Near field communication (NFC) allows short-range wireless communication between devices when they are brought within close proximity of a few inches. It was established as a standard in 2004 and the first NFC phone was released in 2006. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz and has a theoretical range of about 4 cm. It can be used to transfer contact information, URLs, initiate Bluetooth connections, and for contactless payments. While NFC provides convenience, its adoption has been limited due to lack of agreement between companies and some security concerns exist. Alternatives to NFC include digital wallets that are accessible from multiple devices.

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(
Near Field
Communication
( NFC)

2. Introduction
Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones
and similar devices to establish radio communication with each other
by touching them together or bringing them into proximity, usually no
more than a few inches.

3. History
• NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identification, or RFID. RFID allows a reader to send radio
waves to a passive electronic tag for identification, authentication and tracking.
• 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum.
• 2006 Initial specifications for NFC Tags.
• 2006 Nokia 6131 was the first NFC phone.
• 2009 In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contact, URL, initiate
Bluetooth, etc.
• 2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone shown.
• 2013 Samsung and Visa announce major partnership to develop mobile payments

4. NFC standards
• NFC was approved as an ISO/IEC standard on December 8, 2003 and later
as an ECMA standard.
• ISO/IEC 18092 / ECMA-340 - Near Field Communication Interface and
Protocol-1 (NFCIP).
• ISO/IEC 21481 / ECMA-352 - Near Field Communication Interface and
Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2).
• NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443.
• In addition, the NFC Forum has defined a common data format called NFC
Data Exchange Format (NDEF).

5. Working
• As with proximity card technology, near-field communication uses magnetic
induction between two loop antennas located within each other's near field,
effectively forming an air-core transformer.
• NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an
RF field that can power a passive target.
• This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers,
key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries.
• NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered.
• Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed ±7 kHz bandwidth range,
but the full spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using ASK
modulation.

6. Specifications
• NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of
10 cm or less.
• NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging
from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s.
• It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band
of 13.56 MHz.
• Theoretical working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm
(practical working distance of about 4 cm).
• Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s (the bit rate 848 kbit/s is not
compliant with the standard ISO/IEC 18092).
• NFC devices are able to receive and transmit data at the same time.

7. Communication Mode
• Passive communication mode
• Active communication mode

8. Passive Communication Mode
• The initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device
answers by modulating the existing field.
• In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from
the initiator-provided electromagnetic field, thus making the target
device a transponder.

9. Active Communication Mode
• Both initiator and target device communicate by alternately generating
their own fields.
• A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data.
• In this mode, both devices typically have power supplies.

10. Speed
Active device
Passive device
424 kbit/s
Man, 10% ASK
Man, 10% ASK
212 kbit/s
Man, 10% ASK
Man, 10% ASK
106 kbit/s
Modified Miller, 100% ASK
Man, 10% ASK

11. Modes of operation
There are three modes of operation for NFC.
• The read/write mode allows an NFC device to read a tag like the kind you'd
find in a poster.
• The peer-to-peer mode makes it possible for two NFC-enabled devices to
exchange information. This lets you do things like tap your phone to
another person's phone to exchange contact information.
• The card emulation mode lets NFC emulate -- or imitate -- a smart card like
the kind you use in public transportation or ticketing systems.

12. Comparison with Bluetooth
Aspect
RFID compatible
NFC
Bluetooth
Bluetooth Low Energy
ISO 18000-3
active
active
ISO/IEC
Bluetooth SIG
Bluetooth SIG
ISO 13157 etc.
IEEE 802.15.1
IEEE 802.15.1
Network Type
Point-to-point
WPAN
WPAN
Cryptography
not with RFID
available
available
< 0.2 m
~100 m (class 1)
~50 m
Frequency
13.56 MHz
2.4–2.5 GHz
2.4–2.5 GHz
Bit rate
424 kbit/s
2.1 Mbit/s
25 Mbit/s
< 0.1 s
<6s
< 0.006 s
< 15mA (read)
varies with class
< 15 mA (read and
transmit)
Standardisation body
Network Standard
Range
Set-up time
Power consumption

13. Advantages over Bluetooth
• NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth, but consumes far less
power and doesn't require pairing.
• NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has a lower transfer
rate than Bluetooth low energy.
• With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices,
the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established
quickly: in less than a tenth of a second.
• In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID
(13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures.

14. Uses
• Commerce- contactless payment systems
• Social networking - NFC can be used in social networking situations, such
as sharing contacts, photos, videos or files, and entering multiplayer
mobile games.
• Identity and access tokens - act as electronic identity documents and
keycards
• Smartphone automation and NFC tags - Smartphones equipped with NFC
can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers which can be programmed by NFC
apps to automate tasks.

16. Security Aspects
• Eavesdropping
• Data modification
• Relay attack
• Lost property
• Walk-off

17. NFC-enabled OS and Services
• BlackBerry OS 7.0 and greater
• Android
• Nokia Series 40,Symbian
• Windows Phone 8, as well as the Windows 8 operating system
• Wallet hub- Microsoft
• Google Wallet- Google
• Isis Wallet- Verizon Wireless, AT&T and T-Mobile
• Video game controllers- Wii U home console

18. Advantages of NFC
Convenience
• NFC is a perfect source of convience because it merges a mobile device with wallet(s).
Versatility
• NFC can be well adapted for all kinds of situations ranging from bank cards to transit
passes, movie passes, reward systems and even keys.
Safety
• NFC enabled credit cards are much more secure than a credit card magnetic strip
• Requires PIN
• Retailers no longer have physical access to your credit card information

19. Disadvantages of NFC
Company Agreements to use NFC
• if companies do not agree to integrate NFC into their business,
consumers will not be able to use the technology.
Security
• Examples include a phone’s owner credit card information, bill
payments, social security information, etc.
• Moreover, as technology advances, it will becomes easier for hackers
to do this.

20. Alternatives to NFC
Digital Wallet
The 'digital wallet' exists in the cloud, and it is not tethered to one
specific device such as a mobile phone, but accessible from a variety of
devices such as laptop, iPad, ultrabook or even Xbox.

21. Conclusion
The world haven't moved toward an NFC-based transaction system yet.
Part of the problem may be that different financial institutions want to
establish their own payment standards and retail organizations must
choose which ones to support. It could be a few more years before we
see this tech rolled out into our neighborhood stores.

22. References
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communication
• http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/near-fieldcommunication6.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NFC-enabled_mobile_devices
• http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/whatis-nfc-and-why-is-it-in-your-phone-948410
• http://near-field.blogspot.in/p/pros-cons.html

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