Introduction to Sizing, Objectives of Sizing, Technological Changes Due to Sizing, Size Ingredients, Types of Sizing, Techniques of Sizing, Methods of Drying,

2.  Introduction to Sizing
 Objectives of Sizing
 Technological Changes Due to Sizing
 Size Ingredients
 Types of Sizing
 Techniques of Sizing
 Methods of Drying

3. What is Sizing???
 Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating on the surface
of the yarn.

4. Objective of Sizing:
 To protect the yarn from abrasion.
 To improve the breaking strength of the yarn.
 To increase smoothness of yarn.
 To decrease the generation of static electricity.
 To decrease hairiness.

6.  Breaking strength is the force required to break a fabric when it is
under tension (being pulled).

7.  Abrasion resistance refers to the ability of materials and structures
to withstand abrasion. It is a method of wearing down or rubbing
away by means of friction. This ability helps to keep the material's
original structure and look.

8.  Stiffness is the rigidity of an object — the extent to which it resists
deformation in response to an applied force.
 The more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is.
 If crimp is increased then stiffness of fabric will decrease.

9.  Elasticity is the ability of the fabric to extend and recover to its
original shape and length.
For example, Knitted fabric has higher extensibility and instant
recovery ability than woven fabric.

10.  Application of size materials makes outer surface of the yarn smooth
and hence occurs less friction.

11. Sizing means coating adhesive on the outer surface of the yarn. Hence
sizing causes increase of diameter of yarn.

12. After sizing the gap between he fibers are filled with size materials.
So the slippage between the fibers does snot occur easily. So the
extension decreased.

13. Electrostatic charge is formed due to the friction between yarns and
size materials contain moisture, which reduces static friction.

14.  Adhesive
 Lubricant or softener
 Antiseptic or anti mildew agent
 Hygroscopic agent
 Weighting agent
 Anti foaming agent
 Wetting agent

15. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
It is the main ingredient of
solution preparation.

16. Natural Synthetic Adhesive

17. Natural
Starch of maize
Starch of corn potato
Starch of sago
Synthetic
Carboxy methyl
cellulose(CMC)
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
PVC
Poly Acrylate etc.

18. ADHESIVE
To make coating on the yarn
To improve strength.
To increase smoothness.
To improve elasticity and
stiffness.

19. It is the second main
ingredients of size
solution preparation.
Example
Japan wax, tallow, linseed
oil, coconut oil, animal
fat, mineral oils.

20.  To make the yarn soft and
slippery.
 To increase the smoothness of
yarn.
 To reduce stiffness.

21. Carboxylic acid, salicylic
acid, ZnCl2, Phenol.

22.  To prevent mildew formation.
 To preserve size material for a
long time.
 To help to store the sized yarn.
 To protect yarn from bacteria or
fungus.

23.  Magnesium chloride, glycerin and
 Calcium chloride
 Used for: To moisture the yarn
To prevent excessive drying of yarn

24.  China clay ,sodium sulphate ,french chaik
 Used for :To increase the weight of yarn

25.  Anti faoming Agent: Anti foaming agents act so that their molecules
are adsorbed on the gas-liquid interface and thus suppress the
molecule surface active agent that causes foaming. So the whole film
around the air bubbles, which leads to a destabilizing weakening its
membrane and the connectivity of smaller bubbles into a bigger one.
e.g:- Silicon based deformer,Water insoluble
esters,Ketones,Esthers.Terpontile etc
 used for:
 Due to high speed circulation of size ingredients during cooking
foam is formed.Faoming is highly undersirable during sizing as the
faom obstract the uniform application of size.For this reason
antifoaming agent is used to prevent the formation of foam in size
solution during cooking.

26.  Wetting agent:- Wetting agent are chemical substances that increase
the spreading and penetrating properties of a liquid by lowering its
surface tension - that is, the tendency of its molecules to adhere to
each other at the surface.
e.g:- Sulphanol,Soap,Avirol,Alizarine oil etc.
 Used for:-
 To penetrate she sizing solution in the yarn surface.
 To reduce the surface tension

27.  4 types of sizing are used and they are
 #1. Pure sizing: when the size pick up % is about 3 – 10 % it is called
pure sizing.

31.  Conventional Aqueous Sizing
I) Double Cylinder Sizing: Two cylinder
or sow box.
II) Multi Cylinder Sizing: More than one
sow box and several groups of cylinders.

32. Conventional Sizing Machine

33.  Non Conventional Sizing
I) Dry Sizing: Dry size powder is sprayed.
II) Solvent Sizing: Non-aqueous organic solvent is used instead of water.
III) Hot Melt Sizing: Special arrangement called size applicator is used.
IV) Foam Sizing: Solvent is replaced by water.
V) Blend Sizing: Both machinery and operational requirements are needed.

34. Non Conventional Sizing Machine

35. Cylinder Drying
 Two Cylinders
 Multiple Cylinders

36. Hot Air Drying
 Closed chamber.
 Several guide rollers.

37. Combined Drying
 Cylinder drying is used at first.
 Final drying by hot air

38. Infra-red Drying
 Transfer heat by waves.
 Higher drying efficiency.