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Approach to Chronic wheezing & asthma an update 2013
1. ”
Approach to
Chronic Wheezing & Asthma
Mostafa Moin MD
Professor of Allergy & Clinical Immunology
Immunology , Asthma & Allergy Research Institute
( IAARI )
Children Medical Center
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2013
2.
3. The Prevalence of Wheezing in
Pre-School Children
“ a continuous, high pitched musical sound coming from the chest”
Prevalence (%)
80
Wheezing ≥50%
70
Atopic (n=94)
Non-atopic (n=59)
60
50
Cough : 100%
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13
Age (years)
Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, et al. Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in
children: a birth cohort study. Lancet. 2006;368(9537):763–770
7. Asthma Predictive Index
77% Predictive
Identify high risk children (2 and 3 yr of age):
≥3-4 wheezing episodes in the past year
(at least one must be MD diagnosed)
PLUS
One major criterion OR
• Parent with asthma
• Atopic dermatitis
• Aero-allergen
sensitivity
Two minor criteria
• Food sensitivity
• Eosinophilia (≥4%)
• Wheezing not related
to infection
Modified from: Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, et al. A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young
children with recurrent wheezing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1403–1406
8. Diagnostic approach
1 - Clinical suspicion!
2 - History with focus on symptom patterns
3 - Physical examination for signs of asthma &
allergies
4 - Confirm diagnosis with objective measurement of
pulmonary function(Spirometry)
5 - Allergy testing
6 – Other possibly useful tests
7– Clinical response to treatment
9
9. 1 - Clinical Suspicion
Suspect Asthma!
Suspect asthma in patients who have
repeated diagnoses of respiratory illnesses as :
Reactive airway diseaes
Bronchitis
Previous health records
Croup
are
Pneumonia
impotant!
Bronchiolitis
Always maintain a high index of
suspicion for asthma.
10
10. Diagnostic approach
1 - Clinical suspicion!
2 - History with focus on symptom patterns
3 - Physical examination for signs of asthma &
allergies
4 - Confirm diagnosis with objective measurement of
pulmonary function(Spirometry)
5 - Allergy testing
6 – Other possibly useful tests
7– Clinical response to treatment
11
12. 2 - Clinical history :
Wheezing Asthma?
Wheezing with URIs is very common in
small children but :
Many of these children will not develop
asthma.
Asthma medications may benefit patients
who wheeze whether or not they have
asthma.
All that wheezes is not asthma &
many asthmatics do not wheeze!
13
13. 2 - Clinical history :
Cough - Asthma?
Consider asthma in children with:
Recurrent episodes of cough with or without
wheezing
Nocturnal awakening because of cough
Cough that is associated with exercise/play
Cough may be the only symptom
Present in patients with asthma(CVA)
14
30. 4 - Pulmonary Function Tests
Spirometry
FEV1 < 80% predicted
FEV1 /FVC ratio <80%
Spirometry may be normal in mild or
well- controlled asthma
PFM : More useful for monitoring
PFT : Preferred for diagnosis
31
31. 4 - Bronchoprovocation
(Reversibility of obstruction)
Findings consistent with asthma include:
Bronchodilator Challenge Test :
-12% or greater increase in FEV1 (≥200 cc)
-Inhaled or oral corticosteroids may be required
to demonstrate reversibility
Absence of response does not
exclude asthma.
32
32. 4 - Bronchoprovocation
(Bronchial Hyperreactivity)
Exercise Challenge Test :
Findings consistent with asthma include:
15% or greater decrease in FEV1
Methacholine challenge Test :
Findings consistent with asthma
include:
20% or greater decrease in FEV1
A negative result does not exclude
the Dx. of asthma.
33
33. Diagnostic approach
1 - Clinical suspicion!
2 - History with focus on symptom patterns
3 - Physical examination for signs of asthma &
allergies
4 - Confirm diagnosis with objective measurement of
pulmonary function(Spirometry)
5 - Allergy testing
6 – Other possibly useful tests
7– Clinical response to treatment
34
34. 5 - Allergy Testing
Evidence for allergy common in pediatric
patients with asthma.
May help guide environmental control
Skin testing (prick &/or intradermal)
the “gold standard.”
In vitro (RAST) testing an alternative in some
situtions.
Eosinophils in blood & nasal secretions
35
41. Diagnostic approach
1 - Clinical suspicion!
2 - History with focus on symptom patterns
3 - Physical examination for signs of asthma &
allergies
4 - Confirm diagnosis with objective measurement of
pulmonary function(Spirometry)
5 - Allergy testing
6 – Other possibly useful tests
7– Clinical response to treatment
42
42. 7 - Clinical response to RX.
Therapeutic trial of :
SABA (eg Salbutamol)
or
ICS (eg Beclomethasone) or OCS (PredniSone)
and then assessment of the response to Rx.
Steroids should be prescribed on a case by case basis,
particularly in severe attacks and the practise of
prescribing them unnecessarily should be stopped.
43. Remember…!
The diagnosis of asthma in
children is a clinical one.
Based on recognizing a
characteristic pattern of episodic
symptoms in the absence of an
alternative explanation
BTS guideline 2008
44. Clinical Features that Increase
the Probability of Asthma :
More than one of the following symptoms:
wheeze,
cough,
difficulty breathing,
Chest - tightness,
particularly if these symptoms:
Are frequent and recurrent
Are worse at night and in the early morning
Are worse with triggers: exercise ,exposure to pets,
cold or damp air, emotions or laughter
45
Occur apart from colds
45. Clinical Features that Increase
the Probability of Asthma Cont,d:
Personal history of atopic disorder
Family history of atopic disorder
and /or asthma
Widespread wheeze heared on auscultation
History of improvement in symptoms or lung
function in response to adequate therapy
46
46. Clinical Features that Decrease
the Probability of Asthma:
Isolated cough in the absence of wheeze or difficulty
breathing
History of moist cough
Prominent dizziness, light-headedness, peripheral
tingling
Repeatedly normal PE of chest when symptomatic
Normal spirometry or PFM when symptomatic
No response to a trial of asthma therapy
Clinical features pointing to alternative diagnosis
47
47. Clinical Features Pointing to
Another Diagnosis!
Failure to gain weight
Clubbing
Fatty stools
Productive sputum
Other chest findings eg crackles, unequal BS
Inspiratory noises
Barking cough
Early onset rhinorhoea
GERD symptoms
Absence of nocturnal symptoms
48
52. Clinical Picture of Bronchiolitis
Mild Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
for 2-3 days
Gradual onset of Respiratory Distress
Paroxysmal Spasmodic Cough
Wheezes
Dyspnea
Irritability
+ - Feeding difficulty due to tachypnea
53. Differences between Bronchiolitis and
Asthma
1-Asthma is not common in the first year.
2- The following may favors the diagnosis
of Asthma:
- 1-Positive family history, 2-repeated
attacks, 3-markedly prolonged expiration,
4-onset may be sudden without preceding
URT infection, 5-there will be eosinophilia
and 6-favourable response to
bronchodilators.
54. A chest X-ray demonstrating lung hyperinflation with a flattened
diaphragm and bilateral atelectasis in the right apical and left
basal regions in a 16-day- old infant with Severe bronchiolitis
56. FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION
Clinical picture
First phase
Immediately
following the
incident
Choking, gagging,
coughing, wheezing,
and/or stridor
Associated
temporary cyanotic
episode
Second phase
Asymptomatic
period
Can last from
minutes to months
following the
incident
Third phase
Renewed
symptomatic period
Airway inflammation
or infection occurs
Of
cough, wheexing(mayb
e
unilateral), fever, sputu
m production, and
occasionally, hemoptys
is
57. FOREIGN BODY
ASPIRATION
Expiratory chest radiograph in a 12-month-old- boy with a
2-month history of wheezing demonstrates continued
hyperlucency and hyperexpansion of the right hemithorax. A
greater mediasstinal shift is noted toward the left lung field. A
corn kernel was removed from the patients right mainstem
bronchus during bronchoscopy.
58.
59. GERD and wheezes?
Signs and symptoms:
Frequent or recurrent vomiting
GERD
Frequent or persistent cough
Hearburn, gas, abdominal pain
Colic (Frequent crying and fussiness)
Aspiration
Regurgitation and re-swallowing
Feeding problem wet burp or Frequent hiccups
60. GERD and wheezes?
Signs and symptoms:
Recurrent choking or gagging
Poor sleep habits typically with frequent
waking
Arching their necks and back during or
after eating
Frequent ear infections or sinus congestion
Poor growth
Breathing problems
Recurrent wheezing
65. The Goals of Asthma Therapy
Reduce Impairment
Prevent symptoms
Require infrequent use of short- acting beta2- agonists(≤2
days/ week)
Maintain (near) “normal” pulmonary function
Maintain normal activity levels
Meet patients and families expectation of and satisfaction
Reduce Risk
Prevent recurrent exacerbations of asthma and minimize the
need for ED visits or hospitalizations
Prevent progressive loss of lung function
Provide optimal pharmacotherapy with minimal or no adverse
effects
66. Stepwise Management of Asthma
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Revised 2009. Available at: www.ginasthma.org.
67. Stepwise Management of Asthma
Begin Rx. by severity:
STEP 4 & 5
Severe Persistent -- Sx‘sN: Continuous D: Cont...
STEP 3
Moderate Persistent -Sx‘s : N >1w – D : Daily
STEP 2
Mild Persistent -- Sx„s : N>2m D >2w
Severity
Classified by
Symptoms(Sx‟s)
Activity levels
Exacerbations
FEV1/PEFR
PEFR variability
STEP 1
Intermittent -- Sx„s : N<2m D<2w
Note ! Severity is classified before therapy begins!
68. Stepwise Management of Asthma
by severity :
*At all levels patient should have a SABA prn
Step 5: Severe Persistent
High-dose ICS + LABA + Oral CS
Step 4 : Severe Persistent
Medium dose ICS + LABA
Step 3: Moderate Persistent
Low -dose ICS+ LABA
Step 2: Mild Persistent
Low -dose ICS , LTAs 2nd line
Step 1: Intermittent
No daily medicines , SABA p.r.n.
Pharmacological management. Thorax 2003; 58 (Suppl I): i1-i92
69. Stepwise Management of Asthma
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Revised 2009. Available at: www.ginasthma.org.
70. Step-down Therapy
Step
down once control is achieved:
After 2–3 months
25% reduction over 2–3 months
Follow-up
monitoring:
Every 1–6 months
Assess symptoms.
Review medication use.
Objective monitoring (PEF or spirometry)
Review medication.
71. Step-up Therapy
Indications:
Symptoms, need for quick-relief
medication, exercise
intolerance, decreased lung function.
May need a short course of oral steroids.
Continue to monitor:
Follow and reassess every 1–6 months
Step down when appropriate.
72. LEVEL OF CONTROL
controlled
REDUCE
Stepwise Management of Asthma
TREATMENT OF ACTION
maintain and find lowest
controlling step
consider stepping up to
gain control
uncontrolled
Exacerbation
DECREASE
INCREASE
partly controlled
step up until controlled
Treat exacerbation
INCREASE
TREATMENT STEPS
STEP
STEP
STEP
STEP
STEP
1
2
3
4
5
73. Pitfalls in Asthma Treatment
If good control is not achieved !
Consider possible contribution of :
Adverse environmental/allergen exposures
Co-morbidities
Poor technique
Poor adherence to therapy (Non–Compliance)
76. Common Pitfalls
in
Management of Asthma
Late &/or mis-diagnosis
Late &/or mis-therapy
Poor perception of
symptoms
Poor adherence
Poor knowledge(patient
& family)
Poor relation between the
patient , physician & family
Prolonged exposure to
triggers
Smoking or exposure to
ETS
Poverty
Psycho-social problems
77. Pitfalls in Asthma Treatment
ONLY INHALATION THERAPY!
All asthma drugs
should ideally be
taken through the
inhaled route!
81. Why use a Spacer with an Inhaler?
Inhaler alone
When an inhaler is used
alone, medicine ends up
in the mouth, throat,
stomach and lungs.
Inhaler used with spacer
device
When an inhaler is used
with a spacer device,
more medicine is
delivered to the lungs.
We identified high risk children based on a modified asthma predictive index developed by Castro-Rodriguez using data from the Tucson CRS study.
Once asthma is brought under control, consideration should be given to stepping down therapy by either decreasing dosage (eg, of an inhaled corticosteroid) or eliminating part of the combination therapy. An adequate period should be given for the maintenance of asthma control before considering stepping down, however. This is somewhat arbitrary, but it is generally recommended that symptomatic control for at least (in milder asthma) 2 to 3 months after initial therapy should be maintained prior to consideration of stepping down. Stepping down may include the possibility of decreasing the frequency of medication as a way to enhance adherence and decrease dosage at the same time. Asthma is a dynamic and often fluctuating disorder that may require step-up and step-down therapy periodically. The entire step-up and step-down process implies the need for regular monitoring of patients, the frequency of which is dictated by the stability of asthma and degree of asthma control possible. Reassessment includes carefully eliciting evidence of symptomatic control and measuring airflow objectively. Although symptoms can reflect lung functions, it is important to emphasize the imperfect relationship between airflow limitation and symptoms, with a wide range among the patient population of perceived degree of airflow limitation. Review of adherence, the ability to use medication properly, and other aspects of therapy are also important on a repeated basis.PEFR = peak expiratory flow rate
Consider stepping up therapy when goals of therapy are not being achieved. This may require short-term aggressive therapy to obtain or regain control, after which it may be possible to step down therapy to the previous or a new maintenance level.