE & F / EAC(I) Terms of reference for EA
Review of rapid/comprehensive EIA report
Environmental clearance

17. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
Soil Quality (depth structure, fertility, degree of
salination or acidification, stability.
Air Quality, climatic changes
Water Quantity, quality, seasonability, area of man
made lakes, Extent of irrigation canal.
Biota Abundance/ scarcity of species of genetic
resource
Extent of crops ecosystem
Vegetation and forests
Diversity of species
Extent of provision of resting ground, etc.
for migration of species
Pest and disease organism
Noise Residential, shop floor, industrial

18. Project initiation
Preliminary scan of existing
environment
Preliminary scan of
Proposed project
Select environmental
indicators
Describe environmental
setting
Assess adequacy of
Environmental setting
Finalize environmental setting
Evaluate impacts
Prepare environmental
Impact statement
Transfer information
To other project
Team members
Descrip-tion
Propose mitigative
measures
of
proposed
project
and
alternative
Field surveys
& sampling
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT WORK FLOW DIAGRAM

19. Abstraction of Water Disturbance of Soil Release of
Wastewater on Land
Change in Groundwater
Regime : Soil Moisture/
Water Level/ Flow
Pattern/ Salt Water
Intrusion
Change in Structure of
Soil : Ground Level/
Texture/ Grain Size/
Permeability/ Soil
Aeration
Addition/ Removal of
Substances or Heat to/
from the Soil
Impact on Soil Biota Impact on Flora and Fauna Impact on Landscape
Impact on Agricultural
Production Impact on Livestock
Impact on Economic
Output
Impact on Socio-Cultural
Environment
PROJECT
ACTIVITY
PRIMARY
IMPACTS
SECONDARY
IMPACTS
TERTIARY
IMPACTS
Impact Network for Groundwater Environment

20. Impact Network for Air Environment
PROJECT
Preoperational Phase Operational Phase
Release of Heat
Deposition of particulates
on soil, water, materials,
Impact on
Soil Quality
Changes Impact on Visibility
Impact on
Local and Global Climatic
Flora and Fauna
Impact on
Aesthetics
Impact on Agricultural
Production
Release of Air Pollutants
Change in
Air Quality
vegetation, etc.
Impact on
Materials, Buildings,
Monuments, etc.
Impact on
Human Health
Impact on Economic Output Impact on Socio-Cultural Environment

21. Impact Network for Biological Network
PROJECT
Preoperational Phase Operational Phase
Removal of plants, animals and
their habitat
Impact on
Soil Stability and
Microflora
Disturbance of plants, animals and their
habitat (including food supplies feeding,
resting and breeding areas)
Physical Disturbance
Change in productivity/
composition of plant and animal
communities and habitats
Impact on landscape
(visual aspects,
landscape, ecology)
Impact on Economic Output Impact on Socio-Cultural Environment
Impact on
amenity
Change in economic use of flora and fauna
(agriculture, forestry, horticulture, fisheries, etc.)
ACTIVITY
PRIMARY
IMPACTS
SECONDARY
IMPACTS
TERTIARY
IMPACTS

22. Impact Network for Surface Water Environment
PROJECT
Preoperational Phase Operational Phase
Release of Wastewater
Impact on
Water Quality
Environmental Health
and Aesthetic Risk
Impact on Runoff/ Seepage
Impact on Agricultural
Production
Change in Surface
Morphology
Impact on
Hydraulics of Water Course
Abstraction of Water
Impact on Economic Output Impact on Socio-Cultural Environment
Impact on
Amenity/ Recreation
Cost of Water
Treatment
Impact on
Aquatic Life
ACTIVITY
PRIMARY
IMPACTS
SECONDARY
IMPACTS
TERTIARY
IMPACTS

23. Components of Post-Project Monitoring Programme
Post Project
Environmental Monitoring
Laboratory
Facilities
Air
Environment
Noise
Environment
Water
Environment
Land Environment
Solid Wastes
Regulatory Standards
Selection of Parameters
Selection of Monitoring Sites
Selection of Monitoring Systems
Equipment Specification
Frequency of sampling
Analysis Methodology
Statistical Analysis of Results
Comparison with Standards
Additional Mitigation
Measures, if necessary
Analytical Quality Control

24. STEPS IINN AAIIRR EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
IIMMPPAACCTT AANNAALLYYSSIISS
Step 1: Identification of air quality impacts of proposed
Project
Step 2: Preparation of description of existing air
environment conditions
Step 3: Procurement of relevant air standards
and/or guide lines
Step 4: Impact prediction
Step 5: Assessment of impact significance
Step 6: Identification and incorporation of
mitigation measures

25. CCLLIIMMAATTEE AANNDD AAIIRR QQUUAALLIITTYY
IInnfflluueenncciinngg eelleemmeennttss aanndd tthheeiirr ppootteennttiiaall eeffffeeccttss
WWiinndd:: ddiirreeccttiioonnss aanndd ssppeeeedd
WWiillll tthhee pprroojjeecctt mmooddiiffyy tthhee llooccaall wwiinndd bbeehhaavviioorr??
PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn//hhuummiiddiittyy
WWiillll tthhee pprroojjeecctt hhaavvee aann iimmppaacctt uuppoonn tthhee llooccaall pprreecciippiittaattiioonn //hhuummiiddiittyy
ppaatttteerrnn??
WWiillll tthhee pprroojjeecctt bbee ssiitteedd iinn aa ““hhiigghh rriisskk”” aarreeaa??
TTeemmppeerraattuurree
WWiillll tthhee pprroojjeecctt hhaavvee aann iimmppaacctt uuppoonn tthhee llooccaall tteemmppeerraattuurree ppaatttteerrnn??
AAiirr QQuuaalliittyy
WWiillll tthhee pprroojjeecctt ggeenneerraattee aanndd ddiissppeerrssee aattmmoosspphheerriicc ppoolllluuttaannttss??
WWiillll tthhee pprroojjeecctt ggeenneerraattee aannyy iinntteennssee ooddoorrss??

26. CCLLIIMMAATTEE AANNDD AAIIRR QQUUAALLIITTYY
Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information
Wind: directions and
Will the project modify
speed
the local wind behaviour
Wind speeds and
directions, including
unusual conditions.
Height of structures.
Precipitation/
humidity
Will the project have an
impact upon the local
precipitation/humidity
pattern?
Precipitation/humidity
data including unusual
conditions-flash floods,
etc.
Temperature Will the project have an
impact upon the local
temperature pattern?
Temperature data,
including the extremes.
Air Quality Will the project generate
and disperse atmospheric
pollutants? Will the
project generate any
intense odours?
Estimate of atmospheric
emissions from point,
area and line sources,
fugitive emissions

27. SSTTEEPPSS IINN SSUURRFFAACCEE WWAATTEERR
EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT IIMMPPAACCTT AANNAALLYYSSIISS
Step 1: Identification of surface water quality
impacts of proposed Project
Step 2: Preparation of description of existing
surface water environment conditions
Step 3: Procurement of relevant surface water
standards and/or guide lines
Step 4: Impact prediction
Step 5: Assessment of impact significance
Step 6: Identification and incorporation of
mitigation measures

28. SSTTEEPPSS IINN SSUURRFFAACCEE SSOOIILL AANNDD//OORR
GGRROOUUNNDDWWAATTEERR EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
IIMMPPAACCTT AANNAALLYYSSIISS
Step 1: Identification of soil and/or groundwater quality
impacts of proposed Project
Step 2: Preparation of description of existing soil
and/or groundwater environment conditions
Step 3: Procurement of relevant soil and/or
groundwater water standards and/or guide lines
Step 4: Impact prediction
Step 5: Assessment of impact significance
Step 6: Identification and incorporation of
mitigation measures

29. WWAATTEERR
Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information
Hydrological
balance
Will the project alter the
hydrological balance?
Extent of project. Importance of
ground water in maintaining area
rivers, streams, lakes
Ground water
regime
Will the project affect the
ground water regime, e.g. in
terms of quality, quantity,
depth/gradient of water table
and direction of flow?
Source of water supply; ground
conditions-permeability,
percolation, water table
Sedimentation Will the project induce a
major sediment influx in the
water bodies?
Erosion potential of site soils
Direction of runoff flow, & slope
on site
Flooding Will there be risk to life and
materials due to flooding?
Extent of project; 100-year flood
plan

30. CCOONNCCEEPPTTUUAALL AAPPPPRROOAACCHH FFOORR
AADDDDRREESSSSIINNGG BBIIOOLLOOGGIICCAALL IIMMPPAACCTTSS
• Identification of biological impact of proposed
project
• Preparation of description of existing biological
conditions and considerations enlarged or
threatened species and critical habitat, flora & fauna
species
• Procurement of relevant laws, regeneration or
criteria related to impacts or condition
• Impact prediction
• Assessment of impact
• Identification and incorporation of migration
measures

31. EECCOOLLOOGGYY
Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information
Species checklist Are there rare/endangered
species which require
protection? Are there any
species which are
particularly susceptible to
human activities?
Species checklists-unusual,
rare or endangered species;
species providing food and
cover for wild life
Productivity Will project activities
impair natural productivity?
Extent of project
productivity of land on site
and surrounding area.
Biogeochemical/nutrient
cycling
Will project activities
disrupt nutrient materials
flow, e.g. selective
concentration/dilution of
substances?
Extent of project;
disturbance of natural
communities; soils type and
erodability; annual
precipitation

32. SSOOIILL
Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information
Erosion (wind and water) Will there be a
substantial loss of soil
due to construction or
operational practices?
Extent of site; ground
conditions; wind patterns;
slope angles; receiving
waters.
Liquefaction Will the project cause
or be exposed to
liquefaction of soils in
slopes or foundations?
Project location; general
seismic data; evidence of
liquefaction;
Bearing capacity Will there be risk to
life or structures
because of sudden
failure?
Loading; dead or live load
ratio; ground conditions;
Soil structure Will the project
modify the properties
of impacted soils?
Site location, soil
characteristic data.

33. ENVIRONMENTALLY SSEENNSSIITTIIVVEE AARREEAASS
Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information
Prime agricultural
Will the project be located on or
land
near the prime agricultural land?
Land use & land capability
Future agricultural needs
Forestry land Will the project be located on or
near forestry land?
Location of project
Location of forests on or
near site
Future forestry need
Wet lands/ estuarine
land
Will the project impair existing
wetlands through filling, dredging,
waste discharges?
Location of wet land on or
near site.
Landfills, solid/toxic Will the project perturb
abandoned, existing or planned
landfills, solid/toxic waste disposal
sites?
Location of abandoned,
active or planned landfill,
solid/toxic waste disposal
sites.

34. LLAANNDD UUSSEE AANNDD LLAANNDD CCAAPPAABBIILLIITTYY
Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information
Land use Will the project conflict
with existing or
proposed land use?
Location of project
Land use classification
on or near site
Land capability Will the project degrade
land capability types?
Land capability
classification on or near
site

35. AARRCCHHAAEEOOLLOOGGIICCAALL,, HHIISSTTOORRIICC
AANNDD CCUULLTTUURRAALL EELLEEMMEENNTTSS
Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information
Archaeological
structures
sites
Will the project conflict with
structures and sites of
archeological interest and
value?
Will the existing and desirable
future patterns of access be
disrupted?
Location of project.
Amenity use patterns of
surrounding population
Historic/cultural
structures, sites and
areas
Will the project conflict with
structures, sites and areas of
historic/cultural interest and
values?
Knowledge of regional and
local historic/cultural sites
and patterns of visiting and
use by elements within the
surrounding population.

36. STEPS IINN NNOOIISSEE EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
IIMMPPAACCTT AANNAALLYYSSIISS
Step 1: Identification of noise impacts of proposed
Project
Step 2: Preparation of description of existing noise
Environment conditions
Step 3: Procurement of relevant noise standards
and/or guide lines
Step 4: Impact prediction
Step 5: Assessment of impact significance
Step 6: Identification and incorporation of
mitigation measures

37. NNOOIISSEE AANNDD VVIIBBRRAATTIIOONN
Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information
Internal noise Will the internal noise levels
present a potential risk to the
hearing of workers?
External noise Will the project create noise
levels which will cause
annoyance, discomfort to
nearby properties?
Estimates of external noise
levels due to transportation
and operation at properties
in the vicinity. Existence of
noise sensitive land users
within one mile of the
development
Vibration Will the project cause
damage to structures
(natural and man-made)
Estimates of internal
vibration levels and
employee exposure

38. Socioeconomic IImmppaacctt OOuuttlliinneess ooff tthhee
BBaassiicc SStteeppss iinn PPeerrffoorrmmiinngg AAsssseessss..
• Discussion of implications of Description of
the socioeconomic environment setting:
• Identification of the critical socioeconomic
factors:
• Identification of those socioeconomic
impacted area that Represents critical items
relative to the human Environment.
• Prediction of changes in socioeconomic
factors:
• Quantitative or at least qualitative
description of changes.

39. MAJOR TYPES OF RISK AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT AANNDD TTHHEEIIRR
FFOOCCUUSS
Safety Risks
Low probability, high consequence, accidents, acute (human safety focus)
·Fatalaities, injuries, lost workdays
·Property damage
·Lost production and sales
Health Risks
High probability, low consequences, ongoing, chronic (human safety
focus)
·Incremental cancer cases (all types of cancer)
·Non-cancer hazards (e.g. respiratory, neurological, reproductive effects)
Ecological / Environmental Risks
Subtle changes, complex interactions, long latency, macro-impacts
(habitat/ecosystem focus)
·Species abundance and diversity
·Habitat and ecosystem quality
·Natural resource damage (NRD)

40. MMAAJJOORR TTYYPPEESS OOFF RRIISSKK AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT
AANNDD TTHHEEIIRR FFOOCCUUSS
Public Welfare/Goodwill Risks
Perceptions, property-value concerns, aesthetics (value focus)
· Resource use restrictions (e.g., groundwater)
· Nuisance odors, visibility impairment, aesthetics
· Property values
Financial Risks
Business viability, liability, insurance, investment returns
(economic focus)
· Insurance (costs, recoverability)
· Liability (short and long-term)
· Revenues (consumer franchise)

41. SStteeppss iinn aa rriisskk aasssseessssmmeenntt
Define scope
Identify hazards
Identify how hazards
could be realized
Estimate consequences
if hazards were realized
Estimate the probability that
hazards will be realized
Calculate risk
Assess the significance
of the risk
no yes
Choice of more
exhaustive
examination

43. AAdd HHOOCC AAPPPPRROOAACCHH

44. MMAATTRRIIXX AAPPPPRROOAACCHH

45. CCHHEECCKKLLIISSTT AAPPPPRROOAACCHH

46. MMEEAASSUURREEMMEENNTT OOFF AAIIRR QQUUAALLIITTYY
• Ambient Air Quality
• Measurement of Emission
• Meteorological Measurement
Pollution Parameter Equipment
Dust fall Dust Fall Jar
Suspended High Volume Sampler,
Particulates Inertial collectors,
Respirable
Dust Sampler
Total Sulfur Lead Candle
Compounds
Sulphur Dioxide Air Sampling Kit
Hydrogen Sulphide Air Sampling Kit
Oxides of Nitrogen Air Sampling Kit
Wind Direction Recording Vane
Wind Velocity Wind Velocity Meter
Temperature and Humidity Whirling Psychrometer

47. WATER QUALITY IMPACT ANALYSIS
Water Quality Criteria: The level of specific concentrations of Constituents
which are expected, if not exceeded to assure the suitability of water for
specific use.
Water Quality Standards: These are legal regulations established by the states
limiting the concentration of various constituents in water.
Stream Quality Standards: Ambient water ways .
Effluent Standards: Discharge of liquid effluents into those water ways
The overall Plan for water quality survey
•Detail plan of sample collection
•Provision of laboratory analysis
•Description of the methods to be used for data
The Plan must address
•Location of sampling point
•Parameters to be analysed
•Time Schedule including time of Day, time of year and frequency
CONSERVATIVE SAMPLES: Concentration of conservative material changes
with time .e.g Chlorides, Total solids, heavy metals etc.
NONCONSERVATIVE SAMPLES: Concentration of non conservative material
do not change with time BOD, COD, Temp. etc.

48. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS
( VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE IMPACT ANALYSIS)
¨Environment: complex interaction of many factors and change in one aspect of environment
will affect changes of entire system. Vegetation and wild life are important features of the
environment
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Physical non living
(abiotic)
Biotic (biological)
Energy, water, air,
topography, soil ,
minerals, geological,
shtantum
Living (plants & animal),
Flora, Fauna
Flora: Trees, shrubs, grass, crops, micro floras, aquatic plant, enlarged
species, barriers.
Fauna: Birds, land animals, fish, shell fish, benthic organism, insects, micro
fauna, enlarged species.
IMPACT:
·Direct Impact: Those that destroy, displace adversely affects plants and
animals.
·Indirect Impact: Those that destroy or disrupt habitat, ecosystem or other
physical and biological facts upon which a species depends.

49. LLIIFFEE CCYYCCLLEE AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT
•LCA is an approach for assessing the
environmental impact of any project and provides a
frame work, approach and methods for identifying
and evaluating environmental burdens associated
with life cycle of the material which is from cradle-to-
grave.
•Life cycle assessment is both a concept and
methodology for evaluating the environmental
performance of a product process or activity
through its entire existence from raw material
acquisition to ultimate disposal through recycling ,
incineration , land filling or composting

50. IISSOO 1144004400 LLiiffee CCyyccllee AAsssseessssmmeenntt,,
PPrriinncciipplleess aanndd ffrraammeewwoorrkk
Life cycle assessment framework
Goal
and scope
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
Inter-pretation
Direct applications:
- Product development
and improvement
- Strategic planning
- Public policy making
- Marketing
- Other

51. CCOOMMPPAARRIISSIIOONN OOFF EEIIAA AANNDD LLCCAA
VVaarriioouuss aauutthhoorrss hhaavvee ssttaatteedd tthhaatt EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall IImmppaacctt
AAsssseessssmmeenntt ((EEIIAA)) ddiiffffeerrss ffuunnddaammeennttaallllyy ffrroomm pprroodduucctt LLiiffee
CCyyccllee AAsssseessssmmeenntt ((LLCCAA)) ((AArrnnoolldd TTuukkkkeerr,, 22000000))..
EEIIAA iiss oofftteenn rreeggaarrddeedd aass aa ssyynnoonnyymm ffoorr aa llooccaall,, ppooiinntt--ssoouurrccee
oorriieenntteedd eevvaalluuaattiioonn ooff eennvviirroonnmmeennttaall iimmppaaccttss,, wwhhiicchh ttaakkeess
iinnttoo aaccccoouunntt ttiimmee--rreellaatteedd aassppeeccttss,, tthhee ssppeecciiffiicc llooccaall
ggeeooggrraapphhiicc ssiittuuaattiioonn..
TThhiiss aapppprrooaacchh iiss oofftteenn rreeggaarrddeedd aass ccoonnttrraaddiiccttoorryy ttoo tthhee oonnee
aaddoopptteedd iinn LLCCAA,, wwiitthh iittss eemmpphhaassiiss oonn aa ttiimmee aanndd LLooccaattiioonn--
iinnddeeppeennddeenntt aasssseessssmmeenntt ooff ppootteennttiiaall iimmppaaccttss iinn rreellaattiioonn ttoo
aann eennttiirree pprroodduuccttiioonn ssyysstteemm..

52. ASSESSMENT AND CHOICE OF SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
IN EIA
EIAs concentrate on the possible environmental
effects of a project, typically an industrial plant.

53. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND SYSTEM CHOICE IN
LCA
LCA is an environmental management tool for assessing all
(potential) environmental impacts related to the fulfillment of a
product’s function over its whole life cycle.

54. LIFE CCYYCCLLEE AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT((LLCCAA))
• Life Cycle Assessment establishes a link between the
environmental impact, operation and economics of the
process.
PHASES OF LCA

55. Obsolescence
Recycling
Refining Extraction
Consumption/
use
Manu-facturing
Exploration
Return to the environment
Society's need
for products
and services
Reuse

56. LLIIFFEE CCYYCCLLEE SSTTAAGGEESS
IInnppuuttss OOuuttppuuttss

57. LLCCAA RREESSUULLTTSS AANNDD IIMMPPAACCTTEEDD AARREEAA
Final Results
Normalised LCIA Results
Impacted Category
Global Warming Global
Ozone Depletion Global
Resource Depletion Global
Photochemical Smog Regional
Acidification Regional
Human Health Regional
Terrestrial Toxicity Local
Aquatic Toxicity Local
Land Use Local

58. EEMMIISSSSIIOONNSS TTRRAADDIINNGG
•EEmmiissssiioonnss ttrraaddiinngg iinnvvoollvveess aa ssyysstteemm iinn wwhhiicchh eexxcceessss qquuoottaass ffoorr CCOO22
eemmiissssiioonnss aarree ttrraaddeedd aammoonngg ccoommppaanniieess..
•EEmmiissssiioonn ppeerrmmiittss rreepprreesseenntt ‘‘rriigghhttss ttoo eemmiitt’’ aanndd tthheessee rriigghhttss ccaann bbee
pprroodduucceedd bbyy ssoommee ppaarrttyy aabbaattiinngg mmoorree tthhaann iitt iiss rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ddoo,, oorr
uunnddeerrttaakkiinngg ssoommee aabbaatteemmeenntt wwhheenn nnoott rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ddoo ssoo..
EEUU EEmmiissssiioonnss TTrraaddiinngg SScchheemmee ((EEUUEETTSS))
•AAnnyy ppeerrssoonn oorr ccoommppaannyy ccaann rreeggiisstteerr ttoo ttrraaddee..
•AAllllooccaattiioonn aalllloowwaanncceess wwiillll bbee ‘‘ttrraaddeedd’’
•AAlllloowwaanncceess eeqquuaall ttoo eemmiissssiioonnss ffoorr tthhee pprreevviioouuss yyeeaarr aarree aallllooccaatteedd aanndd
tthheenn ssuurrrreennddeerreedd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg yyeeaarr..
•WWhheenn ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee iiss bbeetttteerr tthhaann aalllloowwaanncceess ccaann bbee ttrraaddeedd..
• WWiitthh aa bbeellooww ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee aalllloowwaanncceess nneeeedd ttoo bbee ppuurrcchhaasseedd.. WWhheenn
ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee iiss bbeetttteerr tthhaann aalllloowwaanncceess ccaann bbee ttrraaddeedd..
•WWiitthh aa bbeellooww ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee aalllloowwaanncceess nneeeedd ttoo bbee ppuurrcchhaasseedd
•BByy aabbaattiinngg mmoorree,, tthhee lloowweerr ccoosstt rreeggiioonn ccrreeaatteess ‘‘rriigghhttss ttoo eemmiitt,,’’ oorr
eemmiissssiioonn ppeerrmmiittss,, wwhhiicchh iitt ccaann sseellll ttoo tthhee hhiigghheerr ccoosstt rreeggiioonn..

59. KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
• Convention was adopted at the United Nations Headquarters, New
York on the 9 May 1992
• It was open for signature at the Rio de Janeiro from 4 to 14 June
1992, and thereafter at the United Nations Headquarters, New York,
from 20 June 1992 to 19 June 1993. By that date the Convention had
received 166 signatures.
• The Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994.
• It contains information concerning dates of signature and ratification
received from the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as
Depository of the Convention as at 29 May 1997. The dates in the
column entitled "date of ratification" are those of the receipt of the
instrument of ratification (R), acceptance (At), approval (Ap) or
accession (Ac).

60. CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONN
• HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE HAVING AN
INCREASING IMPACT ON INTEGRITY
OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT PROVIDE
ESSENTIAL RESOURCES AND
SERVICES FOR HUMAN WELL-BEING
AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES THE
CURRENT TREND IN NATURAL
RESOURCE DEGRADATION MUST BE
REVERSED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.